Table 2.

Summary of cytokines and their signaling targets leading to cancer initiation.

TAM	Tumor		Reference
Cytokine	Signaling Target	Type
IL-6 *	STAT3, cyclin D1, c-myc	hepatocellular carcinoma	[30,31]
TNF, RANTES	NF-κB, MMP9	pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	[32]
SDF1	Akt, CXCR4	gliomas	[36]
CCL3, IL-1ra, osteopontin, M- CSF1, GDNF	Akt, CXCR4	prostate cancer	[37]
CCL4 *	STAT3, COX-2, c-myc, PTEN, p53	prostate cancer	[39]

*: the cytokines were secreted by monocytes instead of macrophages reported in the original publications.