Table 2.
Daily mean intakes (SD) of energy, nutrients and food groups; mean healthy score (PNNS-GS) and eating behaviors scores of shift workers working one, two, or three or more nights during the study period (5 or 6 consecutive days).
| 1 Night (n = 18) |
2 Nights (n = 36) |
3 Nights or More (n = 10) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | 2221 (602) | 2311 (621) | 2423 (581) | 0.54 |
| Energy per kg (kcal) | 25.9 (5.9) | 27.7 (8.4) | 30.0 (8.4) | 0.38 |
| Proteins (% of TEI) | 19.4 (4.2) | 18.3 (4.7) | 18.7 (5.8) | 0.68 |
| Lipids (% of TEI) | 35.8 (3.8) | 35.6 (6.2) | 33.5 (4.6) | 0.44 |
| SFA (% of TEI) | 13.7 (1.6) | 13.9 (3.1) | 12.2 (3.4) | 0.42 |
| CHO (% of TEI) | 43.2 (5.6) | 44.8 (8.3) | 45.8 (6.6) | 0.39 |
| Fiber (g) | 17.9 (4.7) | 19.0 (7.5) | 23.8 (11.5) | 0.17 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 85.2 (30.2) | 106.5 (67.2) | 102.3 (109.4) | 0.42 |
| Calcium (mg) | 725 (254) | 804 (353) | 786 (305) | 0.53 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 236 (73) | 262 (125) | 303 (161) | 0.22 |
| Fruits (serv) | 0.63 (0.42) | 0.80 (0.79) | 1.10 (1.05) | 0.45 |
| Vegetables (serv) | 1.54 (0.76) | 1.76 (1.04) | 1.48 (0.98) | 0.69 |
| Starchy foods and grains (serv) | 3.06 (1.20) | 3.31 (1.23) | 3.57 (1.0) | 0.51 |
| Whole grains (serv) | 0.31 (0.34) | 0.24 (0.41) | 0.71 (0.86) | 0.10 |
| Meat, fish, eggs (serv) | 2.60 (1.61) | 2.28 (1.43) | 2.42 (1.19) | 0.84 |
| Dairies (serv) | 1.33 (0.83) | 1.41 (0.96) | 1.18 (0.54) | 0.59 |
| Added fats (serv) | 2.48 (1.29) | 3.24 (2.23) | 2.87 (3.89) | 0.47 |
| Added sugar (g) | 45.0 (28.9) | 49.2 (33.3) | 39.5 (23.9) | 0.71 |
| Hydration (water, tea, coffee) (mL) | 1466 (679) | 1470 (626) | 1674 (895) | 0.84 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages (mL) | 178 (201) | 231 (385) | 179 (206) | 0.99 |
| Alcoholic beverages (serv) | 1.75 (1.96) | 1.43 (2.57) | 0.93 (1.33) | 0.45 |
| PNNS-GS score | 5.95 (1.39) | 6.46 (1.52) | 6.75 (1.67) | 0.35 |
| Meals (frequency) | 5.96 (1.78) | 6.34 (2.51) | 8.21 (2.79) | 0.11 |
| Food and beverages (other than water) | 13.2 (2.5) | 13.2 (3.8) | 13.9 (4.0) | 0.70 |
| DEBQ Restrained eating | 2.53 (0.45) | 2.55 (0.83) | 2.89 (0.65) | 0.47 |
| DEBQ Emotional eating | 1.68 (1.17) | 1.70 (0.92) | 1.37 (0.49) | 0.66 |
| DEBQ External eating | 2.96 (0.73) | 2.91 (0.44) | 2.71 (0.61) | 0.43 |
| IES Intuitive eating scale | 3.46 (0.55) | 3.58 (0.60) | 3.68 (0.50) | 0.74 |
| IES Eating for physical rather than emotional reasons | 3.77 (0.98) | 3.94 (0.82) | 4.18 (0.80) | 0.63 |
| IES Reliance on hunger and satiety cues | 3.20 (0.92) | 3.24 (0.77) | 3.33 (0.98) | 0.60 |
| IES Unconditional permission to eat | 3.25 (0.78) | 3.39 (0.91) | 3.18 (1.16) | 0.81 |
TEI = total energy intake, SFA = saturated fatty acids, CHO = carbohydrates, serv = serving, DEBQ = Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, IES = Intuitive Eating Score.