Table 4.
Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of components of metabolic syndrome as stratified by smoking.
| Sex | Smoking e Status | Quintiles of Dietary Inflammatory Index® (DII®) a,b,c | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P for Trend d | DII® Continuous | ||
| Elevated waist circumference | ||||||||
| Men | No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.04 (0.79−1.38) | 1.07 (0.79−1.44) | 1.01 (0.74−1.39) | 1.18 (0.85−1.64) | 0.39 | 1.03 (0.97−1.09) |
| Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.17 (0.98−1.40) | 1.31 (1.08−1.57) | 1.24 (1.02−1.51) | 1.25 (1.02−1.53) | 0.05 | 1.06 (1.02−1.10) | |
| Women | No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.10 (0.99−1.22) | 1.11 (0.99−1.24) | 1.23 (1.09−1.38) | 1.41 (1.25−1.59) | <0.0001 | 1.05 (1.03−1.08) |
| Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | 2.20 (1.13−4.28) | 3.01 (1.49−6.05) | 2.31 (1.05−5.06) | 2.30 (1.04−5.06) | 0.14 | 1.10 (0.97−1.24) | |
| High triacylglycerol | ||||||||
| Men | No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.30 (1.01−1.67) | 1.29 (0.99−1.69) | 1.23 (0.92−1.63) | 1.25 (0.92−1.69) | 0.33 | 1.02 (0.97−1.07) |
| Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.04 (0.90−1.19) | 1.04 (0.89−1.21) | 1.07 (0.91−1.26) | 1.07 (0.90−1.26) | 0.40 | 1.00 (0.98−1.03) | |
| Women | No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.18 (1.08−1.28) | 1.22 (1.11−1.33) | 1.25 (1.14−1.38) | 1.31 (1.18−1.45) | <0.0001 | 1.03 (1.02−1.05) |
| Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.69 (0.41−1.16) | 1.11 (0.69−1.80) | 1.06 (0.63−1.78) | 1.16 (0.68−1.98) | 0.23 | 1.05 (0.96−1.15) | |
| Low HDL-C | ||||||||
| Men | No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.13 (0.78−1.63) | 0.79 (0.52−1.19) | 1.03 (0.67−1.58) | 1.08 (0.69−1.70) | 0.90 | 0.99 (0.92−1.07) |
| Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.30 (1.03−1.65) | 1.30 (1.02−1.67) | 1.48 (1.14−1.91) | 1.83 (1.41−2.38) | <0.0001 | 1.09 (1.05−1.14) | |
| Women | No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.18 (1.04−1.34) | 1.27 (1.11−1.46) | 1.37 (1.18−1.58) | 1.62 (1.39−1.88) | <0.0001 | 1.09 (1.06−1.12) |
| Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.86 (0.42−1.79) | 0.84 (0.37−1.89) | 1.47 (0.67−3.22) | 2.66 (1.20−5.90) | 0.005 | 1.20 (1.05−1.36) | |
| High glucose | ||||||||
| Men | No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.20 (1.00−1.44) | 1.18 (0.97−1.42) | 1.17 (0.95−1.44) | 1.20 (0.96−1.49) | 0.21 | 1.01 (0.97−1.05) |
| Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.03 (0.92−1.15) | 1.05 (0.93−1.19) | 1.04 (0.92−1.18) | 0.94 (0.83−1.08) | 0.43 | 0.99 (0.96−1.01) | |
| Women | No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.11 (1.03−1.21) | 1.19 (1.09−1.29) | 1.22 (1.11−1.34) | 1.29 (1.18−1.42) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (1.02−1.06) |
| Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.81 (0.51−1.28) | 0.68 (0.41−1.14) | 0.98 (0.60−1.62) | 1.28 (0.79−2.08) | 0.10 | 1.03 (0.95−1.12) | |
| High blood pressure | ||||||||
| Men | No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.30 (1.06−1.59) | 1.19 (0.96−1.48) | 1.18 (0.94−1.49) | 1.27 (0.99−1.61) | 0.23 | 1.03 (0.98−1.07) |
| Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.11 (0.98−1.27) | 1.11 (0.97−1.27) | 1.15 (1.00−1.33) | 1.12 (0.96−1.29) | 0.17 | 1.01 (0.99−1.04) | |
| Women | No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.07 (0.99−1.17) | 1.13 (1.04−1.23) | 1.11 (1.01−1.22) | 1.26 (1.15−1.39) | <0.0001 | 1.03 (1.01−1.05) |
| Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.91 (0.45−1.83) | 1.82 (0.97−3.40) | 1.96 (1.01−3.82) | 2.71 (1.41−5.18) | 0.0002 | 1.18 (1.06−1.30) | |
a Dietary inflammatory index (DII®) score presented by quintile at baseline, which divided the DII® scores into five levels (Q1 to Q5). b Data are presented as hazard ratios (HRs) with correspondent 95% confidence intervals (CI). c Multivariate-adjusted for age, smoke, alcohol drinking, physical activity, BMI, family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension and energy intake. d p for trend values were determined using categorical DII® scores. p for heterogeneity between smoking and non−smoking for men and women participants using a likelihood test was <0.001, and <0.001 respectively. e No: never smoking, and yes: past/current smoking. Bold letters represents significance difference at p < 0.05.