Dear Editors,
E-cigarette consumption has increased rapidly over recent years, partly due to the belief that the use of e-cigarettes is a potential smoking cessation aid, and harm-reducing alternative to conventional cigarettes1. However, evidence is mixed regarding the efficacy of e-cigarettes in smoking cessation2. Further, potential harmful health effects of e-cigarettes have been reported, but scientific research is yet to fully examine these effects3. In view of the inconsistent conclusions regarding e-cigarette safety, and use as a smoking cessation aid, it is unclear how health professionals, such as nurses, guide their patients about e-cigarette use. We assessed knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding e-cigarettes among a cohort of United States Midwestern hospital nurses using the theory of planned behavior as a theoretical framework.
A cross-sectional study of nurses recruited through the hospital email system was conducted. An invitation email containing the informed consent, purpose of study, and the survey link was sent out to 200 nurses, who provide preventive care at the family medicine center of the hospital. Of these, 65 responded. The survey (available as supplementary information) measured demographics, knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and practices regarding e-cigarettes. The survey-questions utilized were adapted from a previous study4. Descriptive statistics characterized the study population while correlation analysis assessed associations, using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 24. Ethical approval was sought and granted by the institutional review board, and the participating hospital.
All study participants had heard of e-cigarettes and 61.5% (see Table 1) reported that they knew nothing or very little about e-cigarettes. About 68% of the participants first learned about e-cigarettes through media advertisements, other sources reported include patients/clients (23.1%), roadside posters such as billboards (4.6%), and professional sources, including journal articles and newsletters (4.6%). Half of the nurse participants were willing to learn more about e-cigarettes. There were mixed responses regarding e-cigarette safety, and efficacy in smoking cessation. About 26% of them believed e-cigarettes are safer alternatives to conventional cigarettes, and 67% agreed that e-cigarettes may be a gateway to conventional cigarette use. Support for e-cigarette regulation in public and work places was relatively high (87.6%) among the nurses. About 86% of the respondents believed that e-cigarettes should be regulated like other tobacco products. Only 34% of the nurses agreed that e-cigarettes are a helpful aid for smoking cessation. A considerable number (61.8%) of the nurses reported being uncomfortable counselling patients about e-cigarettes. Moreover, 60.3% indicated that their decision to counsel patients would most likely be influenced by their supervisors/managers and 20.6% by their co-workers. There was positive and significant correlation between intention to counsel patients, attitude (r=0.60; p< 0.0001), perceived behavioral control (r=0.41; p=0.001), and knowledge (r=0.32; p=0.009). There was no significant correlation between intention to counsel patients about e-cigarettes and subjective norm.
Table 1.
Knowledge, comfort level, and desire to learn about e-cigarettes
| (N=65) | % | |
|---|---|---|
| How much do you know about e-cigarettes? | ||
| Quite a lot | 4 | 6.2% |
| A moderate amount | 21 | 32.3% |
| A little | 34 | 52.3% |
| Nothing at all | 6 | 9.2% |
| How did you first learn about e-cigarettes? | ||
| Media ads | 44 | 67.7% |
| Roadside poster (signposts or billboards) | 3 | 4.6% |
| Patients/clients | 15 | 23.1% |
| Professional source (journal articles or newsletters) | 3 | 4.6% |
| *What percentage of your patients are e-cigarette users? | ||
| 0-25% | 52 | 85.2% |
| 26-50% | 9 | 14.8% |
| Would you be interested in learning more about e-cigarettes? | ||
| Yes | 32 | 49.2% |
| No | 33 | 50.8% |
| How comfortable are you counseling patients about e-cigarettes? | ||
| Extremely comfortable | 6 | 9.2% |
| Moderately comfortable | 7 | 10.8% |
| Slightly comfortable | 12 | 18.5% |
| Slightly uncomfortable | 17 | 26.2% |
| Moderately uncomfortable | 20 | 30.8% |
| Extremely uncomfortable | 3 | 4.6% |
Four participants did not answer the question.
Future studies must determine the generalizability of our findings due to our limited sample size. However, we have extended previous research studies4-7 that have demonstrated low knowledge of e-cigarettes, mixed beliefs about e-cigarette safety, and efficacy as a smoking cessation aid among healthcare providers in the USA. Given the critical role of nurses in counseling patients about tobacco cessation, it is important that they provide information based on evidence, not anecdotes or marketing messaging. Professional education and training would help nurses to provide evidence-based guidance about e-cigarette safety, and efficacy in smoking cessation.
Supplementary Material
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest and none was reported.
FUNDING
There was no source of funding for this research.
PROVENANCE AND PEER REVIEW
Not commissioned;
externally peer reviewed
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