Abstract
We studied by questionnaire 530 subjects with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in Hubei Province during the recent SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Five developed confirmed (N = 4) or probable COVID-19 (N = 1). Prevalence of COVID-19 in our subjects, 0.9% (95% Confidence Interval, 0.1, 1.8%) was ninefold higher than 0.1% (0, 0.12%) reported in normals but lower than 10% (6, 17%) reported in hospitalised persons with other haematological cancers or normal health-care providers, 7% (4, 12%). Co-variates associated with an increased risk of developing COVID-19 amongst persons with CML were exposure to someone infected with SARS-CoV-2 (P = 0.037), no complete haematologic response (P = 0.003) and co-morbidity(ies) (P = 0.024). There was also an increased risk of developing COVID-19 in subjects in advanced phase CML (P = 0.004) even when they achieved a complete cytogenetic response or major molecular response at the time of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. 1 of 21 subjects receiving 3rd generation tyrosine kinase-inhibitor (TKI) developed COVID-19 versus 3 of 346 subjects receiving imatinib versus 0 of 162 subjects receiving 2nd generation TKIs (P = 0.096). Other co-variates such as age and TKI-therapy duration were not significantly associated with an increased risk of developing COVID-19. Persons with these risk factors may benefit from increased surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection and possible protective isolation.
Subject terms: Chronic myeloid leukaemia, Infectious diseases
Introduction
Some data suggest persons with cancer are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2-infection and to develop coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared with normals (1% [95% Confidence Interval (CI), 0.6, 1.7%] versus 0.1% [0, 0.12%]), but these estimates are controversial and it is unclear if this increased risk applies to persons with all cancer types [1–8]. One study of 125 hospitalised persons with haematological cancers had a 10 percent (6, 17%) case rate of COVID-19 but none of their subjects had chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) [9]. We performed a cross-sectional survey of non-hospitalized persons with CML receiving tyrosine kinase-inhibitor (TKI)-therapy in Hubei Province to explore the prevalence and clinical features of COVID-19 during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Prevalence of COVID-19 in persons with CML, 0.9 percent (0.1, 1.8%) was substantially higher than normals but lower than hospitalised persons with haematological cancers. Clinical features of COVID-19 in our subjects and otherwise normal persons were similar. We identified co-variates associated with an increased risk of developing COVID-19. Persons with these co-variates may benefit from increased SARS-CoV-2-infection surveillance and possible protective isolation.
Methods
Survey design
From February 15, 2020 to April 10, 2020 persons with CML receiving TKI-therapy from Hubei Province were recruited from 29 centres of the Hubei Anti-Cancer Association. An online questionnaire was distributed and collected by physicians at each centre. Persons with CML or their family (if they were too sick or died) were asked to complete the questionnaire which included two dimensions (Supplementary 1). The 1st included 16 questions assessing demographics, co-morbidities, CML-related data including diagnosis, therapy and response. The 2nd included 12 questions related to COVID-19 including exposure history, symptoms of acute respiratory illness such as fever, cough, shortness of breath and fatigue, diagnosis, treatment and outcome. Missing or unclear data items were collected and clarified by direct communication between physicians and the patient, their family and/or health-care providers. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College who waived the requirement for written informed consent. Data were analyzed as of Aril 11, 2020.
Diagnosis, monitoring and response to TKI-therapy of CML
Diagnosis, disease phase, monitoring and response to TKI-therapy were based on European LeukemiaNet recommendations [10].
Diagnosis, severity and outcome of COVID-19
Infection was confirmed by qualitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 was diagnosed according to the World Health Organisation criteria (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331506/WHO-2019-nCoV-SurveillanceGuidance-2020.6-eng.pdf). Severity of COVID-19 was graded as follows (http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202002/3b09b894ac9b4204a79db5b8912d4440.shtml): (1) mild–mild clinical symptoms, no pneumonia on lung CT scan; (2) common-fever, cough and lung CT with pneumonia; (3) severe-respiratory distress (respiratory rate > 30/min, oxygen saturation (O2Sat) ≤ 93% at rest and/or ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen ≤300 mmHg (PaO2/FIO2); and (4) critical-criteria of respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation, shock, organ failure (other than lung) and/or intensive care unit hospitalisation. Therapy of COVID-19 was according to the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Prevention and Control Programme of the National Health Commission of China (http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202002/3b09b894ac9b4204a79db5b8912d4440.shtml).
Outcomes other than death were defined as follows: (1) cure—two successive negative RT-PCR tests >24 h apart and asymptomatic; (2) improved—improvement in signs, symptoms, and laboratory parameters and no progression on lung CT scan; (3) progressing—increase in symptoms and/or progression of lung CT scan findings; (4) stable—not progressing or improving (http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202002/3b09b894ac9b4204a79db5b8912d4440.shtml).
Statistical analysis
Descriptive analysis results are presented as median (range) or number (percentage) as appropriate. Pearson Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and Mann–Whitney U/Kruskal–Wallis tests (for continuous variables) were used to measure between-group differences. Variables with P < 0.05 were considered significant. Analyses were conducted with SPSS version 22.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Subject variables
Among 551 persons with CML receiving TKI-therapy in the Hubei Anti-Cancer Association, 476 filled out electronic questionnaires. Another 75 were completed telephonically by health-care providers. Questionnaires from 21 subjects not resident in Hubei Province during the outbreak were excluded. Data from 530 subjects were included in this report. Two hundred and ninety-six (56%) were male. Median age was 44 years (range, 6–89 years). Ninety-five (18%) were ≥60 years. One hundred and forty (26%) had ≥1 co-morbidity(ies). Five hundred and nineteen (98%) were in the chronic phase (CP) at diagnosis of CML. One subject was synchronously diagnosed with CML by RT-PCR and COVID-19. 346 (65%) were receiving imatinib when they answered the questionnaire, 102 (19%), dasatinib; 59 (11%), nilotinib; 18, HQP1351 (a 3rd generation TKI under study in a clinical trial); 3, ponatinib; and 2, flumatinib (a new 2nd generation TKI developed in China). Median TKI-therapy duration was 42 months (range, 1–182 months). All 530 were in the CP when they answered the questionnaire. Eighty-one (15%) had a complete haematologic response (CHR); 52 (10%), a complete cytogenetic response (CCyR); and 387 (73%), a major molecular response (MMR).
All 530 subjects continued resident in Hubei Province during the epidemic. Four reported close contact with SARS-CoV-2 infected persons. Eighteen subjects had an acute respiratory illness including fever (n = 8), cough (n = 7), sore throat (n = 4), fatigue (n = 3), and shortness of breath (n = 2). Eleven had mild symptoms, were isolated at home and recovered within 2–4 days. Seven others had moderate or severe illness and were hospitalised. Two subjects with a negative qRT-PCR for SARS-CoV-19 and no abnormality of lung CT scan were excluded. Four subjects had confirmed COVID-19. One subject was classified as probable COVID-19 because of no qRT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 testing. Cumulative prevalence of confirmed and probable COVID-19 cases was 0.9 percent (0.1, 1.8%).
Comparison of baseline co-variates of the subjects with and without COVID-19
Baseline co-variates of subjects with (n = 5) and without COVID-19 (n = 525) are shown in Table 1. Subjects with COVID-19 were more likely to have been in the accelerated or blast phase at diagnosis (2 of 5 versus 2%; P = 0.004), no CHR at diagnosis of COVID-19 (2 of 5 versus 2%; P = 0.003), have ≥1 co-morbidity(ies) (4 of 5 versus 26%; P = 0.024) and have contact with confirmed or suspected persons (1 of 5 versus 0.6%, P = 0.037). 1 of 21 (5%) subjects receiving 3rd generation TKI developed COVID-19 versus 3 of 346 (1%) subjects receiving imatinib versus 0 of 162 subjects receiving 2nd generation TKIs, P = 0.095). There was no difference between the cohorts in sex, age and TKI-therapy duration.
Table 1.
Subject co-variates at diagnosis of CML and onset of COVID-19.
| Variable | COVID-19 n = 5 |
No-COVID-19 n = 525 |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male, n | 3 | 293 | 0.659 |
| Age at onset of COVID-19, y, median (range) | 47 (41–89) | 44 (6–80) | 0.951 |
| Disease phase at diagnosis of CML, n | 0.004 | ||
| CP | 3 | 516 | |
| AP or BPa | 2 | 9 | |
| Current TKI used at onset of COVID-19b, n | 0.096 | ||
| Imatinib | 3 | 343 | |
| 2nd generation TKI | 0 | 162 | |
| 3rd generation TKIc | 1 | 20 | |
| Current TKI-therapy line at onset of COVID-19b, n | 0.197 | ||
| 1st line | 3 | 402 | |
| 2nd line | 0 | 99 | |
| 3rd line | 1 | 24 | |
| TKI-therapy duration by onset of COVID-19, mo, median (range) | 27 (0–133) | 42 (2–188) | 0.811 |
| Response at onset of COVID-19, n | 0.003 | ||
| No CHR | 2 | 8 | |
| CHR | 0 | 81 | |
| CCyR | 1 | 51 | |
| MMR | 2 | 385 | |
| Co-morbidity, n | 4 | 136 | 0.024 |
| Cardio- and cerebro-vascular disease | 3 | 47 | |
| Diabetes | 1 | 15 | |
| Other | 0 | 74 | |
| Contact with suspected or confirmed persons | 1 | 3 | 0.037 |
AP accelerated phase, BP blast phase, CCyR complete cytogenetic response, CHR complete haematologic response, CML chronic myeloid leukaemia, CP chronic phase, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, MMR major molecular response, mo month(s), TKI tyrosine kinase-inhibitor, y years.
aOne subject in those with no-COVID-19 was in the blast phase at diagnosis of CML.
bOne person did not start TKI-therapy at onset of COVID-19.
c3rd generation TKIs included ponatinib and HQP1351.
Clinical features and outcomes of the subjects with COVID-19
Clinical features and outcomes of the five subjects with confirmed or probable COVID-19 are summarised in Table 2 and Supplementary 2. Four subjects with confirmed mild (N = 1) or common (n = 3) COVID-19 had typical symptoms and/or lung CT scan findings; all recovered. An older female subject (case 5) with probable critical severe COVID-19 had typical lung CT scan findings (Fig. 1) and developed ARDS. Her condition deteriorated rapidly and she died of multiple organ failure. Four subjects remained on TKI-therapy during COVID-19 treatment.
Table 2.
Co-variates of cases of COVID-19.
| Case number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Sex | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female |
| Age, y | 41 | 47 | 46 | 65 | 89 |
| CML phase at diagnosis | CP | AP | AP | CP | CP |
| Co-morbidity | Hypertension | None | Diabetes | Hypertension | Coronary heart disease |
| Interval from diagnosis of CML to diagnosis of COVID-19, mo | 0 | 121 | 27 | 23 | 133 |
| Current TKIa | Flumatinib | HQP1351 | Imatinib | Imatinib | Imatinib |
| TKI response at diagnosis of COVID-19 | No CHR | MMR | No CHR | MMR | CCyR |
| Contact with suspected or confirmed persons | No | No | No | Yes | No |
| Symptom of onset | |||||
| Fever | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Cough | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Dyspnoea | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Sore throat | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| Fatigue | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Diarrhoea | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| Laboratory co-variates | |||||
| WBC × 10E+9/L | 108.25 | 4 | 7.25 | 2.28 | 5.13 |
| Neutrophils × 10E+9/L | 89.2 | 2.61 | 4.92 | 1.27 | 4.5 |
| Lymphocytes × 10E+9/L | 4.75 | 0.78 | 0.94 | 0.58 | 0.17 |
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 107 | 96 | 40 | 93 | 72.5 |
| Platelets × 10E+9/L | 487 | 298 | 97 | 297 | 77.4 |
| Typical findings on lung CT scan | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Diagnosis of COVID-19 | Confirmed | Confirmed | Confirmed | Confirmed | Probable |
| Severity of COVID-19 | Common | Mild | Common | Common | Critical |
| Duration from COVID-19 onset to discharge or death, days | 34 | 16 | 15 | 47 | 7 |
| Outcome of COVID-19 | Cured | Cured | Cured | Cured | Dead |
| TKI interruption during COVID-19 | No | Yes | Nob | No | No |
CML chronic myeloid leukaemia, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, CT computed tomography, mo month(s), TKI tyrosine kinase-inhibitor, y years.
aCase 1 started flumatinib therapy after 14 days of symptom onset of COVID-19.
bCase 3 switched to dasatinib because of imatinib resistance when her lung CT scan was near normal and the SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test was negative.
Fig. 1.
Lung CT scan finding of case 5 with probable critical severe COVID-19 showing bilateral ground-glass opacity and shadows of high density.
Discussion
Whether persons with CML are immune compromised is controversial [11]. However, TKI-therapy is immune suppressive [12–14]. Based on these data one might expect a higher incidence and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2-infection and higher case- and case-fatality rates of COVID-19 in persons with CML compared with normals. We found a 0.9 percent prevalence of COVID-19 in persons with CML receiving TKI-therapy in Hubei Provence, ninefold higher than the reported 0.1 percent (0.11, 0.12%) incidence by April 10, 2020 in the general population (http://en.nhc.gov.cn/2020-04/11/c_79032.htm). Clinical features of the confirmed COVID-19 in our survey were like that reported in Hubei Province [15–17]. One subject died but our sample size is too small to compare with the published case-fatality rate of about 4% [18, 19].
We found several co-variates associated with an increased risk to develop COVID-19. Including exposure to someone infected with SARS-CoV-2, no CHR and co-morbidity(ies). There was also an increased risk of developing COVID-19 in subjects in advanced phase CML at diagnosis even when they achieved a CCyR or MMR at the time of the pandemic. One of 21 subjects receiving 3rd generation TKIs developed COVID-19 compared with 3 of 346 subjects receiving imatinib and none of 162 subjects receiving 2nd generation TKIs (P = 0.096). These data suggest possibly different risks but need confirmation. There are no data whether 3rd generation TKI is more immune suppressive than other TKIs. Also, 1 of 2 subjects receiving flumatinib developed COVID-19. However, one subject had synchronous diagnoses of CML and COVID-19 excluding a causative. Why subjects with advanced leukaemia at diagnosis had a higher risk of COVID-19 despite responding well to TKI-therapy is unclear.
There are several limitations to our study. First, there were selection biases. Because the survey was made available online, respondents were self-selected. These persons had computer access and competence and tended to be proactive in seeking information and resources for their care. As such, the likelihood of detecting SARS-CoV-2-infection and COVID-19 is higher than in the general Hubei population. Second, not all 18 subjects with acute respiratory illness were tested for SARS-CoV-19-infection so our prevalence estimate may be an under-estimate. However, according to Chinese government policy, people with mild illness were isolated at home and not tested for SARS-CoV-2-infection. Eleven of these 18 had no lung CT scan we may have under-estimated the prevalence of COVID-19 in our sample.
In summary, our survey suggests that although persons with CML receiving TKI-therapy developing COVID-19 may be higher than the general population the absolute case-rate is very low and clinical features are like normals. Persons with no CHR, with co-morbidity(ies), with advanced phase at diagnosis despite responding to TKI-therapy and those exposed to someone with SARS-CoV-2-infection may benefit from increased surveillance and possible protective isolation
Supplementary information
Acknowledgements
We thank patients, families and physicians from Hubei Anti-Cancer Association (XLZ, DZJ, HXW, JH, YFZ, BC, QW, ZPH, QHL, YB, DLZ, XHZ, ZZ, RYG, JD, YPW, HBR, HH, YHW, and HX) who participated in the study. This study is funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81873440, 81770161, and 81700142). RPG acknowledges support from the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre funding scheme.
Hubei Anti-Cancer Association
Yicheng Zhang9, Weiming Li1, Yang Chao9, Jingming Guo3, Guolin Yuan4, Zhuangzhi Yang5, Shiming Chen7, Chucheng Wan8, Wei Chang10, Hui Cheng11, Youshan Zhang12, Jun Qin13, Xuelan Zuo15, Daozi Jiang16, Hongxiang Wang17, Jun Huang18, Youfang Zhao19, Bin Chen20, Qing Wu21, Zhiping Huang22, Qihuan Liu23, Ying Bao24, Dalin Zhang25, Xinhua Zhang26, Zhe Zhao27, Renying Ge28, Jie Du29, Hongbo Ren12, Hong Han30, Yunhui Wei31, Hang Xiang32
Author contributions
WML, QJ, LM designed the study. DYW, JMG, GLY, ZZY, YY, ZCC, SMC, CCW, XJZ, WC, LSS, HC, YSZ, QL, and JQ, collected the data. WML, QJ and RPG analyzed the data and help prepare the typescript. All authors approved final approval and supported submission for publication.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Members of the Hubei Anti-Cancer Association are listed below acknowledgement.
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
These authors contributed equally: Weiming Li, Danyu Wang, Jingming Guo, Guolin Yuan, Zhuangzhi Yang
Contributor Information
Weiming Li, Email: lee937@126.com.
Li Meng, Email: mengli@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn.
Qian Jiang, Email: jiangqian@medmail.com.cn.
Hubei Anti-Cancer Association:
Yicheng Zhang, Weiming Li, Yang Chao, Jingming Guo, Guolin Yuan, Zhuangzhi Yang, Shiming Chen, Chucheng Wan, Wei Chang, Hui Cheng, Youshan Zhang, Jun Qin, Xuelan Zuo, Daozi Jiang, Hongxiang Wang, Jun Huang, Youfang Zhao, Bin Chen, Qing Wu, Zhiping Huang, Qihuan Liu, Ying Bao, Dalin Zhang, Xinhua Zhang, Zhe Zhao, Renying Ge, Jie Du, Hongbo Ren, Hong Han, Yunhui Wei, and Hang Xiang
Supplementary information
The online version of this article (10.1038/s41375-020-0853-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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