Arterial hypertension and the risk of severity and mortality of COVID-19

We read with great interest the recently published study by Guan et al. [1]. To the best of our knowledge this is the first large-scale study that focuses on independent clinical risk factors associated with a composite outcome (death, use of a ventilator, or intensive care unit (ICU) requirement), using a Cox regression model.

Short abstract

Arterial hypertension implies the risk of a hard COVID-19 outcome. This may be explained by potential confounding factors, such as age and cardiovascular disease. https://bit.ly/2Kr6Ax4

To the Editor:

We read with great interest the recently published study by Guan et al. [1]. To the best of our knowledge this is the first large-scale study that focuses on independent clinical risk factors associated with a composite outcome (death, use of a ventilator, or intensive care unit (ICU) requirement), using a Cox regression model.

The study found that arterial hypertension was the most prevalent comorbidity (16.9%), followed by diabetes (8.2%), cardiovascular disease (3.7%), cerebrovascular disease (1.9%), COPD (1.5%) and malignancy (1.1%). In the Cox regression model, after adjustment for age and smoking status, the independent risk factors associated with the composite outcome were malignancy (hazard ratio (HR) 3.5, 95% CI 1.60–7.64), COPD (HR 2.68, 95% CI 1.42–5.05), diabetes (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.03–2.45) and hypertension (HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.07–2.32).

We have some concerns about the results of that analysis, especially those related to arterial hypertension. Initial Chinese epidemiological studies suggested that cardiovascular diseases (including arterial hypertension) and diabetes were associated with mortality or severity in patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Wu and McGoogan [2] stated that in 44 672 patients with confirmed COVID-19, the overall case fatality rate was 2.3%, and that this was elevated in comorbid conditions: 10.5% for cardiovascular disease, 7.3% for diabetes, 6.3% for chronic respiratory disease and 6% for hypertension. Guan et al. [3] found that in 1099 patients with confirmed COVID-19, hypertension was a more prevalent condition in those who lead the primary composite end-point (admission to ICU, the use of mechanical ventilation or death; 35.8% versus 13.7%) and in those with severe disease (23.7% versus 13.4%). Ruan et al. [4] also described that in 150 patients with confirmed COVID-19, cardiovascular disease and hypertension were more frequent in cases who died compared with those who were discharged (19% versus 0%, p<0.001, and 43% versus 28%, p=0.07, respectively). Moreover, a systematic review and meta-analysis that included 46 248 infected patients found that the most prevalent comorbidity was hypertension (mean±sd 17±7%; 95% CI 14–22%) and that, compared with non-severe patients, the pooled odds ratios of hypertension and cardiovascular disease were OR 2.36 (95% CI 1.46–3.83) and OR 3.42 (95% CI 1.88–6.22), respectively [5]. All the evidence seems to be concordant. Remarkably, none of these studies performed a multivariable adjustment. The effect of arterial hypertension on the severity or mortality outcome could be explained by potential confounders.

To address this unsolved issue, we conducted a medical literature search in PubMed on 8 April 2020, using the following strategy:

(COVID-19[tiab] OR SARS-CoV-2[tiab]) AND (mortality[tiab] OR severity[tiab])

We included in the analysis the papers that were designed to find clinical predictors of mortality or severity for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The data form these articles is shown in table 1.

TABLE 1.

Studies that evaluated arterial hypertension and its association with severity or mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 using a multivariate logistic regression model

First author [ref.]	Subjects n	Comparison groups			Outcome#
		Critical	Non-critical	p-value	Critical disease status
					Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
					OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Chen [6]	150	58.3%	27.8%	0.003	3.64 (1.48–8.96)	0.005	2.59 (0.61–10.98)	0.198
		Did not survive	Survived	p-value	Death
					Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
					OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Zhou [7]	191	48%	23%	<0.001	3.05 (1.57–5.92)	0.001	Authors only reported significant predictors

Data are presented as OR (95% CI), unless otherwise stated. ^#: the outcome for Chen [6] was the critical disease status, the outcome for Zhou [7] was death.

Both studies shown in table 1 found that, like hypertension, age and history of coronary artery disease were predictors of COVID-19 severity or mortality in the univariate analysis. But in both studies, hypertension was not included in the final multivariate logistic regression model. The first study included the following in the final multivariate model to predict critical COVID-19: elevated troponin I (TnI) (OR 26.91, 95% CI 4.09–177.23; p=0.001) and history of coronary artery disease (OR 16.61, 95% CI 2.29–120.58; p=0.005) [6]. The multivariable regression performed to predict COVID-19 death in the second study [7] included age (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.03–1.17; p=0.0043), a higher sequential organ failure assessment score (OR 5.65, 95% CI 2.61–12.23; p<0.001) and D-dimer >1 µg·mL⁻¹ on admission (OR 18.42, 95% CI 2.64–128.55; p=0.003).

As previously mentioned, prevalent cardiovascular disease is associated with higher mortality and severity of COVID-19 in the univariate analysis [2, 4, 5]. Thus, the association is also maintained in at least one of the multivariate models discussed, but not between hypertension and hard COVID-19 outcomes. In this sense, it is well known that: 1) the prevalence of essential hypertension and coronary artery disease increases with age; and 2) coronary disease and hypertension frequently coexist in the same patient. In this way, the association between hypertension and COVID-19 mortality or severity could be partly explained by the increased age and higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Both are well-known risk factors for mortality in critical patients. Furthermore, it has been suggested that patients with cardiac injury (elevated TnI) have a worse prognosis, suggesting specific target organ damage by SARS-CoV-2 [8]. This finding could explain why patients with prevalent cardiovascular disease are associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes.

For these reasons, we suggest that in order to conclude that hypertension could be an independent predictor of COVID-19 mortality or severity, the model should be adjusted for cardiovascular disease, to exclude its potential confounding effect.

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