Table 1.
Clinical variables of the 205 chronic kidney disease patients with or without aortic stiffness
| Characteristics | All Patients (n = 205) |
Control Group (n = 132) | Aortic Stiffness Group (n = 73) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 69.07 ± 13.43 | 66.08 ± 14.09 | 74.48 ± 10.20 | < 0.001* |
| Height (cm) | 158.78 ± 8.79 | 158.90 ± 8.72 | 158.57 ± 8.99 | 0.794 |
| Body weight (kg) | 66.35 ± 14.31 | 65.95 ± 14.53 | 67.08 ± 13.99 | 0.592 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.18 ± 4.45 | 25.99 ± 4.62 | 26.52 ± 4.14 | 0.413 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.24 ± 10.95 | 85.83 ± 11.07 | 89.81 ± 10.32 | 0.012* |
| Body fat mass (%) | 28.83 ± 8.39 | 27.86 ± 8.81 | 30.58 ± 7.32 | 0.025* |
| cfPWV (m/s) | 9.00 (7.25–11.20) | 7.80 (6.63–8.98) | 12.40 (10.90–14.70) | < 0.001* |
| SBP (mmHg) | 149.40 ± 24.44 | 145.14 ± 23.67 | 157.12 ± 24.07 | 0.001* |
| DBP (mmHg) | 83.59 ± 12.82 | 83.04 ± 12.61 | 84.58 ± 13.22 | 0.412 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.20 ± 1.11 | 4.20 ± 1.19 | 4.21 ± 0.96 | 0.957 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 1.40 (1.02–1.89) | 1.35 (1.00–1.85) | 1.46 (1.07–1.95) | 0.333 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 2.38 ± 0.94 | 2.38 ± 1.00 | 2.39 ± 0.82 | 0.918 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 5.44 (5.16–6.94) | 5.38 (5.11–6.74) | 5.83 (5.24–7.49) | 0.049* |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/l) | 11.78 (8.21–17.14) | 10.89 (8.21–18.12) | 13.57 (9.82–16.60) | 0.213 |
| Creatinine (µmol/l) | 176.80 (128.18–247.52) | 172.38 (123.76–247.52) | 185.64 (137.02–243.10) | 0.296 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 30.98 ± 15.18 | 32.43 ± 16.13 | 28.36 ± 13.00 | 0.066 |
| Total calcium (mmol/l) | 2.20 (2.15–2.31) | 2.20 (2.13–2.30) | 2.22 (2.17–2.32) | 0.200 |
| Phosphorus (mmol/l) | 1.23 ± 0.26 | 1.24 ± 0.27 | 1.20 ± 0.25 | 0.289 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 8.79 (5.02–15.90) | 7.76 (3.90–13.15) | 11.60 (6.26–27.52) | < 0.001* |
| Female, n (%) | 92 (44.9) | 62 (47.0) | 30 (41.1) | 0.418 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 95 (46.3) | 52 (39.4) | 43 (58.9) | 0.007* |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 170 (82.9) | 111 (84.1) | 59 (80.8) | 0.551 |
| Glomerulonephritis, n (%) | 54 (26.3) | 39 (29.5) | 15 (20.5) | 0.161 |
| CCB, n (%) | 89(43.4) | 52(39.4) | 37(50.4) | 0.118 |
| ACEi, n (%) | 8(3.9) | 6(4.5) | 2(2.7) | 0.523 |
| ARB, n (%) | 105(51.2) | 67(50.8) | 38(52.1) | 0.118 |
| Beta blocker, n (%) | 61(29.8) | 38(28.8) | 23(31.5) | 0.683 |
| Statin, n (%) | 90(43.9) | 56(42.4) | 34(46.6) | 0.566 |
| Fibrate, n (%) | 19(9.3) | 13(9.8) | 6(8.2) | 0.700 |
| CKD stage 3, n (%) | 99 (48.3) | 69 (52.3) | 30 (30.3) | 0.153 |
| CKD stage 4, n (%) | 67 (32.7) | 37 (28.0) | 30 (41.1) | |
| CKD stage 5, n (%) | 39 (19.0) | 26 (19.7) | 13 (17.8) |
Values for continuous variables are given as mean ± standard deviation and tested by Student’s t-test; variables not normally distributed are given as median and interquartile range and tested by Mann–Whitney U test; values are presented as number (%) and analysis was done using the chi-square test.
cfPWV, carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; CCB, calcium-channel blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease.
*P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.