Introduction
The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been particularly high in Italy. In Italy, as in the rest of the world, extremely rare cases of infection have been seen in the pediatric population. In a study carried out in China involving more than 44,000 cases of COVID-19, 0.9% of patients were between 0 and 10 years of age and 1.2% ranged in age from 10 to 19 years [1]. The absence of evident symptoms in children has reduced the need for nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab screening in this age group [2], with the result that little information is currently available on this segment of the population. During the pandemic period in Italy, we observed more than ten pediatric patients who tested IgG positive for Sars-CoV-2 with painful vasculitic skin lesions on the feet that required modest pain relief therapy. Here, we describe the case history of one of these patients and present pictures of her condition.
Case: 11-Year-Old Girl
At the first observation, the patient had erythematous chilblain-like skin lesions on her feet and several ulcerative lesions with dyschromia of the nails (Fig. 1a); the erythematous areas did not disappear with finger pressure. In the previous 6 weeks she had not shown fever, cough, malaise or asthenia. Her medical history was negative for vascular and/or inflammatory conditions. She reported mild to moderate pain and itching. All blood tests were negative (complete blood count, ESR, PCR analysis, D-dimer, creatinine, AST, ALT, C3, C4, IL-6 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D). No Sars-CoV-2 virus was detected on the nose and oropharyngeal swab, while serologic testing for Sars-CoV-2 antibodies revealed Sars-CoV-2 IgG at 5.2 AU/ml (normal range > 1 AU/ml) and Sars-CoV-2 IgM at 0.8 AU/ml (normal range > 1 AU/ml).
The pain measured using the Oucher scale, with the results indicating a score of 2 (range 0–5).
The patients was immediately treated with paracetamol 750 mg 4 times/day. Some of these lesions became purulent in the following days and was treated with Mupirocin 2% Ointment 3 time per day.
After 7 days the analgesic therapy was discontinued (Fig. 1b, c), and after 15 days the skin lesions were completely resolved (Fig. 1d).
Conclusion
The lack of finger pressure clearing of the eritematous lesions suggests that the vasculitis in our patient was of an ischemic hemorrhagic nature. In the pediatric population there are numerous clinical conditions of a predominantly infectious or immune-mediated origin that can be associated with hemorrhagic ischemic vasculitis. One of the most of these, Kawasaki disease, has already been correlated with COVID-19 [3]. Although it is not possible to correlate our patient case with the presence of SARS-COV-2 due to the swab negativity, we believe that the positive result for SARS-COV-2 IgG antibodies does correlate the skin lesion with COVID-19. This belief is reinforced by the fact that similar vasculitic manifestations associated with coagulation disorders, cyanosis and gangrene have been reported as late manifestations in severe COVID-19 cases in adults [4–6].
Acknowledgements
We thank the patient and her family for their willingness to share this case and the pictures.
Funding
No funding or sponsorship was received for this study or publication of this article.
Authorship
All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given their approval for this version to be published.
Disclosures
Alfonso Papa, Anna Maria Salzano and Maria Teresa Di Dato have nothing to disclose. Giustino Varrassi is a member of the journal’s Editorial Board.
Compliance with Ethics Guidelines
Informed consent for publication was obtained from the patient’s parents.
Data Availability
The datasets during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Footnotes
Digital Features
To view digital features for this article go to 10.6084/m9.figshare.12295805.
References
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.