Abstract
Patients with Down syndrome are at increased risk of respiratory syncytial virus- and H1N1-related death. Literature on COVID-19 in Down syndrome patients is unavailable thus far. We describe the clinical course of 4 patients with Down syndrome during an outbreak of COVID-19. In all four patients, disease course was severe, warranting hospital care in three patients, with fatal outcome in one patient. Another patient receives supportive care in our institution. Our case series is the first report on probable increased risk of life-threatening disease course of COVID-19 in patients with Down syndrome. Proper surveillance, the adherence of social distancing, and the use of personal protective equipment will be essential in reducing morbidity and mortality in our patients.
Keywords: Down syndrome, COVID-19, Pneumonia, Infection, Viral disease, Intellectual disability
Introduction
The Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Gold Study showed that children with Down syndrome (DS) are at increased risk of RSV-related death [1]. During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, a Mexican study demonstrated similar worrying figures in patients [2]. Likelihoods of hospitalization, intubation, and death were 16-fold, eightfold, and 335-fold greater, respectively, for patients with DS.
In 2020, we are confronted with the COVID-19 pandemic. Some studies report that children are less prone to COVID-19. The impact of COVID-19 on children/adults with DS has not been studied yet.
We present the clinical data of a COVID-19 cluster in our healthcare facility for patients with mental retardation.
Case report
In our healthcare facility for patients with mental retardation, we observed a cluster in one unit consisting of 5 DS and 17 non-DS patients: 11/22 patients (n = 4 DS, n = 7 non-DS) developed the clinical signs of COVID-19. Due to limited availability of test kits, COVID-19 was confirmed in only 6. Three patients with DS tested positive for COVID-19 RT-PCR and had typical viral pneumonia features on CT (Figs. 1, 2).
Fig. 1.
Chest computed tomography scan of patient 2 showing viral pneumonitis in as much as 75% of the lungs
Fig. 2.
Chest computed tomography scan of patient 3. 50–75% of lungs are showing typical bilateral ground-glass opacity and pulmonary consolidation
Patient 1 (female, 60 years, DS) was hospitalized because of fever and stupor. Temperature was 37.7 °C, saturation 90%, c-reactive protein 99 mg/L (N < 5), d-dimer 3245 µg/L (N < 549). She was treated with oxygen, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. Because of non-responding to the first regimen, meropenem was started with favorable outcome.
The laboratory results are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1.
Initial laboratory results at admission at the emergency department
| Patient | C-reactive Protein mg/L N < 5 |
WBC 103/µL N 3.5–11 |
Lymphocytes 103/µL N 1–4.8 |
Blood platelets 103/µL N 150–400 |
LDH U/L N < 247 |
d-dimer µg/L N 0–549 |
MCV fL N 80–100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Female 60 years | 99 | 3.6 | 1.04 | 173 | 702 | 3245 | 99 |
| 2. Female 48 years | 104 | 3.4 | 0.77 | 101 | 398 | 836 | 111 |
| 3. Female 55 years | 56 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 48 | 254 | 786 | 112 |
Patient 2 (female, 48 years, DS) was admitted to hospital because of fever, coughing and dyspnea. Saturation was 83%, c-reactive protein 104 mg/L, d-dimer 836 µg/L (other laboratory results, see Table 1). She was treated with oxygen, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, chloroquine and azithromycin and recovered.
Patient 3 (female, 55 years, DS) was admitted to hospital because of dyspnea. Temperature was 36.6 °C, saturation 96%, c-reactive protein 56 mg/L, d-dimer 786 µg/L (other laboratory results, see Table 1). She was treated with oxygen, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, chloroquine and azithromycin, but she did not respond to therapy and died in the hospital.
Patient 4 (a female, 62 years, DS) developed respiratory failure. She was not tested, stayed in our facility and receives supportive care.
Only one male DS patient, aged 43 years, developed no signs of COVID-19.
The seven patients with non-DS showed only a mild course and recovered. Hospitalization was not warranted in them.
Discussion
In our facility for patients with intellectual disabilities, an outbreak of COVID-19 caused severe disease course only in DS patients.
We believe that immune dysregulation and increased cytokine production in DS patients make them vulnerable to infections like RSV and COVID-19 as mortality is mainly related to cytokine release syndrome [3]. Moreover, we are concerned about insufficient immunity after disease recovery, and, thus, a higher risk of reinfection. As DS patients risk inadequate immunity after vaccination, they would still be in the high-risk category despite vaccination [4].
Furthermore, we wonder what will happen when COVID-19 strikes again during autumn / winter during the RSV seasonal outbreak. Will patients with RSV infection be prone to severe COVID-19 pneumonia? The effect of dual infection (RSV—COVID-19) has not been reported yet. One earlier study revealed that dual infection of SARS–metapneumovirus did not alter morbidity or death rates [5].
The recent study of Nowak et al. could be reassuring. They found less co-infections in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients (3%) [6]. In contrast, coinfection with at least one non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral pathogen was found in 13.1% of patients who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. In patients with COVID-19-infection, non-SARS-CoV-2 coronaviridae were the most common concurrent respiratory viruses found. In contrast, in non-COVID-19 patients, the most common respiratory virus co-infections were those commonly seen circulating in the community including rhinovirus/enterovirus, influenza viruses and coronavirus NL63.
RSV was only found in 0.31% of COVID-19 patients, and 1.54% of non-COVID-19 patients.
In most countries, RSV season preceded the current COVID outbreak.
Therefore, it should be of great interest to continue the RSV Gold study this autumn/winter with a special emphasis on co-infection with COVID-19, in both children and adults with DS and to continue the study of Nowak during RSV season to establish if simultaneous viral infection in SARS-CoV-2 patients could potentially influence disease outcomes.
In conclusion, this is the first report on probable increased risk of severe course of disease in SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with DS suggesting additional efforts to protect this special population. Proper surveillance, the adherence of social distancing, and the use of personal protective equipment will be essential in reducing morbidity and mortality in our patients.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank our patients and their families for we learn so much from them. We will remember patient 3 when each day dawns.
Funding
The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
All the authors report no disclosure or conflict of interest relevant to the manuscript. All authors report no financial disclosure.
Ethical approval
This manuscript does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Footnotes
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Contributor Information
Harald De Cauwer, Email: harald.decauwer@ziekenhuisgeel.be.
Ann Spaepen, Email: Ann.Spaepen@MPI-Oosterlo.be.
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