A Comparative Assessment of Intraoperative Complication Rates in Resident-Performed Phacoemulsification Surgeries According to Najjar-Awwad Preoperative Risk Stratification

Abstract

Introduction

Phacoemulsification cataract surgery presents a challenge to resident surgeons with lower experience, which confronts with patient safety. In this study, we compared major intraoperative surgical complications of resident-performed phacoemulsification surgeries between cases with low intraoperative risk and random cases with unknown intraoperative risk.

Methods

This prospective randomized controlled study was done on patients who underwent phacoemulsification surgery by third- and fourth-year residents in Khatam-al-Anbia eye hospital, Mashhad, Iran. Preoperative risk was calculated using Najjar-Awwad risk score after slit lamp examination and the patients with scores 7 or higher were considered high-risk. Patients were randomly assigned into a study group, in which only low-risk cases were operated by third-year residents, or control group, in which third-year residents were able to operate any patient regardless of the risk score. In both groups, the remaining patients were operated by fourth-year residents. All intraoperative complications were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS, considering P<0.05 significant.

Results

Overall, 475 patients with cataract in the study (N=232) and control (N=243) groups were operated. Mean overall Najjar-Awwad risk scores did not differ significantly between the groups, but pseudoexfoliation and poor pupil dilatation occurred significantly more frequently in the control group (P=0.010 and P=0.014, respectively). Overall, 36 surgeries in the study group (15.5%) and 47 surgeries in the control group (19.3%) were complicated (P=0.273). There was a significant difference between the third- and fourth-year residents regarding the inability to complete continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (P=0.033). The risk of overall and major complications in high-risk cases was significantly higher among those operated by 3rd-year residents compared with those operated by 4th-year residents (OR=3.45, 95% CI=1.2–9.9, P=0.016 and OR=6.37, 95% CI=1.99–20.34, P=0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

Although supervised resident-performed phacoemulsification has a relatively safe learning curve in our residency program, it is best to stratify preoperative risk and assign high-risk cases to senior residents with higher experience.

Introduction

One of the most common causes of age-related visual loss is cataract, whose prevalence is on the rise with the growing trend of aging in the general population, both in the developed and developing countries. This underscores the increasing need for more trained and experienced ophthalmologist surgeons in the near future.^1–3

Recent advances in technology have led to drastic changes in surgical techniques used to perform cataract surgery. One of the crucial requisites during the ophthalmology residency program is phacoemulsification surgery, the main technique that is currently being taught to the majority of residents. Studies have shown that to achieve competency and obtain surgical skills in this regard, resident surgeons must perform a minimum of 70 operations.^4–7

Phacoemulsification cataract surgery constitutes over one third of all operations carried out by ophthalmology residents throughout the United States and there has been a growing trend in the number of phacoemulsification surgeries performed by residents in the past decade.^8,9

Risk factors such as old patient age, zonular weakness, poor red reflex, dense nuclear sclerosis, longer operation time of phacoemulsification, and history of vitrectomies have been reported for the occurrence of surgical complications in resident-performed cataract surgeries. Several studies have reported the surgical risks of resident-performed cataract surgeries and the attending surgeons might be reluctant to involve training residents in surgeries of challenging cases. However, it is vital for ophthalmology residents to perform surgery on challenging cases under expert supervision, to gain proper experience and necessary skills. Therefore, it is paramount to strike a balance between training programs of resident surgeons and patient safety in operative procedures such as phacoemulsification.^10–16

In the present study, we compared major intraoperative surgical complications of resident-performed phacoemulsification surgeries between cases with low intraoperative risk and random cases with unknown intraoperative risk. The length of ophthalmology residency in Iran is 4 years and residents are allowed to perform phacoemulsification surgery under supervision in their third and fourth years. A third-year resident usually performs about 50 phacoemulsification surgeries while a fourth-year resident performs around 150, adding up to a total of 200 surgeries during the residency.¹⁷ We secondarily aimed to assess the intraoperative complications between third- and fourth-year residents to determine whether a higher experience is associated with a reduction in the rate of complications.

Methods

Patients and Settings

In this prospective randomized controlled study, all patients who referred to the anterior segment clinics of Khatam-al-Anbia Eye Hospital, Mashhad, Iran and underwent phacoemulsification cataract surgery by ophthalmology residents under expert supervision during September–December 2014 were assessed. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All enrolled patients signed informed written consent before they enter the study.

Patients with any of the following criteria were excluded from the study: posterior polar type of cataract, traumatic cataract, congenital cataract, and history of previous intraocular surgery including trabeculectomy or vitrectomy.

Keeping an alpha error of 0.05 and a beta of 0.2, with 80% study power, the sample size was calculated to be 223 patients in each group, according to a previous study.¹⁸ However, considering about 10% of dropouts, we extended the sample size to 250 in each group.

Surgical Procedures

All cases underwent elective phacoemulsification surgery by third- or fourth-year ophthalmology residents under expert supervision with the relatively same technique. All operations were carried out under general or topical anesthesia (using tetracaine eye drop) in supratemporal or temporal positions, using two incisions in the superior and inferior parts of the cornea. Since the surgeries were performed in an educational center by resident surgeons, general anesthesia was the preferred method in most of the patients.

Diluted adrenaline was used in the anterior chamber to dilate the pupil. In some cases, the anterior capsule was stained using trypan blue dye. Low molecular weight 2% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution (Occu-Coat^®, Storz, Germany) was used in all surgeries. Then, continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) was carried out. After performing hydrodissection and hydrodelineation, phacoemulsification was performed with PentaSys 2 Phacoemulsification Unit (Fritz Ruck, Germany), using either horizontal chop or stop-and-chop techniques.

In the next step, the cortical materials were removed through irrigation and aspiration and a foldable acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) was inserted into the capsular bag for uncomplicated patients or into the sulcus for complicated cases. After irrigation of the anterior chamber and remaining gels, all incisions were closed using hydration or 0–10 nylon sutures and the patients’ eyes were sealed.

Data Collection

All eligible patients underwent a thorough slit lamp examination and a checklist indicating the pre-operative risk factors were completed for each patient by fourth-year residents. Then, the risk of cataract surgery for each case was determined using the Najjar-Awwad risk score. Patients with risk scores below 7 were considered as low-risk and those with risk scores of 7 or above were considered high-risk.

Developed by Najjar and Awwad in 2003, the Najjar-Awwad risk score has 12 items, of which three are basic items and 9 are additional points, totally composing an overall score of 25 (Table 1). Higher scores indicate higher surgical risk and higher complexity of phacoemulsification for resident surgeons.¹⁹ The score has been validated by Blomquist and colleagues in 2010.²⁰

Table 1.

Comparison of Najjar-Awwad Risk Scores between the Study and Control Groups

Parameter	Study (N=232)	Control (N=243)	P
Age, years			0.403*
<50	28 (12.1%)	27 (11.1%)
50–65	90 (38.3%)	102 (42.0%)
66–80	82 (35.3%)	92 (37.2%)
>80	32 (13.8%)	22 (9.1%)
Type of Anesthesia			0.057*
General	211 (90.9%)	232 (95.5%)
Topical	21 (9.1%)	11 (4.5%)
Cataract Density			0.664*
Moderate NS, mild-moderate ASC/PSC	56 (24.1%)	57 (23.5%)
Mild NS, mild-moderate ASC/PSC	60 (25.9%)	64 (26.4%)
Moderate NS, dense ASC/PSC	47 (20.2%)	54 (22.2%)
Mild NS, dense ASC/PSC	36 (15.5%)	42 (17.3%)
Dense NS, dense ASC/PSC	33 (14.2%)	26 (10.7%)
Frontal bossing/sunken globes	26 (11.2%)	31 (12.8%)	0.604*
High hyperopia/myopia (axial length<21or >27 mm)	21 (9.1%)	24 (9.9%)	0.760*
History of glaucoma, uveitis, or intraocular surgery	12 (5.2%)	18 (7.4%)	0.321*
History of complications in the fellow eye	5 (2.2%)	4 (1.6%)	0.754**
Shallow anterior chamber	21 (9.1%)	26 (7.1%)	0.555*
Corneal cloudiness	23 (9.9%)	17 (7.0%)	0.252*
Poor red reflex (possible use of capsule stain)	45 (19.4%)	43 (17.7%)	0.630*
Pseudoexfoliation	13 (5.6%)	30 (12.3%)	0.010*
Poor pupil dilatation	17 (7.3%)	35 (14.4%)	0.014*
Overall risk score, mean (95% confidence interval)	6.12 (5.79–6.45)	6.26 (5.91–6.61)	0.891***
Risk Stratification			0.640*
Low-risk (<7)	148 (63.8%)	160 (65.8%)
High-risk (≥7)	84 (36.2%)	83 (34.2%)

Notes: *Chi-square test; **Fisher exact test; ***Mann–Whitney test; Bold figures show statistical significance (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: NS, nuclear sclerosis; ASC, anterior subcapsular opacities; PSC, posterior subcapsular opacities.

For high hyperopia/myopia item, cases with anteroposterior globe diameter greater than 27 mm or lower than 21 mm were considered positive. For accurate determination of cataract density, the Lens Opacity Classification system (LOCS III) was used to classify the density of cataract.²¹

The patients were randomly divided into two groups. In the study group, the third-year residents were allowed to perform phacoemulsification cataract surgery only on low-risk cases. In the control group, the third-year residents were able to perform phacoemulsification surgery on all cases, regardless of their cataract surgery risk score.

Any changes in the standard surgical procedures and techniques in case of any complications were done with the permission and supervision of an expert ophthalmologist. For instance, the inability to complete CCC and conversion of the surgery to extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) or intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) were recorded in the checklists.

In both groups, all intraoperative complications were also entered into checklists and recorded after each surgery. These complications included anterior capsule tear, posterior capsule tear with vitreous prolapse or with intact anterior hyaloid face, zonular dehiscence with or without vitreous prolapse, nucleus drop, wound burn, Descemet’s membrane detachment, and IOL drop.

Statistical Analysis

In this study, all statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 20 for Windows; IBM Statistics, Chicago, IL). Frequency and percentage, mean, odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to present the data. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to investigate the data normality. Mann–Whitney U-test, Chi-square test, and Fisher exact test were used to compare data between different subgroups of patients. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant in all tests.

Results

Initially, 500 patients were enrolled in the study, of which 25 (18 in the study group and 7 in the control group) were excluded the study because, in spite of the initial consent, they claimed unwillingness to be operated by residents, just before the surgery and the supervisor professor performed the surgery instead. Finally, 475 patients with cataract were studied in two groups of study (N=232) and control (N=243). Males constituted 114 patients (49.1%) of the study group and 125 patients (51.4%) of the control group (P=0.620).

According to the Najjar-Awwad risk score, the frequency of different parameters of the pre-operative risk of patients in the study and control groups are compared in Table 1. As the table implies, mean overall Najjar-Awwad risk scores did not differ significantly between the two groups, but the frequency of two risk factors, namely pseudoexfoliation and poor pupil dilatation were significantly higher in the control group, compared with the study group (P=0.010 and P=0.014, respectively). Moreover, as shown in Table 1, there was no statistically significant difference regarding the frequency of high-risk patients (those with Najjar-Awwad risk score of 7 or more) between the study and the control group.

When comparing the frequency of surgeries performed by third-year versus fourth-year residents in each group, we found a significantly higher percentage of surgeries performed by third-year residents in the control group compared with the study group (N=73, 30.1% vs N=47, 20.3%; P=0.014).

The frequency of intraoperative complications occurred in the study and control groups are compared between the third- and fourth-year residents in Table 2. As the table shows, among all complications in the study group, only the frequency of inability to complete CCC was significantly different between the third- and fourth-year residents (P=0.008). However, the frequency of none of the complications differed significantly between the third- and fourth-year residents in the control group.

Table 2.

Intraoperative Complications Occurred in Patients

Complications	Study (N=232)			Control (N=243)			P1*	P2*
	3rd year (N=47)	4th year (N=185)	P*	3rd year (N=73)	4th year (N=170)	P*
Need for suturing	4 (8.5%)	13 (7.0%)	0.820	10 (13.7%)	15 (8.8%)	0.191	0.424	0.210
Anterior capsule tear	4 (8.5%)	9 (4.8%)	0.260	5 (6.8%)	9 (5.3%)	0.774	0.640	0.320
Inability to complete CCC	3 (6.3%)	0 (0.0%)	0.008	4 (5.8%)	2 (1.1%)	0.202	0.344	0.033
Posterior capsule tear with vitreous prolapse	4 (8.5%)	10 (5.4%)	0.492	9 (12.3%)	9 (5.3%)	0.720	0.811	0.055
Posterior capsule tear with intact anterior hyaloid face	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)	>0.999	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999
Zonular dehiscence with vitreous prolapse	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	–	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0.302	>0.999	0.250
Zonular dehiscence without vitreous prolapse	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)	>0.999	1 (1.3%)	1 (0.5%)	0.511	>0.999	>0.999
Nucleus drop	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	–	1 (1.3%)	0 (0.0%)	0.307	>0.999	0.251
Wound burn	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	–	1 (1.3%)	1 (0.5%)	0.300	>0.999	0.253
Descemet detachment	1 (2.1%)	8 (4.3%)	0.732	1 (1.3%)	10 (5.8%)	0.122	0.730	0.123
Conversion to ECCE	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)	>0.999	1 (1.3%)	1 (0.5%)	>0.999	0.902	>0.999
Conversion to ICCE	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	–	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	–	–	–
IOL drop	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	–	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	–	–	–

Notes: P1, P value of the comparison between study and control groups; P2, P value of the comparison between third and fourthyear residents; *Fisher exact test; Bold figures show statistical significance (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: CCC, continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis; ECCE, extracapsular cataract extraction; ICCE, intracapsular cataract extraction; IOL, intraocular lens.

Besides, there was a significant difference between the third- and fourth-year residents regarding the inability to complete CCC (P=0.033). However, no significant difference was found between the study and the control groups in terms of the frequency of complications.

Overall, apart from the need for suturing, 36 surgeries in the study group (15.5%) and 47 surgeries in the control group (19.3%) were complicated. There was no significant difference between the study and control group regarding the overall frequency of complications (P=0.273).

We also compared the risk of developing complications in both low-risk and high-risk cases between the operations performed by all third-year and fourth-year resident surgeons, regardless of the study or control groupings (Table 3). Regarding overall complications, the results showed a significantly higher risk for developing complications in cases operated by third-year residents, compared with those operated by fourth-year residents among the high-risk patients (OR=3.45, 95% CI=1.2–9.9, P=0.016). On the other hand, the risk for developing complications among the low-risk patients was not significantly different between cases operated by third-year residents and those operated by fourth-year residents.

Table 3.

Comparison of the Risk for Developing Complications in Low-Risk and High-Risk Cases between all Third-year and Fourth-year Residents

Parameter	Risk	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P*
Overall complications	High-risk (≥7)	3.45 (1.2–9.9)	0.016
	Low-risk (<7)	2.64 (1.27–5.48)	0.090
Major complications (with vitreous prolapse)	High-risk (≥7)	6.37 (1.99–20.34)	0.001
	Low-risk (<7)	2.75 (0.93–8.15)	0.058
Minor complications (without vitreous prolapse)	High-risk (≥7)	0.93 (0.25–3.48)	>0.999
	Low-risk (<7)	2.82 (1.15–6.94)	0.190

Notes: *Chi-square test; Bold figures show statistical significance (P<0.05).

The risk of developing major complications (with vitreous prolapse) among the high-risk cases was 6.37 times higher in patients operated by third-year residents, compared with those operated by fourth-year residents (95% CI=1.99–20.34, P=0.001). However, among the low-risk cases, the risk for developing major complications was not significantly different between patients operated by third-year residents and those operated by fourth-year residents (Table 3).

The risk for developing minor complications (without vitreous prolapse) did not show any significant difference neither among the low-risk cases, nor among the high-risk ones, between patients operated by third-year residents and those operated by fourth-year residents (Table 3).

Discussion

It is of cardinal importance for any resident in any field of medicine, especially those involving surgical and manual procedures like ophthalmology, to gain experience and obtain skills by independent practice under expert supervision. In this way, they can master skills and procedures, of which one salient example is phacoemulsification surgery. Several previous studies have indicated higher rates of intraoperative complications in less-experienced surgeons while performing phacoemulsification surgery.^22–24

Likewise, several studies have reported a decline in the frequency of intraoperative complications as the eye surgeons who perform phacoemulsification gain more experience and carry out a sufficient number of surgeries. Different reports have indicated varying numbers between 40 and 80 surgeries for a junior resident surgeon to complete the learning curve of the phacoemulsification surgery and learn the necessary procedural skills.^7,25-27

Although intraoperative complications undermine the chances for good visual outcomes in phacoemulsification surgeries, it is possible to achieve acceptable visual outcomes in complicated surgeries through proper management of the complications. However, it is best to avoid assigning complex and high-risk cataract surgeries to junior resident surgeons who still lack the required experience for performing phacoemulsification. This can optimize the outcomes of resident-performed surgeries.^15,28,29

To this end, we carried out the present study to test the hypothesis indicating that stratification of the preoperative risk in phacoemulsification surgeries and assigning only the low-risk cases to less-experienced junior resident surgeons can decrease the risk of intraoperative complications. According to the Najjar-Awwad risk score, we calculated the preoperative risk score in each case, before they undergo surgery. However, unlike the initial recommendation of Najjar and Awwad for risk stratification (with score cut-off of 5), we used the risk score 7 as the cut-off point to discern low-risk cases from those with a high risk of complications. This was in line with the previous study by Blomquist and coworkers, who validated the Najjar-Awwad risk score for resident surgeons in the United States and recommended that cases with risk scores below 7 be given to the junior resident surgeons to avoid any serious intraoperative complication.²⁰

The Najjar-Awwad risk score, which contains 12 items totally making an overall risk score of 25, has been developed as an effective tool to evaluate the preoperative risk of patients undergoing phacoemulsification surgery, indicating the complexity of phacoemulsification for resident surgeons.¹⁹

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Iran to calculate and stratify the preoperative risk in resident-performed phacoemulsification surgeries using Najjar-Awwad risk score and examine the effect of restricting the operations done by junior resident surgeons to low-risk cases. Moreover, although several studies have reported the preoperative risk of resident-performed surgeries and its association with intraoperative complications, our study is the first to investigate this issue in a prospective and controlled design, so far.

In this study, the study and control group had no significant differences in terms of sex, age, overall risk score, and frequency of high-risk cases, which helps to keep the confounding factors as fewer as possible. However, there was a significant difference regarding the percentage of surgeries performed by third-year residents between the study and the control group, which could have affected the results in some ways. However, this was predictable, as we considered no restrictions for performing surgeries by third-year residents in the control group.

Although we found no significant difference in mean overall Najjar-Awwad risk scores of the two groups, scores of pseudoexfoliation and poor pupil dilatation were significantly higher in the control group, compared with the study group.

Our results indicated that the overall rate of complications was 15.5% in the study group and 19.3% in the controls. We found no significant difference in the rate of intraoperative complications between the study and control groups. This is in stark contrast with the results of a study by Tsinopoulos et al, who found a significantly higher rate of intraoperative complications in phacoemulsification surgeries performed by residents with varying experience compared with those performed by residents after applying a risk stratification system (7.2% vs 3%).¹² This inconsistency can be attributed to the difference in risk stratification systems, as Tsinopoulos et al used the risk score developed by Muhtaseb, which categorizes the patients into three groups according to their preoperative risk for phacoemulsification,³⁰ but we used the Najjar-Awwad risk score. The difference in results can also be ascribed to the differences in sample sizes and designs of the two studies.

Our results regarding the overall rate of complications were similar to the findings of Al-Jindan et al who reported the overall complication rate of 17.5% in resident-performed phacoemulsification surgeries. However, our overall complication rate was lower than the ones reported by Mangan et al (23.3%), Lee et al (27.4%), and Lomi et al (37%), and higher than the rates reported by Blomquist et al (6.5%), Randleman et al (5.0%), Carricondo et al (11.5%), Tsinopoulos et al (7.2%), and Hashemi et al (10.2%), all assessing resident-performed phacoemulsification surgeries.^{7,10,12,16,20,26,31-33}

Our findings indicated a rate of 6.5% for major complications (those including posterior capsule rupture and vitreous prolapse). This rate comes very close to the rates reported by and Carricondo et al, Unal et al, Randleman et al, Tayanithi et al, Al-Jindan et al with 6.13%, 6.4%, 6.7%, 6.9%, and 7% vitreous prolapse/loss complication rates in the resident-performed phacoemulsification surgeries, respectively.^4,5,24,26,31 Other studies have also reported similar but slightly lower rates, ranging from 3.2% to 4.9%, for vitreous prolapse/loss complications in resident-performed phacoemulsification surgeries.^{14,15,20,28,32,34} However, higher rates of major complications in resident-performed phacoemulsification surgeries were reported by Mangan et al (8.8%), Hashemi et al (9.6%), and Lomi et al (21%).^10,16,33

Several reasons can be stated for the inconsistencies between the overall and major complication rates in our study and the abovementioned studies, including different exclusion criteria, different residency-training programs, different instruments and units, as well as different surgical techniques used for phacoemulsification. It can also be attributed to the difference in rate of interventions by attending supervisor the surgeries performed by residents.

As the study by Hashemi et al was performed in Iran and the residency programs are fairly similar in our center and theirs, we can posit that our rate of overall complications in resident-performed phacoemulsification surgeries was relatively higher while our rate of major complications was lower, compared with those reported by Hashemi et al.¹⁶ This indicates a generally acceptable residency-training program in our center.

Findings of the present work showed a significantly higher risk (3.45 fold higher) for developing any complication in high-risk cases operated by third-year residents, compared with high-risk cases operated by fourth-year residents. The risk was even greater (6.37 times higher) for developing major complications (with vitreous prolapse) among the high-risk cases operated by third-year residents, compared with those operated by fourth-year residents. However, among the low-risk cases, the risk for developing complications was not significantly different between patients operated by third-year residents and fourth-year residents.

We found a significantly higher frequency of inability to complete CCC in the third-year residents compared with fourth-year residents, which was relatively expectable considering the difference in their experience. Moreover, the frequency of vitreous prolapse was also higher in third-year residents but was on the verge of statistical significance. The latter is, however, a key determinant in distinguishing a seriously complicated surgery from an uncomplicated or minimally complicated one and thus should not be taken lightly.

There was no significant difference between the third- and fourth-year residents in the overall frequency of complications. In contrast to our study, senior residents had a higher rate of complications in comparison with less-experienced residents as reported in studies by Mangan et al and Al-Jindan et al.^26,33 This inconsistency might be due to the higher rate of supervisor interventions in surgeries done by the junior resident surgeons, compared to those performed by senior ones in the cited studies.

One limitation of our study was that different residents completed the Najjar-Awwad risk score and the complication checklist for the patients and their evaluation may differ from one to the other. We tried to make the evaluations as objective as possible through defining precise criteria for each risk factor in order to lower the chance of bias. However, we recommend that all patients be evaluated by one operator for future studies. Another limitation was that we did not record the time, extent, and method of interventions done by supervising attending professors. The interventions might have been inevitably varying between different supervisors, which could have affected the results. Finally, different proportions of surgeries performed by third-year residents between the study and the control groups could have resulted in bias. We recommend matching this item, as well as other confounding factors, in further studies. However, despite all the mentioned limitations, our findings can be extrapolated to other residency programs in Iran.

In conclusion, we can state that phacoemulsification has a relatively safe learning curve in our residency program and it can be performed by residents under supervision. However, it is best to conduct preoperative risk stratification to assign high-risk complex cases to senior residents with higher experience. This can be paramount in reducing complication rate and subsequently, treatment costs will decline.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.