Duration of prone position sessions: a prospective cohort study

Abstract

Background

Prone position (PP) is highly recommended in moderate-to-severe ARDS. However, the optimal duration of PP sessions remains unclear. We searched to evaluate the time required to obtain the maximum physiological effect, and to search for parameters related to patient survival in PP.

Methods and results

It was a prospective, monocentric, physiological study. We included in the study all prone-positioned patients in our ICU between June 2016 and January 2018. Pulmonary mechanics, data from volumetric capnography and arterial blood gas were recorded before prone positioning, 2 h after proning, before return to a supine position (SP) and 2 h after return to SP. Dynamic parameters were recorded before proning and every 30 min during the session until 24 h. 103 patients (ARDS 95%) were included performing 231 PP sessions with a mean length of 21.5 ± 5 h per session. They presented a significant increase in pH, static compliance and P_aO₂/F_iO₂ with a significant decrease in P_aCO₂, P_plat, phase 3 slope of the volumetric capnography, P_etCO₂, V_D/V_T-phy and ΔP. The beneficial physiological effects continued after 16 h of PP and at least up to 24 h in some patients. The evolution of the respiratory parameters during the first session and also during the pooled sessions did not find any predictor of response to PP, whether before, during or 2 h after the return in SP.

Conclusions

PP sessions should be prolonged at least 24 h and be extended in the event that the P_aO₂/F_iO₂ ratio at 24 h remains below 150, especially since no criteria can predict which patient will benefit or not from it.

Trial registration The trial has been registered on 28 June 2016 in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT 02816190) (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02816190?term=propocap&rank=1).

Background

Prone position (PP) has been part of respiratory management of moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) for several years [1]. Randomized controlled trials have confirmed that oxygenation is improved in the PP compared to the supine position (SP) [2–6]. It could also prevent ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). It would reduce pulmonary stress and strain by reducing the overdistension of aerated non-dependent zones while allowing recruitment of atelectatic dependent zones [7–10]. The compliance of the respiratory system would increase [11] despite a decrease in the compliance of the chest wall [12]. Lung expansion would be more homogeneous with improved ventilation/perfusion ratios and reduced VILI [13–16].

Two meta-analyses [17, 18] and then the PROSEVA trial [6] showed a beneficial effect on the outcome of moderate-to-severe ARDS with a reduction in mortality. PP is thus one of the three therapeutics to have shown a positive effect on ARDS mortality, with the reduction of the tidal volume (VT) [19] and the early use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) [20], although this is partly challenged by a recent study [21, 22]. This is why its use is highly recommended in severe ARDS [23, 24]. Its use in mild-to-moderate ARDS remains debated [25].

However, the optimal duration of PP sessions remains unclear. International recommendations are to leave the patient in PP for at least 12 h [23]. In the PROSEVA trial [6], they stayed on average 17 h, while the meta-analyses included studies with sessions lasting from 7 to 18 h.

We conducted a prospective monocentric physiological study, including all patients put in PP. The main objective was to evaluate the time sufficient to obtain the maximum improvement in several physiological respiratory parameters in the first PP session and in all PP sessions. The secondary objective was to search for physiological parameters related to patient survival in PP.

Materials and methods

It was a prospective, monocentric, physiological study. We included in the study all prone-positioned patients in our intensive care unit (ICU) between June 2016 and January 2018. PP was indicated in case of moderate-to-severe hypoxemia with P_aO₂/F_iO₂ < 150 despite a set PEEP of at least 10 cmH₂O and the use of NMBA. The sessions were to last from 16 to 24 h or more. PP was not performed in case of severe hemodynamic instability (life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia, vasopressor > 2 µg/kg/min) or withdrawal of life sustaining treatments. The PP procedure was completely protocolized (protocol available in Additional file 1). The sessions could be interrupted before 16 h in case of urgent care (CT, surgery, cardiac arrest, etc.). Otherwise the return to the supine position was made after at least 16 h, if P_aO₂/F_iO₂ > 150 and if the staff was completely available. Prone position therapy was stopped when P_aO₂/F_iO₂ remained above 150 in SP. Mechanical ventilation was delivered in a controlled ventilation mode, either in volume or in pressure. Expiratory tidal volume (VT_e) had to be adjusted between 5 and 8 mL/kg of predicted body weight. PEEP was set to achieve an end-inspiratory plateau pressure (P_plat) between 28 and 30 cmH₂O (or more if an esophageal pressure probe was used to titrate PEEP according to inspiratory and/or expiratory transpulmonary pressure) [26]. Respiratory rate (RR) was set to maintain an arterial plasma pH of 7.20 to 7.45 without an increase in intrinsic PEEP.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation technics (ECMO) were proposed after at least 12 h of PP for persistent P_aO₂/F_iO₂ < 60 or respiratory acidosis (pH < 7.2), despite hemodynamic optimization and PEEP adjusted according to esophageal pressure. The ARDS should not last more than 7 days. And the patient also had to be stable enough to support the transfer because our center did not perform ECMO.

In the supine position, the head was elevated between 30° and 45°. In the prone position, the head was elevated between 10° and 20°. Recruitment maneuvres were performed only in case of de-recruiting event (ventilator disconnection, bronchoscopy, prolonged tracheal suctioning, etc.), with a 15-s inspiratory pause at 30 cmH2O.

All patients had an arterial line catheter. They were ventilated with a Hamilton S1 ventilator (Hamilton Medical AG^®, Bonaduz, Switzerland) equipped with a dedicated proximal pneumotachometer and a dedicated main stream volumetric capnography sensor (Capnostat-5^®, Hamilton Medical AG^®, Bonaduz, Switzerland). Pulmonary mechanics, data from volumetric capnography and arterial blood gas were recorded before prone positioning, 2 h after proning, before return in SP and 2 h after return in SP. Static values were recorded and calculated at these steady-state periods. Additionally end-tidal CO₂ pressure (P_etCO₂), dynamic compliance (C_dyn), VT_e, physiological Bohr dead space (V_D/V_T-phy) and phase 3 slope of the volumetric capnography (S_III) were recorded before proning and every 30 min during the PP session (until 24 h of PP). S_III of volumetric capnography is a plateau phase corresponding to the emptying of the alveolar compartment. The more flat the slope (i.e., close to 0), the more the alveoli have a simultaneous emptying and an identical CO₂ concentration (therefore similar ventilation/perfusion ratios). The increase in the slope will thus be associated with a desynchronization of the alveolar emptying and/or an increase in the inhomogeneity of the ventilation/perfusion ratios [27]. Dynamic driving pressure (ΔP_dyn) was calculated by VT_e/C_dyn.

Baseline characteristics at the inclusion were recorded: age, gender, body mass index, severity scores (SAPS 2 and SOFA), ARDS (according to Berlin definition) [28] and the etiology of acute respiratory failure. The number of PP sessions and their lengths were recorded. Associated ICU main treatments (length of mechanical ventilation, use (at any time) of non-invasive ventilation, vasopressors, tracheostomy, renal replacement therapy, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, corticosteroids and NMBA) were detailed as well as patients’ outcomes.

Wilcoxon matched pairs rank tests were performed to compare patients’ characteristics before PP, 2 h after PP, before SP and 2 h after SP. To evaluate time effect, responder sessions were defined as the change between baseline value and end session value (before return in SP), greater than or less than 0% according to the expected physiological effect (e.g., C_dyn-responder sessions were assessed by ΔC_dyn > 0%; ΔP_dyn responder sessions were assessed by ΔΔP_dyn < 0%…). Each PP session could be a responder session for one parameter, independently of the response to other parameters. All sessions were analyzed with the parameters collected every 30 min: P_etCO₂, C_dyn, V_D/V_T-phy, S_III and ΔP_dyn. For the secondary objective, data from the first PP session were compared between survivors and deaths. Mann–Whitney and Fisher exact tests were used to compare patients’ characteristics according to their vital status on hospital discharge. We also performed multivariate logistic regression analyses with mortality as the dependent variable. We analyzed data from the first PP session and the effect on the main responding physiological parameters for each patient. The regression models were then tested by Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Statistical analyses were performed with Prism 6 (GraphPad Software Inc^®, San Diego, CA, USA) and SPSS Statistics V20 (IBM^®, New York, NY, USA).

The study protocol has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of the French learned society for respiratory medicine (Société de Pneumologie de Langue Française) in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Patients, or their relatives, have consented to the use of the data. The trial has been recorded in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT 02816190).

Results

112 patients were eligible for inclusion. 9 were not included because of severe hemodynamic compromise (n = 5), missing data at inclusion (n = 3; one of which was transferred early for ECMO) and therapeutic limitation decision (n = 1). 103 patients were included performing 231 PP sessions (2.2 ± 1.8 PP sessions per patient) with a mean length of 21.5 ± 5 h per PP session. 10 (4.3%) PP sessions were interrupted before 16 h and only 2 (0.8%) before 12 h (one for surgery, one for cardiac arrest). The longest session lasted 41.5 h. Baseline characteristics at inclusion, main ICU treatments, complications during ICU care and outcomes are summarized in Table 1. These were mainly severe patients (SAPS 2 = 54 ± 17) with ARDS (95%) due to pneumonia (93.2%) and with septic shock (98.1%). 5 (5%) patients were prone positioned for acute hypoxemic failure due to unilateral pneumonia. Virtually all patients were paralyzed (94.2%). 38 patients died in ICU (36.9%) and 39 (37.9%) during hospital stay. Complications specifically related to PP have not been systematically collected. However, there were no serious complications: no tearing of catheters or tracheal tubes. One cardiac arrest was noted during the PP, occurring in an already moribund patient before the reversal. Complications were limited to pressure sores and occasional transient airway obstructions occurring just after the PP maneuver.

Table 1.

Patients’ characteristics at inclusion, during intensive care unit stay and main outcomes

Patients’ variables	Values
Inclusion
N	103
Age (years)	60 ± 13 (58–63)
Male gender (n)	73 (70.9%)
BMI (kg/m2)	29 ± 7 (28–31)
SAPS2	54 ± 17 (51–57)
SOFA	9 ± 4 (9–10)
ARDS (n)	98 (95%)
ARDS due to pneumonia (n)	96 (93.2%)
ICU stay
Prone position sessions (n)	231
Prone position sessions (n per patient)	2.2 ± 1.8 (1.9–2.6)
Prone position sessions (hours)	21.5 ± 5 (20.7–22)
Delay between sessions (hours)	64.2 ± 99.2 (37.3–91.2)
Invasive mechanical ventilation (days)	17.3 ± 10.9 (15.2–19.4)
Non-invasive ventilation (n)a	73 (70.9%)
Non-invasive ventilation (days)a	3.2 ± 2.6 (2.6–3.8)
Vasopressor (n)a	101 (98.1%)
Vasopressor duration (days)a	9 ± 7.3 (7.6–10.5)
Tracheostomy (n)a	10 (9.7%)
Renal replacement therapy (n)a	29 (34%)
Corticosteroids (n)a	68 (66%)
NMBA (n)a	97 (94.2%)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (n)a	1 (1%)
Complications and outcomes
Pneumothorax (n)a	2 (1.9%)
Ventilation-associated pneumonia (n)a	44 (49.7%)
ICU length of stay (days)	22.3 ± 13.8 (19.6–24.9)
Hospital length of stay (days)	27.2 ± 15.5 (24.2–30.1)
ICU deaths with ARDS (n)	34 (33%)
ICU deaths (n)	38 (36.9%)
Hospital deaths (n)	39 (37.9%)

Values are expressed with n (%) or mean ± SD (95% confidence interval)

BMI body mass index, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, NMBA neuro-muscular blocking agents, ICU intensive care unit

^aAt any time within ICU stay

Ventilator settings, lung mechanics and arterial blood gas at admission are detailed in Table 2. Mean P_aO₂/F_iO₂ was 129 ± 52 with total PEEP (PEEP_tot) 16 ± 3 cmH₂O and VT_e 7 ± 1.5 mL/kg predicted body weight, generating a plateau pressure (P_plat) of 29 ± 4 cmH₂O and a driving pressure (ΔP = P_plat − PEEP_tot) of 13.7 ± 4.7 cmH₂O. Only 5 (4.9%) patients among 15 (14.6%) equipped, had a change in PEEP, before PP, based on esophageal pressure values. These changes were not related to the patients’ position because the esophageal pressure values were similar in PP and SP.

Table 2.

Arterial blood gas, lung mechanics and volumetric capnography data during the first PP session

Parameters	Before PP	2 h after PP	Before SP	2 h after SP
pH	7.26 ± 0.1	7.29 ± 0.1a	7.35 ± 0.1a	7.34 ± 0.1a
PaO2 (mmHg)	77 ± 32	99 ± 60a	83 ± 23a	79 ± 23
PaCO2 (mmHg)	54 ± 13	51 ± 15a	46 ± 11a	46 ± 13a
Bicarbonates (mmol/L)	23.9 ± 5.4	23.5 ± 5.6a	25 ± 5.9a	24.3 ± 5.4
SaO2 (%)	94 ± 3	96 ± 2a	97 ± 2a	96 ± 3a
RR (cycles/min)	24 ± 6	25 ± 6a	26 ± 6a	26 ± 6a
VTe (mL/kg PBW)	7 ± 1.5	7.1 ± 1.9	7.2 ± 1.9	7.1 ± 1.7
FiO2 (%)	65 ± 22	54 ± 19a	39 ± 14a	46 ± 17a
Pplat (cmH2O)	29 ± 4	28 ± 4	27 ± 3a	27 ± 4
PEEPtot (cmH2O)	16 ± 3	16 ± 3	15 ± 3	16 ± 3
Cstat (mL/cmH2O)	39 ± 16	40 ± 15	44 ± 18a	45 ± 19a
PaO2/FiO2	129 ± 52	189 ± 79a	237 ± 92a	192 ± 79a
ΔP (cmH2O)	12.7 ± 4	12.3 ± 3.9	11.6 ± 3.8a	11.6 ± 4.3
SIII (%CO2/L)	9.28 ± 6.83	8.74 ± 8.5	10.1 ± 20.5	7.05 ± 5.18a
PetCO2 (mmHg)	41 ± 9	39 ± 8a	37 ± 8a	35 ± 7a
VCO2-min (mL/min)	226 ± 71	232 ± 64	227 ± 64	225 ± 62
VD/VT-phy (%)	36.6 ± 8.5	35.9 ± 7.9	34.9 ± 8	33.5–8a
P(a-et)CO2/PaCO2 (%)	22 ± 16.5	20.7 ± 15.3	19.5 ± 15.1a	20.4 ± 17.8
VE/VCO2-min	66.5 ± 132	49.2 ± 13	67.8 ± 161a	61.2 ± 94.9a

Values are expressed with mean ± SD

RR respiratory rate, C_stat static compliance, ΔP driving pressure, S_III phase 3 slope of volumetric capnography, V_E minute ventilation

^ap < 0.05 compared to baseline value (before PP)

The evolutions of lung mechanics, arterial blood gas and ventilator settings are specified in Table 2 and Table S1, Additional file 1 for the first PP session and in Table S2, Additional file 1 for all PP sessions combined. They globally showed similar results: a significant increase in pH, static compliance (C_stat) and P_aO₂/F_iO₂ with a significant decrease in P_aCO₂, P_plat, S_III, P_etCO₂, V_D/V_T-phy and ΔP. There was also an increase in mechanical power, probably secondary to slight modifications of RR and inspiratory/expiratory ratio (parameters included in the formula used) [29]. The decrease in ΔP was the only parameter significantly associated with an increase in P_aO₂/F_iO₂ > 50% (Table S3, Additional file 1).

We pooled data evolutions from the baseline (before PP) of the first session (Fig. 1) and of all PP sessions (Figure S1, Additional file 1), sampled every 30 min. We could observe a rapid increase not only in C_dyn, but also in S_III. ΔP_dyn and P_etCO₂ decreased slightly. There was a significant decrease in V_D/V_T-phy during the first session, but not during the pooled sessions. The pooled responder sessions to V_D/V_T-phy (number of responder sessions = 77 (46.7%)), S_III (87 (52.4%)), P_etCO₂ (118 (61.8%)), C_dyn (131 (73.2%)) and ΔP_dyn (136 (76%)) showed that the beneficial physiological effect continued after 16 h of PP and at least up to 24 h which was the maximum limit for recording data (Fig. 2). When we have only looked at the first PP sessions, the response session rate was similar to that of pooled sessions: V_D/V_T-phy 44 (61.1%), S_III 47 (65.3%), P_etCO₂ 65 (69.9%), C_dyn 62 (76.5%) and ΔP_dyn 65 (80.2%). There were 90 (91.8%) P_aO₂/F_iO₂ responders.

Fig. 1.

Evolution of ΔV_D/V_T-phy, ΔS_III, ΔP_etCO₂ and ΔC_dyn for each parameter (session 1), from 0 h (just before prone positioning) to 24 h of prone position; Ⓐ at sessions’ end (dotted line); Ⓑ 2 h after return in supine position (dotted line). *p < 0.05 (global time effect comparison)

Fig. 2.

Evolution of ΔV_D/V_T-phy, ΔS_III, ΔP_etCO₂ and ΔC_dyn in responder sessions for each parameter (all sessions), from 0 h (just before prone positioning) to 24 h of prone position; Ⓐ at sessions’ end (dotted line); Ⓑ 2 h after return in supine position (dotted line). *p < 0.05 (global time effect comparison)

The duration of PP allowing to obtain the maximum effect was different for each parameter studied and was in median between 16 h [13, 20] and 18 [14, 21] for all sessions, between 16 h [14, 19] and 19 [16, 23] for responder sessions and between 17 h [13, 22] and 18 [14, 21] for session 1 (Table S4, Additional file 1). The parameter with the higher beneficial variation was C_dyn with a mean 35% increase in value for the first PP session up to 40% in C_dyn-responder sessions (Figs. 1, 2). Non-responder sessions are shown in Additional file 1: Figure S2.

The search of predictive criteria for mortality before prone positioning (Table S5, Additional file 1) found that higher age (67.6 ± 12.6 years versus 56.7 ± 12.1; p < 0.001), higher SAPS 2 (63 ± 17 vs 49 ± 15, p < 0.001), lower C_stat (33 ± 14 vs 43 ± 16; p = 0.003) and a lower minute CO₂ production (VCO_2-min) (185 ± 81 mL/min vs 250 ± 53; p < 0.001) were associated with mortality, whereas P_aO₂/F_iO₂ (p = 0.659), ΔP (p = 0.096) and V_D/V_T-phy (p = 0.37) were not.

The evolution of the respiratory parameters during the first session, compared (without adjustment) between the survivors and the dead, did not clearly find any specific response to PP, whether during the session or 2 h after the return in SP (Tables S6, S7 and S8, Additional file 1). In multivariate analysis (before PP-before SP), the increase in VCO_2-min (maybe mediated by the hemodynamic effects of PP) and in V_D/V_T-phy were associated with mortality (respectively, odds ratio 1.04 (95% confidence interval 1.01; 1.07; p = 0.015) and 1.03 (1; 1.05; p = 0.031)) (Table S6, Additional file 1). In the first session (before PP-after SP), there was also a significantly greater drop in dead space among survivors (ΔV_D/V_T-phy = − 9% [− 20; 0.27] vs − 0.59% [− 11.2; 9.87]; p = 0.036). However, this effect was not found again in multivariate analysis (Table S7, Additional file 1).

It is generally observed that the parameters improving during PP as P_aO₂/F_iO₂ are degraded after return in SP. It could be estimated that the intensity of this relapse after return in SP is associated with excess severity or mortality of patients. However, there was no significant association between the intensity of this relapse and the mortality of patients in the limit of potential biases (Tables S9, Additional file 1).

We have also noticed a wide variability of response to the positioning of the respiratory parameters between each session and in the same patient. Figure 3 shows the evolution over five consecutive PP sessions of ΔV_D/V_T-phy, ΔS_III, ΔP_etCO₂ and ΔC_dyn in patient #20 (dead) and patient #35 (survivor). The responder or non-responder character for a parameter varied according to the patient but also according to the session and the time of the session (after 6 h, 12 h, 20 h…). In addition, for the same session, a patient could respond to one parameter but not to another. And it could be the opposite for the next session.

Fig. 3.

Evolution over five consecutive prone position sessions of ΔC_dyn, ΔP_etCO₂, ΔS_III and ΔV_D/V_T-phy, in patient #20 (dead) and patient #35 (survivor), from 0 h (just before prone positioning) to the end of each prone position session

Discussion

Our study shows that the physiologic effects of PP increase for at least 24 h in some patients. It also shows that it is impossible to predict which patient will benefit from this technique before its introduction, during or even after the return in SP. The analysis of the respiratory parameters before, during and after the sessions, as well as the variability of the effect of repeated sessions in the same patient, renders the concept of PP responder lacking in physiological basis.

It has already been shown that the oxygenation gain estimated by the P_aO₂/F_iO₂ was not associated with a reduction in mortality thanks to PP [30]. It is the same for all the other parameters studied here, although previous studies have found potentially prognostic parameters such as the decrease in P_aCO₂ [31, 32] or alveolar dead space [32]. These results are in fact logical if one relies on the mechanism of action of prone positioning, which consists of a reduction of the VILI. PP reduces lung stress and strain by reducing the overdistention of anterior non-dependent zones while allowing recruitment of posterior dependent zones [7–9, 13, 14]. Lung expansion is more constant and homogeneous [10, 15, 16]. It should therefore be considered that putting on PP is an integral part of protective ventilation techniques such as reducing the VT. In the same way that the use of reduced current volumes should be applied until a significant improvement in ARDS allowing the reintroduction of spontaneous ventilation, PP sessions should probably be extended to a similar time. It has, again recently, been shown that the recruitment of posterior lung zones depends on the duration of positioning [33]. In our study the beneficial effect continued to increase after at least 24 h. Interestingly, the PROSEVA study [6], the only positive randomized controlled trial, was the only one that did not stop PP therapy after a pre-established period, but continued until a significant (P_aO₂/F_iO₂ > 150 in SP) and persistent (> 4 h) improvement occurred. It would seem reasonable to continually leave patients in PP until the overall improvement of their condition allows sedation to be stopped and spontaneous ventilation to resume. Rather than repeating the sessions, it would probably be better to extend the sessions. The beneficial effect is linked to the length spent in PP, not to the maneuver per se. Also, complications during turning maneuvers are rare in experienced teams, but probably more frequent in the smallest centers. If our study did not allow us to predict a benefit in extending the sessions for more than 24 h, it nevertheless invited us to make them last at least 24 h. It also does not seem logical to interrupt sessions, whose initiation was motivated by a P_aO₂/F_iO₂ of less than 150, if this P_aO₂/F_iO₂ remains below 150 after 24 h. Therefore, we suggest that the PP sessions last at least 24 h and be extended in the event that the P_aO₂/F_iO₂ ratio at 24 h remains below 150.

Preventing ventilation-induced injuries is crucial for the future of patients with ARDS. Most of these patients die, while still on mechanical ventilation, but rarely with refractory hypoxemia [34]. It is mainly the overcomplications, the sequelae of the causal disease and the maintenance of pulmonary lesions by the mechanical ventilation which prolong the duration of invasive ventilation and are responsible for the mortality. PP should not be used as a rescue, but as a routine therapy in ARDS patients. Yet a multicenter study in 2017 found that the prevalent reason for not using PP was that hypoxemia was not considered sufficiently severe [35]. Future studies should focus on researching the benefit of PP in all ARDS patients regardless of the severity stage. There were no life-threatening complications in our cohort and they are described as rare [6, 35]. The benefit/risk balance is therefore strongly in favor of the PP in moderate-to-severe ARDS. It should be evaluated in the mild-to-moderate ARDS. Of course, the PP session could be interrupted in the event of a serious complication or urgent care.

This study presents several limitations. First, the duration of the sessions was left free with an obligation of minimum duration of 16 h. These lasted 21.5 ± 5 h (20.7–22) and there was no difference in duration between surviving patients and deaths (respectively, 20.8 ± 3 h vs 21.1 ± 6.5; p = 0.719) (Tables S1, S2 and S3, Additional file 1). In the same way, some modifications of the ventilators’ settings were allowed (RR and PEEP). This could partially explain the improvement in some studied parameters. As Tables S1, S2 and S3, Additional file 1 show, these changes may be statistically significant but are not clinically relevant. They cannot explain the observed evolution of physiological parameters by themselves. The design of the study does not allow, without a control group, to affirm that the physiological effects studied are solely due to PP and not to the evolution of the disease. Especially since part of the effect is “lost” after the return to SP. This effect is really related to PP for P_aO₂/F_iO₂ [6], for pH and RR (therefore for P_aCO₂) [4] and therefore also for the other studied parameters that evolved very significantly over short periods.

The absence of randomization meant that the analysis of the factors potentially associated with mortality was marred by many potential biases. It was an observational study and these results should be interpreted with caution.

Another major limitation concerns the population studied. These were mainly patients with ARDS secondary to pneumonia complicated by septic shock. It is possible to say that the results could have been different with extrapulmonary ARDS [36] or with less shocked patients. However, this would not change the logic of leaving patients in PP to reduce the risk of VILI.

Anatomical or functional alveolar recruitability has not been evaluated. It would be an interesting parameter to evaluate in the effects of PP. Finally, the hemodynamic impact of PP has not been studied except via VCO_2-min and P_(a-et)CO₂. Indeed our study found an association between mortality and low CO₂ production. It was probably linked to a defect in cellular perfusion from circulatory failure. 101 (98.1%) of the patients were on vasopressors. This aspect is probably major, at least in patients with acute cor pulmonale [37, 38]. More studies are needed on this topic. In addition, the volumetric capnography data are significantly affected by the hemodynamic state of the patient, which makes their interpretation more difficult.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the maximum physiological response to PP requires in some patients at least 24 h of positioning. It is not possible to predict which patient will benefit from PP before, during, or even after the maneuver. Therefore, we suggest that the PP sessions last at least 24 h and be extended in the event that the P_aO₂/F_iO₂ ratio at 24 h remains below 150. In the event of a relapse of the P_aO₂/F_iO₂ ratio below 150 after putting back in supine position, a new session of at least 24 h of PP should be carried out, and so on until the moment of deciding to stop sedation and resume spontaneous ventilation. PP should be integrated into the protective ventilation of moderate-to-severe ARDS in the same way as the reduction in tidal volume.

Abbreviations

ARDS

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

BMI

Body mass index

C_dyn

Dynamic compliance

C_stat

Static compliance

ΔP

Driving pressure

ΔP_dyn

Dynamic driving pressure

ECMO

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

ICU

Intensive care unit

NMBA

Neuromuscular blocking agent

P_(a-et)CO₂

Difference between arterial and end-tidal CO₂ pressures

PBW

Predicted body weight

PEEP_tot

Total PEEP

P_etCO₂

End tidal CO₂ pressure

PP

Prone position

P_plat

Plateau pressure

RR

Respiratory rate

S_III

Phase 3 slope of volumetric capnography

SAPS 2

Simplified Acute Physiologic Score 2

SOFA

Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment

SP

Supine position

VCO_2-min

CO₂ production per minute

V_D/V_T-phy

Physiological Bohr dead space

V_E

Minute ventilation

VILI

Ventilator-induced lung injury

VT

Tidal volume

VT_e

Expiratory tidal volume

Authors’ contributions

SJ had the original idea. SJ performed study design and administrative authorizations. All authors included patients and collected data. SJ and MM performed statistical analysis. SJ wrote the manuscript, the figures and tables. All authors analyzed and discussed the results. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

No external funding.

Availability of data and materials

Deidentified patients’ datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study protocol has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of the French learned society for respiratory medicine (Société de Pneumologie de Langue Française) in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Patients, or their relatives, have consented to the use of the data.

Consent for publication

Patients, or their relatives, have consented to the use of the data.

Competing interests

SJ and JC received fees for lectures from Hamilton Medical^®. Remaining authors have disclosed that they have no conflict of interest.

Supplementary information

Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s13613-020-00683-7.