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. 2020 May 24;547:35–46. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.05.005

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© 2020 The Authors

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 2 — Outcomes after maternal infection at E7.5. (a–c) Time-mated Ifnar1^−/− dams were inoculated with 10² SPONV or ZIKV at E7.5. (a) Maternal infection with SPONV and ZIKV was confirmed by plaque assay on days 2 and 4 post inoculation (dpi). Assay limit of detection was 100 PFU. ZIKV infected dams had significantly higher viremia at 4 dpi than SPONV infected dams. ***p < 0.005 (Student's t-test).-(b) Rate of grossly normal (black) versus abnormal (red) fetuses at E14.5 after maternal infection at E7.5. An abnormal fetus was defined as in any stage of resorption. Data presented are for individual fetuses from 4 to 6 litters per treatment group. ****p < 0.0001; ns, not significant (Fisher's exact test). (c) Viral titer was measured by plaque assay for a subset of individual homogenized fetuses and placentas. Assay limit of detection was 10 PFU. Symbols represent individual fetuses and placentas from 5 to 6 individual experiments (litters) from each treatment group. Bars represent the mean viral burden from each treatment group. Viral titers were significantly higher in ZIKV placentas and fetuses as compared to SPONV. ****p < 0.0001 (one-way ANOVA). (d–f) Time-mated C57BL6 dams were treated with 1 or 2 mg of anti-IFNAR1 mAb at E6.5 and inoculated with 10⁵ SPONV or ZIKV at E7.5. (d) Maternal infection with SPONV and ZIKV was confirmed by plaque assay 4 dpi. ZIKV infected dams had significantly higher viremia than SPONV infected dams. Maternal viremia did not differ significantly between 1 and 2 mg mAb treatments. *p < 0.05; ns, not significant (one-way ANOVA). (e) Rates of grossly normal (black) versus abnormal (red) fetuses at E14.5 after maternal infection at E7.5. Data presented are for individual fetuses from 3 to 6 litters per treatment group. Resorption rates did not differ between any treatment group. ns, not significant (Fisher's exact test). (f) Viral titer was measured by plaque assay for a subset of individual homogenized fetuses and placentas. Infectious virus was detectable in all treatment groups. Viral titers were not significantly different based on mAb dose. Viral titers were significantly higher in ZIKV infected fetuses and placentas as compared to SPONV. ****p < 0.0001; ***p < 0.0005; **p < 0.005; *p < 0.05; ns, not significant (one-way ANOVA).