Abstract
Omori et al. reported a case of multiple liver metastases originating from synchronous double cancer of “primary mesenteric neuroendocrine tumor” and rectal cancer. However, the “primary mesenteric neuroendocrine tumor” might be a misrecognition of mesenteric metastasis from ileal neuroendocrine tumor. Ileal neuroendocrine tumor is extremely rare in Japan. Herein, we aim to describe the characteristics of ileal neuroendocrine tumor and mesenteric mass as its common manifestation in reference to their reported case.
Keywords: Mesenteric mass, Ileal neuroendocrine tumor, Unknown primary
To the Editor,
Small intestine is the second common primary site of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in the USA [1], whereas the incidence of midgut NET is far less than those of pancreatic, foregut, and hindgut NETs in Japan [2]. Ileal NET (i-NET) accounts for most of the small intestinal NETs [3]. i-NETs are considered to originate from enterochromaffin cells and retain their capability to secrete biogenic amines and peptides, including serotonin [4]. These mediators activate cancer-associated fibroblast in the involved mesenteric lymph node, which results in the desmoplastic reaction of the mesentery and forms a large mesenteric mass (LMM) [4]. The latest American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM staging defined an LMM > 2 cm as N2 [5]. We recently showed that an LMM > 2 cm was present in 66 of 106 surgical cases (62%) with i-NET. Interestingly, the presence of LMM was not associated with liver metastasis or the extent of liver involvement, the strongest prognostic factor for i-NET. Moreover, the World Health Organization grade (G1 vs G2) was inversely correlated with LMM. LMM was independently associated with unfavorable prognosis (5-year survival rates of 64.8% and 92.9% for patients with and without LMM > 2 cm, respectively) [6].
Omori et al. reported a case of multiple liver metastases originating from synchronous double cancer of “primary mesenteric NET” and rectal cancer [7]. Although their evidence of “primary mesenteric NET” would be the absence of other primary foci on computed tomography and 18F-fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18FDG-PET), 18FDG-PET is not sensitive for detecting low-grade primary gastrointestinal NETs [8]. As described above, a mesenteric mass is a common manifestation of i-NET, and their case might actually have a primary tumor in the ileum given the typical appearance of the mesenteric mass. Due to the small size and multifocality, consensus guidelines of the North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society specifically recommends a “careful palpation” of the entire small bowel to detect primary i-NETs on surgical exploration [9]. In our previous study, 13 out of 15 patients with occult NET with liver metastasis were confirmed to have i-NETs by palpation [10]. 68Ga DOTA TOC/DOTA TATE-PET are highly sensitive for detecting NETs, but Norlén et al. showed that these modalities failed to detect 52% of primary small intestinal NETs that were detected by palpation on laparotomy, and concluded that palpation remained crucial regardless of the evolution of imaging modalities [11]. A question should be raised whether Omori et al. had done such careful palpation to seek for possible primary i-NET. Given the unfavorable prognosis of primary i-NET with LMM, the authors should have treated the mesenteric mass and possible primary i-NET, if present, as well as the rectal cancer.
In conclusion, although i-NET is rare in Japan, surgeons should be aware of a mesenteric mass as a common manifestation of i-NET not to miss the genuine primary tumor and to plan an appropriate therapeutic strategy based on the primary origin and the extent of tumor spread.
Acknowledgements
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Abbreviations
- 18FDG-PET
18F-fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography
- i-NET
Ileal neuroendocrine tumor
- LMM
Large mesenteric mass
- NET
Neuroendocrine tumor
Authors’ contributions
YK drafted the manuscript. EN critically edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Contributor Information
Yosuke Kasai, Email: yokasai@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
Eric K. Nakakura, Email: Eric.Nakakura@ucsf.edu
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