Clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 in 11 patients after thoracic surgery and challenges in diagnosis

Abstract

Objectives

To illustrate the clinical course and difficulties in early diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients after thoracic surgery.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical course of the first 11 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 after thoracic surgery in early January 2020. Postoperative clinical, laboratory, and radiologic records and the time line of clinical course were summarized. Potential prognostic factors were evaluated.

Results

In the 11 confirmed cases (3 female, 8 male), median days from symptom onset to case detection was 8. Insidious symptom onset and misinterpreted postoperative changes on chest computed tomography (CT) resulted in delay in diagnosis. There were 3 fatalities due to respiratory failure, whereas 4 severe and 4 mild cases recovered and were discharged. All patients had once experienced leukocytosis and eosinopenia. Remittent fever and resected lung segments ≥5 were associated with fatality.

Conclusions

The case fatality rate of postsurgical patients subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19 was 27.3%. Insidious symptom onset, postoperative leukocytosis with lymphopenia, and postsurgical CT changes overshadowed the early signs of viral pneumonia. Dynamic symptom monitoring, serial chest CTs, and tests for viral RNA and serum antibody improve the chance for prompt detection of COVID-19. Consideration should be given to preadmission and preoperative screening and strict contact isolation during the postoperative period.

Timeline of events in coronavirus disease 2019 for 11 patients after thoracic surgery.

Central Message.

The early signs of COVID-19 were disguised in 11 postoperative thoracic patients, resulting in a 27.3% fatality rate.

Perspective.

Pre- and postsurgical presentation of thoracic malignancy may appear similar to early signs of COVID-19. During the pandemic, a high suspicion for COVID-19 infection should be retained, preoperative screening for COVID-19, postoperative isolation, and dynamic postoperative clinical, radiological, and laboratory testing instead of at a single time point is recommended.

See Commentaries on pages 593, 594, and 595.

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused the cancelation of elective surgeries and clinics in many regions in China. However, emergency surgeries continue to be performed, and urgent surgeries in cancer treatment cannot be postponed indefinitely. Since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Sars-CoV-2) is infectious in asymptomatic carriers with a variable incubation period (0-24 days),¹ the recognition of infection in clinics and wards is important for physicians of all specialties. Although 80% of patients present with apparently mild respiratory infection, COVID-19 has a case fatality rate of approximately 2%.2, 3, 4 Thoracic malignancy may also present with mild respiratory symptoms. In addition, after thoracic surgery patients may also have cough, dyspnea, reactive fever, and postoperative radiologic changes. These postoperative changes may overshadow the symptoms of COVID-19. Without sufficient experience and precaution, prompt diagnosis of COVID-19 may be delayed and nosocomial transmission may occur.

This study describes the clinical course of 11 patients who underwent thoracic surgery for malignancy in the early phase of the pandemic before the formal declaration of outbreak and were consequently diagnosed with COVID-19. We illustrate the risk of thoracic surgery during this pandemic.

Methods

Study Population

To be considered as a possible case, a patient needed to have been admitted for and undergone thoracic surgery at the Department of Thoracic Surgery at the central campus of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology between January 1 and January 24, 2020. All postsurgical patients who tested positive for COVID-19 by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) were eligible for inclusion in the case series.

Classification of COVID-19

Cases were classified as nonsevere, severe, or critical according to the clinical guideline of the China National Health Commission.⁵ Patients were defined as “critical” if they ever met any of the following criteria: respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, septic shock, or multiple organ dysfunction in the intensive care unit. Patients were defined as “severe” when suffering from either dyspnea with respiratory rate ≥30/minute, or partial pressure of arterial oxygen/percentage of inspired oxygen ratio <300 mm Hg or blood oxygen saturation ≤93%, or lung infiltrates >50% within 24 to 48 hours. The remaining cases were defined as “nonsevere.” Regardless of consequent recovery, cases were classified by the most severe criteria they ever met during the postsurgical course.

Exposure History

Positive exposure history was defined as a history of close contact with family members suspicious for COVID-19 infection, or if a patient sharing their ward had confirmed COVID-19. Fever was defined as an axillary temperature more than 37.3°C.

Definitions

A putative case was defined as clinical suspicion of COVID-19 resulting isolation of patient before rt-PCR detection of viral RNA. Delay in diagnosis means COVID-19 was not initially suspected due to insidious onset of symptoms that mimicked the usual postoperative course, or due to the first computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest after surgery being interpreted as postoperative changes rather than as being suspicious for viral pneumonia. The case ID number (1-11) represents a specific patient and is used to identify that same patient consistently in all figures, tables, and text.

Data Collection and Evaluation

Demographics, comorbidities, and clinical documents were collected from the Hospital Information System. For accuracy, 2 researchers independently recorded data using a standardized data-collection form. First symptom and onset of disease was derived from medical records, temperature charts, patient recall, and recall of their primary care surgeons. Possible time of exposure was determined through contact tracing, which included evaluation of patient recall, duration of patient placement within beds and wards, co-location with other patients ultimately diagnosed with COVID-19, and information about families and visitors during their hospitalization. CT images of the chest were analyzed and recorded by 1 radiologist and 1 thoracic surgeon independently. Researchers were not involved in collection of biological samples for rt-PCR, and setting of CT parameters in this retrospective analysis, protocol for rt-PCR⁶ and chest CT⁷ were same to as that in the reference article from Tongji hospital.

Management of Patients

All patients had perioperative education, including breathing exercises and “intention to cough after operation” once every 2 hours during the day to improve lung expansion. As we experienced rapidly changing patient outcomes in the midst of a pandemic, our treatment modalities also changed rapidly, including an initial period in which patients received prophylactic antibiotic and ambroxol after the case ID 1 being diagnosed as COVID-19, a practice that was later stopped. As our experience with and our understanding of COVID-19 increased, we standardized our approach to initiate oral oseltamivir and moxifloxacin and a CT of the chest immediately after the first onset of fever. Rt-PCR tests were requested if a CT of the chest showed characteristics consistent with viral pneumonia. Rectal diclofenac (25 mg, every 6 hours) was used to control pain and fever. Patients were transferred to isolation wards as soon as COVID-19 was suspected. All patients received supportive care with oxygen supplementation regardless of their oxygen saturations. Information regarding nonspecific antivirals, corticosteroid and mechanical ventilation are shown in Table E1.

Statistics and Ethics

Ethical application was made to and approved by the institutional review board of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (TJ-IRB20200307; date of approval: March 3, 2020). Consent from the COVID-19 cases analyzed in this report was waived due to its retrospective nature and that data would be deidentified at publication. Median and range or mean ± standard deviation was used to describe continuous data. Single comparisons were performed by independent samples t test. Normality was tested by the Shapiro–Wilk test. Categorical variables were assessed by Fisher exact test to evaluate associations between case fatality and surgical, laboratory, and clinical features. All analysis was computed by IBM SPSS Statistics (version 24; IBM Corp, Armonk, NY).

Results

Baseline Characteristics and Epidemiology

In total, 205 patients were admitted to the surgical unit between January 1 and January 24, 2020. On January 24, all nonemergent surgeries were cancelled as the pandemic nature of COVID-19 was realized. Therefore, 84 patients were consequently discharged home without surgical intervention. Of the 121 patients who had already been operated on, 13 developed postoperative fever and were considered putative cases of COVID-19, of whom 11 had COVID-19 confirmed by rt-PCR and were included in this case series. There was 1 patient who developed fever and died at home without autopsy who was not included in this case series due to uncertainty of cause of death. Unknown to the admitting staff, and before the pandemic nature of COVID-19 being recognized, 10 patients had postoperative positive exposure history to COVID-19 (Figure 1 ). Evidence of nosocomial transmission is apparent in the majority. The date of first exposure in case ID 9 is uncertain, since her husband had COVID-19 diagnosed before her onset of symptoms.

Figure 1.

Timeline of events in the clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 in 11 patients after thoracic surgery. IDs 1, 2, and 3 represent 3 critical patients dead from respiratory failure. Severe cases (IDs 4, 5, 6, 7) and nonsevere cases (IDs 8, 9, 10, 11) were discharged upon recovery. Median of days from surgery to death was 35 (range 5-42, n = 3), and from surgery to discharge upon recovery was 50 (range 38-72, n = 8). (Date of first exposure for case ID 1 and case ID 9 were uncertain.) Sars-Cov-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CT, computed tomography.

Demographics, comorbidities, and pathology of neoplasm are shown in Table 1 . In general, no one had impaired liver and renal function preoperatively, and 9 patients had thoracic malignancies. All had undergone radical tumor resection within 1 month of developing symptoms consistent with COVID-19 infection. Duration from possible postoperative exposure to onset of symptom ranges from 1 to 15 days (Figure 1).

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of 11 patients before COVID-19 infection

Baseline characteristics	n (%)
Age, y
Median (range)	61 (51-69)
50-59	5 (45.5)
60-69	6 (54.5)
Sex
Male	8 (72.7)
Female	3 (27.3)
Chief complains before operation
CT detected neoplasm (asymptomatic)	5 (45.5)
Cough ± sputum	4 (36.4)
Chest tightness	1 (9.1)
Dysphagia	1 (9.1)
Comorbidities
Hypertension	2 (18.2)
CAD	3 (27.3)
Diabetes	0 (0.0)
COPD	3 (27.3)
History of colon cancer	1 (9.1)
Cigarette smoking	6 (54.5)
Preoperative pathology
Lung adenocarcinoma	2 (18.2)
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	2 (18.2)
Not available	9 (63.6)
GGO on preoperative CT images	2 (18.2)
Postoperative complications	1 (9.1)
Prolonged air leak	1 (9.1)
Sudden cardiac rest from hypokalemia	1 (9.1)
Pathology of resected neoplasm
Lung cancer	7 (63.6)
Esophageal cancer	2 (18.2)
Pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma	1 (9.1)
Bronchiectasis	1 (9.1)
TNM stages for lung cancer patients
IA	4∗ (27.3)
IB	1∗ (9.1)
IIIA	3 (27.3)
TNM stages for esophagus cancer patients
IB	1 (9.1)
IIB	1 (9.1)

CT, Computed tomography; CAD, atherosclerosis of coronary artery; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GGO, ground-glass opacity; TNM, tumor–node–metastasis.

^∗Case ID 10 has synchronous multiple primary lung adenocarcinoma (stage IA and stage IB respectively). Detailed information for each patient is listed in supplementary table.

Onset of Symptom and Diagnosis

Events from surgery to diagnosis of COVID-19 are shown in Figure 1. Median days from surgery to putative COVID-19 infection was 13 (range 1-31 days), to positive rt-PCR test was 17 (range 4-40 days), to death was 35 (range 5-42 days, n = 3), and to discharge upon recovery was 50 days (38-72 days, n = 8). Of the 11 confirmed cases, symptom onset included dry cough (1/11), dyspnea (2/11), and fever (8/11). There were 3 cases in which infection was not detected at their insidious onset of symptoms but only after fever developed and CT of the chest was done. Case ID 9 had dry chough after resuscitation with tracheal intubation on the day of operation due to hypokalemia with sudden cardiac arrest. She was discharged home 12 days postoperatively, and her infection was detected after another 12 days by chest CT after her husband had confirmed COVID-19 infection. Case ID 7 had a history of bronchial asthma and became dyspneic 4 days after right upper lobectomy. A CT was taken 7 days later after onset of fever at which time COVID-19 was putative.

CT Features of COVID-19 After Thoracic Surgery

All patients had CT of the chest before and after surgery. Of the 11 cases, Case ID 1 and ID 11 had preoperative ground-glass opacifications (GGOs). Case 11 had multiple GGOs proven as synchronous multiple primary lung adenocarcinoma on pathology (stage IA and stage IB, Tables 1 and E2). Case ID 1 (Figure 2 ) was asymptomatic during the 3 weeks prior to operation with a normal leucocyte and lymphocyte count; he had abrupt fever within 12 hours after operation, followed by rapid deterioration and death within 5 days. On retrospective analyzes of his chest CT 23 days prior to operation, we revealed subpleural ill-defined GGO in the right lower lobe with increased extent and intensity 9 day later (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

CT of the chest of a 63-year-old male patient (case ID 1) with progression of COVID-19 before and after operation. Biopsy of solid tumor in the right lower lobe indicated adenocarcinoma. The subpleural ill-defined ground-glass opacification had increased extent and intensity from 23 days (A) to 14 (B) days preoperatively. He was asymptomatic and had abrupt onset of fever (39°C) within 12 hours after right lower lobectomy. C, Postoperative CT at day 2 shows postoperative changes and sign of consolidation. D, On day 4, he had extended bilateral reticular consolidation and sign of bronchogram. He died from respiratory failure 5 days after surgery.

Of the 10 cases deemed to have had postoperative exposure (except for case ID 1), 6 (case IDs 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11) were diagnosed putatively after the first postoperative chest CTs in which the following features were noted: peripheral or subpleural distribution, multifocal located ill-defined GGO, sign of “crazy-paving,” bronchial wall thickening, and irregular consolidations that were rapidly increasing in extent and intensity (Figure 2).

The first postoperative CTs of the chest of another 4 patients (ID 2, 3, 5, 10) were initially interpreted as having postoperative changes but were later realized to be indicative of COVID-19. These CT scans contained the following features: cord-like consolidation or opacity, irregular patchy consolidation, irregular GGO with diameter less than 10 mm, subpleural consolidations, and reticular changes (Figure 3 ).

Figure 3.

CT findings of COVID-19, overshadowed by postoperative changes at the onset, shows progression on repeated CT of the chest and typical signs of progressive viral pneumonia. A, A 61-year-old male patient (case ID 5) 6 days after left lower lobectomy. He had intermittent fever for 3 days with CT findings of emphysema, reticular areas of increased opacity, and irregular patchy consolidation. His repeat CT scan after 5 days shows increased extent and intensity of lesions, suspicious for viral pneumonia (E). B, Chest CT of a 56-year-old female patient (case ID 3) 11 days after left lower lobectomy shows irregular subsolid patchy opacity in left upper lobe. After 5 days (F), the lesion has increased in size and number, with consolidation, pleural effusion and interlobular septal thickening. C, CT of the chest of a 66-year-old female patient (case ID 10) 10 days after left lung wedge resection of upper lobe with basal segmentectomy. CT scan shows small irregular GGO in the right upper lobe and subpleural cord-like consolidation (C), which were not rare as postoperative reactive change. After 8 days, CT shows typical signs of viral pneumonia (G): diffuse ground glass opacifications with “paving stone” signs and, irregular subpleural cord-like consolidation. D, A 68-year-old male patient (case ID 2) 12 days after right lower lobectomy. Chest CT (D) shows pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, postoperative changes, and inflammation around chest drain. After 18 days, he had sudden onset of fever and CT scan revealed (H) multiple diffuse GGOs in the lung peripheries with reticular consolidation.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes

At the last follow-up on March 27 2020, 3 critical cases had died (Figure 1, IDs 1, 2, 3), and 4 severe (IDs 4, 5, 6, 7) and 4 mild cases (IDs 8, 9, 10, 11) were discharged upon recovery.

Clinical and laboratory features are shown in Table 2 , and detailed information of each patient is listed in Table E1. The median of symptom-onset days after operation was 3 (range 1-30 days). In general, all patients had fever and dyspnea. The 3 critical cases had remittent fever until death.

Table 2.

Clinical characteristics of 11 patients related to COVID-19

Characteristics related to COVID-19	n (%)
History of exposure to Huanan market	0 (0.0)
Positive postoperative exposure history	10 (90.9)
Symptom of onset
Dry cough	1 (9.1)
Dyspnea	2 (18.2)
Fever	8 (72.7)
Sign and symptom after onset
Fever	11 (100.0)
Maximum temperature, °C
38-39	6 (54.5)
≥39	5 (45.5)
Dyspnea	11 (100.0)
Chest tightness	10 (90.9)
Fatigue	10 (90.9)
Dry cough	9 (81.8)
Loss of appetite	6 (54.5)
Nausea	6 (54.5)
Headache	6 (54.5)
Cough with sputum	4 (36.4)
Diarrhea	3 (27.3)
Dizziness	2 (18.2)
Rhinorrhea	1 (9.1)
Pleural effusion	6 (54.5)
Laboratory results
Leucocytes (reference 3.5-9.5 × 109 per L)
Leukocytosis	11 (100.0)
Leukopenia (sequential to leukocytosis)	2 (18.2)
Lymphocyte count (reference 1.1-3.2 × 109 per L)
Lymphopenia	10 (90.9)
Eosinophil count (reference 0.02-0.52 × 109 per L)
Eosinopenia	11 (100.0)
Persist eosinopenia during disease course	9 (81.8)
Elevated ALT (reference ≤41 U/L)	8 (72.7)
Elevated AST (reference ≤40 U/L)	7 (63.6)
Elevated creatinine (reference 59-104 μmol/L)	0 (0.0)
Elevated LDH (reference 135-225 U/L)	11 (100.0)
Clinical outcome
Recovery	8 (72.7)
Death	3 (27.3)
Clinical pattern of COVID-19
Nonsevere	4 (36.4)
Severe	4 (36.4)
Critical	3 (27.3)

Detailed information for each patient is listed in supplementary table. COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.

All patents had normal complete blood count and clinical biochemistry preoperatively, with leukocytosis or lymphopenia at day 1 or day 3 postoperatively followed by eosinopenia. The 3 critical cases had an absolute eosinophil count approximating 0 (× 10⁹/L) when arterial oxygen saturation dropped below 93%. In summary, leukopenia occurred in 2 cases (18.2%), 8 patients had elevated liver enzymes (72.7%), and all patients had hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase.

Potential Risk Factors

Factors potentially associated with fatal cases (n = 3) are shown in Table 3 . None of the preoperative factors was associated with death. However, resected lung volume (≥5 segments), persistent fever, and postoperative reduction of total protein and albumin were significantly associated with fatality (P < .05). Increase in lactate dehydrogenase and liver enzymes also showed marginal association with death (P = .05, P = .055, respectively).

Table 3.

Potential risk factors for critical COVID-19 after thoracic surgery (Fisher exact test and t test)

Binary variables	Survival (n = 8)	Death (n = 3)	P value
Sex			1.000
Female	2 (25.0%)	1 (33.3%)
Male	2 (75.0%)	6 (66.7%)
Age, y
50-59	4 (50.0%)	1 (33.3%)	1.000
60-69	4 (50.0%)	2 (66.7%)
Arterial hypertension
No	7 (87.5%)	1 (33.3%)	.152
Yes	1 (12.5%)	2 (66.7%)
Pattern of fever
Remittent fever	0 (0.0%)	3 (100%)	.006
Intermittent fever	8 (100%)	0 (0.0%)
Resected lung segments
≥5	1 (12.5%)	3 (100%)	.024
<5	7 (87.5%)	0 (0.0%)
Elevated AST or ALT
No	0 (0.0%)	2 (66.7%)	.055
Yes	8 (100%)	1 (33.3%)

Continuous variables	Mean ± SD (n = 8)	Mean ± SD (n = 3)
Reduction in total protein, g/L	8.13 ± 4.45	15.60 ± 5.67	.045
Reduction in albumin, g/L	5.56 ± 3.31	14.63 ± 3.00	.003
Peak LDH value, U/L	340.13 ± 119.98	543.33 ± 170.72	.050
Nadir of lymphocyte count, ×109/L	0.52 ± 0.39	0.2500 ± 0.061	.285

Detailed information for each patient is listed in supplementary table. AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; SD, standard deviation; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.

Discussion

Across the COVID-19 cohort in China, the proportion of severe and critical disease was 2% to 6.1%, and 13.8%, respectively,2, 3, 4 and was 27.3% and 36.4%, respectively, after thoracic surgery in this case series. It appears that Sars-CoV-2 may significantly increase the risk of death during the thoracic postoperative period. In addition, the virus is contagious during the incubation period, which may lead to nosocomial transmission even within well-organized hospitals with strict infection control procedures.

The overlap between symptoms of COVID-19 and the usual thoracic postoperative clinical course may result in delayed diagnosis: fever and cough from reactive pleural effusion and atelectasis are common after thoracic surgery⁸; dyspnea may be secondary to lung resection and chronic obstructive lung disease; many thoracic postoperative patients suffer chest tightness and fatigue, loss of appetite, and nausea due to postoperative analgesics; and antibiotics are usually self-limiting. Therefore, in this pandemic, thoracic surgeons must make their patient rounds with greater caution to distinguish infection from noninfectious symptoms, perhaps to assume infection by default. As a result of our experiences, we have provided hospitalized patients with a daily self-checking form to record possible symptoms with onset, duration, severity, and dynamic changes to help early detection of infection.

Case fatality in this study was significantly associated with resected lung segments (≥5), severity of postoperative hypoproteinemia or hypoalbuminemia, and peak value of lactate dehydrogenase. We cannot determine causality, nor control for other factors, including comorbidities and surgery. Case ID 1 with a smoking index of 1600 had an asymptomatic period for 3 weeks and had onset of fever within 12 hours after operation. Whether this was due to a long period of incubation (known to be up to 24 days) or exacerbated by the stress of the surgical procedure cannot be assessed. Case ID 2 had history of colon cancer, marginal pulmonary function test (forced expiratory volume in 1 second 1.39 L/s, forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity 70.1%), and a smoking index of 1600. Case ID 3 had arterial hypertension (stage I, high risk), left ventricular dilatation (ejection fraction: 63%), and coronary artery atherosclerosis (coronary artery disease reporting and data system 1). Of the 3 fatal cases, matched analysis over a much larger sample size is required to answer whether surgery or types of surgery increase morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19.

We observed leukocytosis with lymphopenia in 10 cases and leukopenia in 2 cases (18.2%), which differs from previously reported COVID-19 cases with an incidence of 5.9%, 33.7%, and 70%, respectively.⁹ Leukocytosis after major surgeries is physiological in the early postoperative period, and in other postoperative settings, lymphopenia can occur in 22% to 35.6% patients within 7 days.^{10 , 11} Thoracic surgery is also associated with lymphocyte reduction.¹² These nonspecific postoperative laboratory changes make detection of infection on these parameters alone extremely challenging. Nonetheless, persisting abnormal white cell counts for more than 1 week is infrequent postoperatively but is common in this case series of COVID-19. In addition, we observed an impressive reduction of lymphocyte and eosinophil counts in all cases, suggesting their prognostic value should be explored in future studies with larger sample sizes. In this case series, the average time from symptom onset to rt-PCR–confirmed diagnosis was about 2 weeks, a time frame unsuitable for hospital practice, which is highly dependent on rapid diagnosis and isolation of cases in hospitalized patients for infection control. Serum antibody detection has better reported sensitivity (88.66%) and specificity (90.63%)¹³; however, the time to their detection remains uncertain. We know that immunoglobulin M became detectable 3 to 6 days after severe acute respiratory syndrome infection,¹⁴ and if this is similar in the case of COVID-19 such delays will remain challenging in the hospital setting.

Postoperative changes from thoracic surgery may overshadow early CT signs of COVID-19 infection. Through retrospective analysis, we found 5 cases of misinterpreted CT of the chest (1 preoperatively, and 4 postoperatively), which had rapid progression of GGOs on repeated CT scans indicative of active COVID-19 infection. One had ill-defined peripheral GGO with interstitial pneumonia before operation (Figure 2). The remaining 4 had irregular patchy or cord-like consolidation, small irregular GGO and reticular areas of increased opacity and were mis-interpreted as postoperative reactive changes, which later on turned became clearly consistent with active viral pneumonia (Figure 3). Hence, a CT scan at a single time point cannot exclude suspicious Sars-CoV-2 infection; rather, repeated CT scans during the postoperative course can assist in diagnosis. During the outbreak, we had to continue emergent surgeries under the risk of COVID-19. As a result of our experience we increased our precautions, replacing postoperative chest radiographs with CT scans and ordering COVID-19 rt-PCR and serum antibody tests for patients with fever, cough, dyspnea, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, or atypical signs of inflammation on chest CT.

Although a limited sample size, our experience suggests that physicians should be aware of a possible greater risk of death in patients with COVID-19 who have ≥5 lung segments resected and persistent severe hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and elevated liver enzymes after thoracic surgeries.

In general, patients infected with COVID-19 who underwent recent thoracic surgery were found to have greater-than-anticipated incidence of severe illness (36.4%) and fatality rate (27.3%). As a result of this, nonemergent surgeries were postponed locally, including stage I thoracic malignancies (except for small cell cancer and low differentiation cancer). Case detection in the incubation period remains challenging both pre- and postoperatively. Similarities between the usual thoracic postoperative course and symptoms of COVID-19 viral pneumonia may cause delays in diagnosis. In our experience, if operating in this pandemic environment for any cause, all patients should undergo the following management regimen: a preadmission CT of the chest, oropharyngeal swab, and serum antibody test for COVID-19; if negative, quarantine in a hospital ward for 1 week should be implemented; a second oropharyngeal swab and serum antibody test for COVID-19 should then be performed; if both tests are negative, the patient can undergo the planned operation. Contact restriction is required for hospitalized patients.

Postoperative patients with symptoms or known history of exposure to COVID-19 should be quarantined and monitored dynamically for symptoms and laboratory abnormalities by repeat CTs of the chest postoperatively.

Limitations

There are some methodologic limitations to this case series. Due to the retrospective nature of this analysis, the presumed date of exposure and symptom onset from medical records and personal statements may be affected by recall bias. The baseline characteristic of the patient varied with respect to underlying comorbidities and preoperative pulmonary lung function; additionally, the different types of surgery completed may have variable impacts on clinical course and outcomes. With the small sample size, we can neither identify causality of factors associated with death nor control for confounders and effect modifiers. All enrolled patients acquired COVID-19 infection in Wuhan in the early period of outbreak and they were operated on in a high-volume surgical center with relatively high-resource setting, so generalizability may be limited to similar settings as opposed to all operating settings.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors have nothing to disclose with regard to commercial support.

Appendix

Table E1.

Clinical characteristics and treatment of 11 postoperative patients infected with COVID-19

Case ID.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
Severity of COVID-19	Critical	Critical	Critical	Severe	Severe	Severe	Severe	Mild	Mild	Mild	Mild
Date of surgery	2020/1/17	2020/1/2	2020/1/22	2020/1/16	2020/1/20	2020/1/16	2020/1/19	2020/1/16	2020/1/9	2020/1/20	2020/1/13
Positive exposure	NA	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Date of post-op exposure	NA	2020/1/23	2020/1/23	2020/1/17	2020/1/20	2020/1/17	2020/1/19	2020/1/17	2020/1/20	2020/1/20	2020/1/25
date of COVID-19 test+	2020/1/21	2020/2/11	2020/2/12	2020/2/10	2020/2/3	2020/2/1	2020/2/3	2020/2/2	2020/2/8	2020/2/3	2020/2/22
Outcome	Death	Death	Death	Recovery	Recovery	Recovery	Recovery	Recovery	Recovery	Recovery	Recovery
Date of death/discharge	2020/1/22	2020/2/13	2020/2/26	2020/3/27	2020/3/6	2020/2/23	2020/3/21	2020/3/5	2020/2/29	2020/2/29	2020/3/25
Onset symptoms	Fever	Fever	Fever	Dyspnea	Fever	Fever	Dyspnea	Fever	Dry cough	Fever	Fever
Fever peak (°C)	39.5	38.7	39.6	39.0	39.4	39.3	38.4	38.6	38.0	38.4	38.4
Normothermia for 3 d	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Dyspnea	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Chest tightness	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Fatigue	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Dry cough	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Loss of appetite	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Nausea	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes
Headache	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Sputum	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No
Diarrhea	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Dizziness	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No
Rhinorrhea	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pleural effusion	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
SaO2 <93%	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
Nadir SaO2 (%)	85	80	60	92	90	92	92	97	98	94	95
Leukocytosis	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Leukopenia	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No
Lymphopenia	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Eosinopenia	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Lowest eosinophils, ×109/L	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.01	0	0	0
Elevation of AST or ALT	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
AST increase	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
ALT increase	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Peak LDH value, U/L	348	664	618	233	354	309	613	263	349	253	347
Reduction in total protein, g/L	16.1	21.0	9.7	5.2	6.2	8.2	15.4	6.0	13.7	8.3	2.0
Reduction in albumin, g/L	12.0	14.0	17.9	3.5	2.2	3.5	9.9	4.7	8.0	10.2	2.4
Nadir of lymphocytes, ×109/L	0.18	0.29	0.28	0.28	0.39	0.25	0.68	1.20	0.23	0.65	0.28
Oxygen supplementation	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Mechanical ventilation	BPAP	IMV	IMV	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Corticosteroid	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
Anti-viral therapy	O	O + U	O + U	O + U	O + U	O + L + R	O	O + U	O + U	O	O + U
IV IgG	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No

COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; NA, not available; Post-op, postoperative; SaO₂, oxygen saturation; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; BPAP, bilevel positive airway pressure; IMV, intermittent mandatory ventilation; O, oseltamivir; U, umifenovir; L, lopinavir; R, ritonavir; O + U, O + L, O + R, oseltamivir has been replaced by umifenovir, lopinavir, or ritonavir, no one received combined antiviral therapy; IV IgG, intravenous immunoglobulin G.

Table E2.

Baseline characteristics of 11 postoperative patients before the onset of COVID-19

Case ID	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
Severity	Critical	Critical	Critical	Severe	Severe	Severe	Severe	Nonsevere	Nonsevere	Nonsevere	Nonsevere
Age, y	63	68	56	62	61	57	57	51	52	66	69
Sex	Male	Male	Female	Male	Male	Male	Male	Male	Female	Female	Male
Comorbidity	IP	COPD Colon cancer	HTN CAD	No	No	CAD	COPD	HTN	No	HBV CAD	COPD
Cigarette smoking	Current	Formal	No	Current	Current	No	Current	No	No	No	Current
Smoking index	1600	1600	0	400	800	0	600	0	0	0	400
FEV1	2.49	1.39	2.77	_	2.42	3.07	2.36	3.17	2.54	2.04	3.06
FEV1/FVC%	70.1	58.52	72.51	_	83	75.11	65.09	75.25	84	85	64.93
Operation	RLLL	RLLL	RLLL	McKeown EE	LLLL	LLLL + S4S5 sleeve resection	RULL	RLLW	LULL	LULW + LLLBSE	McKeown EE
Lymphadenectomy	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Approach	VATS	Open	VATS	Open	VATS	Open	VATS	VATS	VATS	VATS	Open
Duration of surgery (min)	200	280	110	410	150	220	165	140	170	130	385
GGO on preoperative CT	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No
First CT sign of COVID-19	Consolidation	Subsolid opacity	Consolidation	GGO	GGO	GGO	GGO	GGO	GGO	GGO	GGO
Post-op complication	No	PAL	No	No	No	No	No	No	H + SCA	No	No
Pre-op pathology	LSCC	LADC	_	SCC	_	_	_	_	_	_	SCC
Post-op pathology	LSCC	LADC	PSP	ESCC	LADC	LADC	LADC	BE	LADC	LADC	ESCC
pTNM	T2aN0M0R0	T1N2 M0R0	NA	T3N0 M0R0	T2N2 M0R0	T2N2 M0R0	T1bN0 M0R0	NA	T1bN0 M0R0	T1aN0R0 T1bN0R0	T1bN0 M0R0
Stage	IA	IIIA	NA	IIB	IIIA	IIIA	IA	NA	IA	IA, IB	IB

IP, Interstitial pneumonia; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HTN, hypertension; CAD, atherosclerosis of coronary artery; HBV, hepatitis B virus; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; RLLL, right lower lobe lobectomy; McKewon EE, McKewon esophagectomy with gastric tube interposition; LLLL, left lower lobe lobectomy; RULL, right upper lobe lobectomy; RLLW, right lower lobe wedge resection; LULL, left upper lobe lobectomy; LLLBSE, left lower lobe basal segmentectomy; VATS, video-assisted thoracic surgery; GGO, ground-glass opacity; CT, computed tomography; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; Post-op, postoperative; PAL, prolonged air leak; H + SCA, hypokalemia/sudden cardiac arrest; Pre-op, preoperative; LSCC, lung squamous cell cancer; LADC, lung adenocarcinoma; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; PSP, pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell cancer; BE, bronchiectasis; NA, not available.