Highlights
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We provide a first account of the psychological and physical symptoms experienced by healthcare workers during the Italian COVID-19 peak. It is of pressing urgency that national and international healthcare institutions develop a strategic plan to strengthen the clinicians’ psychological resilience to prevent them to become “second victims” in this scenario.
Abstract
Italy is among the most severely hit nations in terms of hospital patients’ overload, and its healthcare workforce is struggling to cope with challenges that could threaten their own wellbeing. In this scenario, understanding the health-related consequences of COVID-19 outbreak on Italian frontline healthcare professionals is urgent. Our study provides a first account of the huge psycho-physical impact of COVID-19 outbreak for healthcare workers in Italy. Italian healthcare professionals reported relevant work-related psychological pressure, emotional burnout and somatic symptoms. This result requires attention as previous studies showed that emotional distress is associated with long-lasting effect on professionals’ health, including risk of post-traumatic stress disorder.
1. Background
The COVID-19 outbreak has placed extraordinary demands upon healthcare systems worldwide. While we are writing (April 26, 2020), the World Health Organization (WHO) reported 2,626,321 confirmed cases including 181,938 deaths in 213 Countries. Italy is grappling with the worst outbreak, with over 106,527 confirmed cases and around 25,969 deaths (WHO, 2020). Therefore, health professionals dealing with COVID-19 are under increased psychological and physical pressure, resembling previous epidemics conditions (Styra et al., 2008). Italy is among the most severely hit nations in terms of hospital patients’ overload, and its healthcare workforce struggles to cope with challenges which could threaten their wellbeing. In this scenario, understanding the health-related consequences of COVID-19 outbreak on frontline Italian healthcare workers is today urgent to provide timely interventions to protect their health (The Lancet, 2020).
Objective: This study described the levels of professionals’ burnout and physical symptoms of Italian frontline healthcare workers directly involved in the care of patients with COVID-19 at the peak of the pandemics in this country, comparing them across genders and occupational role. It also investigated the relationship between professionals’ burnout and negative health symptoms.
2. Methods and findings
A convenience sample of 1,153 Italian healthcare professionals was invited to fill an online questionnaire including the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) (Maslach et al., 1997) and ad-hoc items to assess psycho-somatic symptoms and self-perceived general health status. For the MBI inventory, cut-off criteria for Italian healthcare workers have been adopted (Sirigatti and Stefanile, 1993). Of the 1,153 professionals involved, 376 participants reported to have directly assisted COVID-19 infected patients. They have been selected for the present study as they are the ones more at risk to develop COVID-related health consequences, according to other studies (Lai et al., 2020; Styra et al., 2008). Table 1 describes participants’ characteristics.
Table 1.
Sample characteristics
| Socio-demographics | Professional characteristics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | n | % | Length of work experience | ||
| Male | 99 | 26.3 | Min | <1 | |
| Female | 277 | 73.7 | Max | 42 | |
| Average (SD) | 15 (11) | ||||
| Age | |||||
| Min | 23 | Occupational role | N | % | |
| Max | 69 | Nurse | 271 | 72.1 | |
| Average (SD) | 40 (11) | Physician | 67 | 17.8 | |
| Other professionals | 38 | 10.1 | |||
| Marital status | n | % | |||
| Married/living together | 228 | 60.6 | Main work setting | n | % |
| Single | 120 | 31.9 | Hospital unit | 307 | 81.6 |
| Divorced/separated | 23 | 6.4 | Rehabilitation center | 6 | 1.6 |
| Widow(er) | 3 | 0.8 | Ambulatory | 3 | 0.8 |
| Other | 2 | 0.5 | Private study | 1 | 0.3 |
| Other | 55 | 14.8 | |||
| Missing | 4 | 1.1 | |||
| Personal experience with COVID-19 | Professional experience with COVID-19 | ||||
| Have you been tested for COVID-19? | n | % | Do you work in an hospital with COVID-19 patients? | n | % |
| No | 242 | 64.4 | No | 49 | 13 |
| Yes | 126 | 33.5 | Yes | 327 | 87 |
| I'd rather not answer | 3 | 0.8 | |||
| Missing | 5 | 1.3 | During your interaction with COVID-19 patients, were you wearing adequate PPEs (Personal Protective Equipment)? | n | % |
| No | 35 | 9.3 | |||
| Have you been quarantined? | n | % | Yes | 328 | 87.2 |
| No | 335 | 89.1 | I'd rather not answer | 12 | 3.2 |
| Yes | 32 | 8.5 | Missing | 1 | 0.3 |
| I'd rather not answer | 5 | 1.3 | |||
| Missing | 4 | 1.1 | |||
| One of your familiars has been found positive to COVID-19? | n | % | |||
| No | 347 | 92.3 | |||
| Yes | 19 | 5.1 | |||
| I'd rather not answer | 6 | 1.6 | |||
| Missing | 4 | 1.1 | |||
| Psychological characteristics | Perceived impact on psychological and physical health | ||||
| Emotional exhaustion (MBI) | n | % | Experienced symptoms in the last month (at least sometimes) | n | % |
| High (≥24) | 139 | 37.0 | Increased irritability | 221 | 58.8 |
| Moderate (15-23) | 86 | 22.9 | Change in food habits | 209 | 55.6 |
| Low (≤14) | 96 | 25.5 | Difficulty falling asleep | 208 | 55.3 |
| Missing | 55 | 14.6 | Muscle tension | 182 | 48.4 |
| Average score (SD) | 22.7 (12.1) | Exaggerated reactions to situations | 150 | 39.9 | |
| Min score | 0 | Nightmares | 150 | 39.9 | |
| Max score | 53 | Nervous breakdown | 142 | 37.8 | |
| Increased sweating | 140 | 37.2 | |||
| Depersonalization (MBI) | n | % | Upset stomach | 140 | 37.2 |
| High (≥9) | 93 | 24.7 | Gastro-intestinal problems | 139 | 37.0 |
| Moderate (4-8) | 102 | 27.1 | Palpitation | 112 | 29.8 |
| Low (≤3) | 126 | 33.5 | Experienced inexplicable physical sensations | 101 | 26.9 |
| Missing | 55 | 14.6 | Shortness of breath | 87 | 23.1 |
| Average score (SD) | 6.1 (5.7) | Chest pain | 54 | 14.4 | |
| Min score | 0 | Vertigo | 43 | 11.4 | |
| Max score | 28 | ||||
| In general, would you say your health is: | n | % | |||
| Personal Gratification (MBI) | n | % | Poor | 2 | 0.5 |
| High (≥37) | 200 | 53.2 | Fair | 24 | 6.4 |
| Moderate (30-36) | 72 | 19.1 | Good | 100 | 26.6 |
| Low (≤29) | 49 | 15.3 | Very good | 144 | 38.3 |
| Missing | 55 | 14.6 | Excellent | 47 | 12.5 |
| Average score (SD) | 37.5 (7.6) | Missing | 59 | 15.7 | |
| Min score | 13 | Average score (SD) | 3.66 | ||
| Max score | 48 | Min score | 1 | ||
| Max score | 5 | ||||
| How much are you concerned for the ongoing COVID-19 emergency situation? (1=Not at all; 10=A lot) |
|||||
| Average score (SD) | 8.17 (1.53) | ||||
| Min score | 3 | ||||
| Max score | 10 | ||||
| How much do you feel at risk of being infected by the new Coronavirus (COVID-19)? (1=Not at all; 5 =A lot) |
|||||
| Average score (SD) | 4.04 (0.88) | ||||
| Min score | 2 | ||||
| Max score | 5 | ||||
MBI = Maslach Burnout Inventory: a validated 22-item questionnaire considered the gold standard tool for measuring burnout. Emotional Exhaustion (EE, 9 items) captures the experience of having one's emotional resources depleted and having no source of replenishment. Depersonalization (DP, 5 items) describes the experience of becoming cold and indifferent to other's needs. Personal Gratification (PG, 8 items) is the sense of professional recognition and self-efficacy. Respondents rated each item on a seven-point Likert-type scale for how frequently they experience the feeling(0 =“Never”,6=“Every day”). Respondents are classified as high, moderate or low burnout cases on the respective subscales. High mean scores on EE and DP subscales correspond to higher degrees of experienced burnout, whereas a low mean score on the PG subscale corresponds to a higher degree of burnout. The MBI yields three, non-cumulative scores.
A large percentage of healthcare professionals reported high scores in at least one of the MBI domains: in particular, more than 1 out of 3 showed high score of Emotional Exhaustion and 1 out of 4 reported at high levels of Depersonalization, while only around 15% reported low levels of Personal Gratification. A series of one-sample t-test was used to compare the means in our sample with normative values: analyses revealed that levels of emotional exhaustion were higher than in the normative sample (t(320)=3.765; p<.001; difference in means=2.53), while levels of depersonalization appear somehow lower (t(320)=-2.906; p=.004; difference in means=-0.91) and Personal Gratification higher (t(320)=11.856; p<.001; difference in means=5.02).
The 45% of the sample experienced - with high frequency – at least one physical symptom in the previous 4 weeks. In particular, increased irritability, change in food habits, difficulty falling asleep and muscle tension were very frequently experienced by the majority of the respondents.
Pearson's correlations showed that higher levels of burnout were indeed associated with a more frequent experience of symptoms (calculated by averaging answers to the set of questions). In particular, both higher levels of Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization were linked with more frequent experiences of symptoms (respectively, r=.491, p=<.001; r=.268, p>.001), while Personal Gratification emerged as a significant protective factor (r=-.126, p=.025). Emotional Exhaustion was also negatively correlated with self-perceived health status (r=-.251, p<.001).
General linear models testing gender and occupational role as independent variables and including age and years of profession as covariates were run to assess the presence of significant differences in levels of burnout and experienced symptoms. Results showed a main effect of gender on Emotional Exhaustion (F 1, 312=12.444; p<.001; ηp2=.038), with females showing higher levels than male counterparts (M=24.05, SD=11.57; M=18.74, SD=12.65, respectively). A significant main effect emerged for gender (F1, 308=13.836; p<.001; ηp 2=.043) and occupational role (F2, 308=5.173; p=.006; ηp 2=.032) on experienced symptoms, with males experiencing symptoms less frequently than females (M=2.47, SD=.94; M=3.09, SD=.88, respectively) and physicians less frequently than nurses (M=2.47, SD=.83; M=3.05, SD=.93, respectively).
3. Discussions
This research highlighted the huge psychological and physical impact of COVID-19 emergency outbreak on Italian healthcare workers. Professionals who are directly involved in the care of patients with COVID-19 reported significant work-related psychological pressure and frequent somatic symptoms. Levels of Emotional Exhaustion appeared higher than normative values and the percentage of workers with high levels of Exhaustion was significantly higher than the one found in other Italian samples before COVID-19 outbreak (Bressi et al., 2008) or in other healthcare settings during the SARS pandemic (Maunder et al., 2006).
This result requires special attention as previous studies showed that emotional distress is frequently associated with suboptimal patient care and professional inefficiencies along with long-lasting effect on health professionals’ health status (Panagioti et al., 2018). On the other hand, healthcare workers seemed to be still capable of finding some gratification from their job, as only a rather small amount of them appeared to have low levels of Personal Gratification, which may be considered as a relevant protective factor for the professionals’ mental health, as demonstrated in previous studies (Bonetti et al., 2019; Zwack and Schweitzer, 2013).
Our study has some limitations. First, data obtained from self-reported questionnaires were not compared with clinical data on healthcare professionals’ health. Second, the sample was not representative of the Italian healthcare workers population and the study was performed in the early outbreak: these aspects may limit the generalizability of the findings and the comparison with MBI normative data. Follow-up, longitudinal studies should assess long-lasting effects of psychological and physical symptoms once the imminent threat of COVID-19 recovers.
Our study presents data after 5 weeks from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and provides early insight into the urgent need to support healthcare workers who are at higher risk of negative health consequences. We strongly recommend to provide timely counseling services and support systems to mitigate the massive impact of this emergency on their actual and future wellbeing.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Serena Barello: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Supervision, Writing - review & editing. Lorenzo Palamenghi: Writing - original draft, Data curation, Formal analysis. Guendalina Graffigna: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision.
Declaration of Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Footnotes
Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113129.
Appendix. Supplementary materials
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