The relationship of menopausal symptoms with the type of menopause and lipid levels

Abstract

Introduction

Many postmenopausal women experience hot flashes, night sweats, decreased sexual desire and vaginal dryness. In this study, we aimed to compare the menopause symptom levels of surgical menopause patients and natural menopause patients by using a Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) and investigate whether there is a relationship between lipid levels and menopausal symptoms in surgical menopause patients.

Material and methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted on postmenopausal women who applied to the gynecology outpatient clinic. A total of 187 patients were analyzed. Of these,112 were the surgical menopause group and the remaining 75 were the natural menopause group. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were measured by using an enzymatic color test. In order to evaluate the postmenopausal symptoms of postmenopausal women included in the study, the MRS questionnaire adapted to the Turkish population was used.

Results

Considering the results of the MRS of the two groups, the results of surgical menopause patients were found to be statistically significantly higher. The results were statistically significantly higher in both the total score and in the two subgroups(somatic and psychological subgroups)in the surgical menopause group. When the MRS results(subgroups and total score)of women in the surgical menopause group were classified as mild and severe, no statistically significant relationship was found between symptom severity and blood lipid levels.

Conclusions

In the surgically induced menopause group, it was shown by this study that menopausal symptoms were more severe than the natural menopause group. Unlike natural menopausal patients, no relationship was found between lipid levels and severity of menopausal symptoms in surgical menopausal patients.

Introduction

The menopausal transition is a gradual endocrinological process in which women of reproductive age pass from the predictable menstrual periods characterized by regular, cyclic, ovulatory cycles to the last menstrual period associated with ovarian aging [1]. With the effect of hormonal changes that occur in this transition period, many postmenopausal women experience hot flashes, night sweats, insomnia, decreased sexual desire, vaginal dryness, and muscle – joint pain [2, 3]. It is known that most of these symptoms are mainly caused by estrogen deficiency [4, 5]. However, socio-economic factors, ethnicity, and body structure have also been reported to play a role in menopausal symptoms [6-8]. There is no clear consensus on whether there is a difference between surgically induced menopause and natural menopause regarding vasomotor symptoms.

According to the results obtained from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) analysis, it has been reported that serum lipid levels increase in the period between 1 year before and after the last menstrual period, which may be related to postmenopausal changes [9].

Thereupon, in a study investigating menopausal symptom levels and lipid profiles in natural menopausal patients, increased TG levels were found to be related to the level of menopausal symptoms [10].

In order to standardize menopausal symptoms, some measurement scales such as the Greene Climacteric Scale, Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), and health-related quality of life scale have been defined [11-13]. MRS is a scale that was developed in the 1990s with three subcategories, and a total of 11 symptoms, and was adapted to many societies over the years [14]. It was adapted to the Turkish population by Gürkan et al. [15].

In this study, we aimed to compare the menopause symptom levels of surgical menopause patients and natural menopause patients by using a MRS and investigate whether there is a relationship between lipid levels and menopausal symptoms in surgical menopause patients.

Material and methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted on postmenopausal women who applied to the gynecology outpatient clinic between June 2019 and February 2020, after the approval (approval no 2019/234) of the institute ethics committee was obtained. The exclusion criteria were as follows; a history of premature menopause, thyroid disease, chemotherapy and/or pelvic radiotherapy, and hormone use. Natural menopause has been defined as the combination of the inability to have menstrual periods for twelve consecutive months without any medical reason and a follicle-stimulating hormone level above 40 mUI/ml. Surgically induced menopause is defined as women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy for any reason. The number of patients included in our study between the specified dates when the inclusion criteria were met was determined to be 187 women. The main characteristics of the sample, age, gravida, parity, and the time since the last menstrual period and the time since surgery were recorded. Anthropometric measurements, weight, and height were measured while wearing light clothes without shoes. Body mass index was calculated by the ratio of kilogram (kg)/height (m) square.

Venous blood samples were taken between 8:00 and 9:00 in the morning following a 12-hour fast, and plasma and serum were separated after the tubes were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for approximately 10 minutes. Plasma and serum compartments were stored at –80°C until tested. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured by using an enzymatic color test (Beckman Coulter AU 5800 autoanalyzer).

In order to evaluate the postmenopausal symptoms of postmenopausal women included in the study, the MRS questionnaire adapted to the Turkish population was used [14] (Table 1). This form consists of 11 items, including menopausal complaints. For each item, 0: none, 1: mild, 2: moderate, 3: severe, and 4: very severe options are available. Likert type scale has three sub-dimensions. These sub-dimensions are 1 – somatic complaints sub-dimension (items 1 and 2), 2 – psychological complaints sub-dimension (items 3-7, 11), 3 – urogenital complaints sub-dimension (items 8-10). The minimum score that can be obtained from the scale is 0, the highest score is 44. The increase in the score obtained from the scale indicates the increase in the severity of the complaints. Eight for the somatic subgroup, 6 for the psychological subgroup, 3 for the urogenital subgroup, and 16 for the total score are defined as severe scores.

Table 1.

Menopause Rating Scale

Symptoms	Score
	None = 0	Mild = 1	Moderate = 2	Severe = 3	Very severe = 4
Hot flushes, sweating (episodes of sweating)
Heart discomfort (unusual awareness of heart beat, heart skipping, heart racing, tightness)
Sleep problems (difficulty in falling asleep, difficulty in sleeping through, waking up early)
Depressive mood (feeling down, sad, on the verge of tears, lack of drive, mood swings)
Irritability (feeling nervous, inner tension, feeling aggressive)
Anxiety (inner restlessness, feeling panicky)
Physical and mental exhaustion (general decrease in performance, impaired memory, decrease in concentration, forgetfulness)
Sexual problems (change in sexual desire, in sexual activity and satisfaction)
Bladder problems (difficulty in urinating, increased need to urinate, bladder incontinence)
Dryness of vagina (sensation of dryness or burning in the vagina, difficulty with sexual intercourse)
Joint and muscular discomfort (pain in the joints, rheumatoid complaints)

Data analysis was performed with SPSS version 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). All data are presented as means and standard deviations. A one-sample Kolmo-gorov-Smirnov test was performed to analyze the distribution of the clinical and laboratory variables, such as age, year of menopause, BMI, and lipid profile. The student’s t-test was used for parametric variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric variables. The outcomes were based on continuous observations of the symptom scores. For all calculations, a p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

A total of 187 patients were analyzed. Of these, 112 were the surgical menopause group, and the remaining 75 were the natural menopause group. No statistically significant difference was determined between the two groups regarding age, body mass index, time since the last menstrual period/time since surgery (p > 0.05). No statistical difference was determined between the blood lipid levels of the two groups (p > 0.05). Demographic data and lipid levels of the groups are as shown in Table 2.

Table 2.

Comparative table of demographic characteristics and blood lipid levels of groups

Characteristic	Natural menopause (n = 75) Mean ±SD	Surgically induced menopause (n = 112) Mean ±SD	p
Age	56.7 ±9.3	56.6 ±8.9	0.96
Height (m)	158 ±4.7	158 ±5.3	0.81
Weight (kg)	79 ±13.9	78 ±13	0.88
BMD (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)	31 ±5.3	30 ±4	0.98
Duration of menopause (years)	9 ±8.2	8.6 ±8.5	0.72
TG	143 ±63.2	151 ±78.8	0.48
HDL	57 ±12.6	56 ±12	0.59
LDL	134 ±38	136 ±41.9	0.74
Total cholesterol	219 ±44	221 ±49.4	0.75

SD – standard deviation, BMD – bone mineral density, TG – triglycerides, HDL – high-density lipoprotein, LDL – low-density lipoprotein

Considering the results of the MRS of the two groups, the results of surgical menopause patients were found to be statistically significantly higher. The results were statistically significantly higher in both the total score and in the two subgroups (somatic and psychological subgroups) in the surgical menopause group (p < 0.05). The MRS results of both groups are as shown in Table 3.

Table 3.

Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) comparative results of natural menopause and surgical menopause groups

Feature	Natural menopause (n = 75) Mean ±SD	Surgically induced menopause (n = 112) Mean ±SD	p
Hot flushes, sweating	1.76 ±1.33	2.3 ±1.4	0.02
Heart discomfort	1 ±1.42	1.5 ±1.7	0.03
Somatic subscale	2.76 ±2.47	3.7 ±2.9	0.01
Sleep problems	1.1 ±1.24	1.5 ±1.4	0.03
Depressive mood	1.17 ±1	1.5 ±1.2	0.03
Irritability	1.8 ±1.1	2.2 ±1.2	0.03
Anxiety	0.9 ±1.13	1.4 ±1.3	0.01
Physical and mental exhaustion	1.6 ±1.1	1.9 ±1.2	0.06
Joint and muscular discomfort	1.8 ±1.1	2.1 ±1.2	0.13
Psychological subscale	8.5 ±4	10.7 ±4.9	0.001
Sexual problems	1.5 ±1.5	1.9 ±1.6	0.05
Bladder problems	1.2 ±1.2	1.3 ±1.2	0.64
Dryness of vagina	1.2 ±1.2	1.3 ±1.4	0.34
Urogenital subgroup	3.8 ±2.5	4.5 ±2.8	0.08
Total MRS score	15 ±5.4	18.9 ±7.6	0.00

SD – standard deviation

When the MRS results (subgroups and total score) of women in the surgical menopause group were classified as mild and severe, no statistically significant relationship was found between symptom severity and blood lipid levels (p > 0.05). This relationship is shown in Table 4.

Table 4.

Results of the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) of the surgical menopause group and their relationship with blood lipid levels

Characteristic	Somatic subscale			Psychological subscale			Urogenital subscale			Total MRS score
	Mild (n = 80) Mean ±SD	Severe (n = 32) Mean ±SD	p	Mild (n = 16) Mean ±SD	Severe (n = 96) Mean ±SD	p	Mild (n = 51) Mean ±SD	Severe (n = 61) Mean ±SD	p	Mild (n = 36) Mean ±SD	Severe (n = 76) Mean ±SD	p
Age	57 ±9	55.5 ±8.4	0.41	54 ±8.8	57 ±8.8	0.22	57 ±8.9	56.2 ±8.8	0.63	56.4 ±8.4	56.7 ±9	0.9
Height (m)	158 ±4.8	158 ±6.4	0.58	157.7 ±5.2	158.8 ±5.3	0.46	158.4 ±5.4	158.9 ±5.2	0.63	158.2 ±4.9	158.9 ±5.5	0.56
Weight (kg)	78 ±13	79 ±12	0.71	79 ±14.8	78.7 ±12.8	0.94	79.6 ±13.3	78 ±12.9	0.55	78.6 ±13.3	78.9 ±13	0.91
BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)	31 ±5.4	31.7 ±4.5	0.52	31.7 ±5.4	31.2 ±5.1	0.71	31.6 ±5.2	30.9 ±5.1	0.51	31.2 ±5.2	31.3 ±5.1	0.93
Duration of menopause (years)	9.4 ±8.3	6.9 ±9	0.17	6.7 ±7.2	8.9 ±8.7	0.35	9.4 ±8.7	8.1 ±8.5	0.42	8.7 ±8.1	8.7 ±8.8	0.98
TG	148 ±68	159 ±99	0.54	153.4 ±87.6	151.3 ±77.8	0.93	170.2 ±93.8	136.2 ±60.6	0.03	151.3 ±75.5	151.8 ±80.9	0.98
HDL	56 ±13	55 ±11	0.64	58.1 ±13.7	55.6 ±12.5	0.49	54.6 ±11.6	57 ±13.5	0.35	57.9 ±13.1	55.1 ±12.5	0.31
LDL	134 ±40	142 ±44	0.39	126.3 ±37.4	138.2 ±42.6	0.33	132.3 ±36.9	139.8 ±45.7	0.39	136.5 ±36.8	136.4 ±44.2	0.99
Total cholesterol	219 ±46	226 ±55	0.50	214.9 ±44.9	222.8 ±50.3	0.59	218.8 ±45.8	224 ±52.5	0.60	223.2 ±43.2	220.9 ±52.2	0.84

SD – standard deviation, BMD – bone mineral density, TG – triglycerides, HDL – high-density lipoprotein, LDL – low-density lipoprotein

Discussion

The menopausal transition period begins averagely four years before the last menstrual period and includes some physiological changes that may affect the quality of life [16-18]. In this period, when hormonal fluctuations are effective, different symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles, hot flashes, sleep problems, mood-state fluctuations, and vaginal dryness can coexist [17, 18]. Also, changes in blood lipid levels and the beginning of bone loss are threatening factors for long-term health. Estrogen deficiency is primarily tagged for these changes. These changes starting in the transition period, continue mostly in the postmenopausal period since the hormone level is at a minimum.

In natural menopause, the stages revealed in the STRAW study are passed in order, and the estrogen level is tried to be compensated at each stage. In surgical menopause, estrogen decreases to a minimum level since ovaries are eliminated. This situation has led us to question whether surgical menopause patients experience more severe symptoms against this non-gradual estrogen deprivation. Although there is a widespread clinical belief on this subject, no such finding was found in the only objective study investigating this issue in the literature [19]. It was shown by Aksel et al. in 1976 that there was no statistically significant difference regarding the hormonal changes between those who described vasomotor symptoms and those who did not [19]. However, in this study, the relationship between hormone levels observed in the early postoperative period and the presence of vasomotor symptoms was investigated. In our study, the mean time elapsed after the last menstrual period and after surgery was found to be 9 and 8.6 years, respectively, and no statistical difference was found between the compared groups. In addition, our study used a scale system and evaluated the severity of the vasomotor symptoms, not its presence/absence. This shows that our study is the first objective study to measure the severity of vasomotor symptoms comparatively in patients with surgical menopause and natural menopause.

In the current study, statistically significantly higher scores were detected in MRS somatic subgroup, psychological subgroup, and total symptom scores in surgical menopause patients compared to natural menopause patients (p = 0.01; p = 0.001; p = 0.00, respectively). No statistical difference was observed between groups only in the urogenital subgroup. The components of this subgroup include sexual problems, bladder problems, and vaginal dryness. The findings of sexual function and menopausal type studies in the literature are also supported by our study. For example, in the study published by Bıldırcın et al. in 2020 [20], it was shown that there was no significant difference regarding sexual function in patients with surgical menopause compared to patients with natural menopause. This finding corresponds to the result of our study. However, no studies were found in the literature investigating the other two components in menopause type. This study has the property of being the first study that shows no statistical significance between menopause type and bladder problems and vaginal dryness.

In previous studies, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels were reported to be higher in postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women [21]. Choi et al. have shown negative changes in lipid profile since late menopausal transition period [22], Chedraui et al., on the other hand, reported that high serum TG levels lead to a decrease in sexual desire and an increase mood changes and depression rates [23]. In 2017, Kaya et al. identified statistically significantly higher TG levels in women with severe menopausal symptoms [10]. In our study, unlike the results defined in natural menopausal patients, in surgical menopause patients, any component of blood lipid levels was found to have an association with the severity of menopausal symptoms.

When the surgical menopause group was evaluated within itself, it was observed that the TG levels of the group with severe urogenital symptoms were significantly lower than the other group. It has been shown in the literature that the rate of atrophy is higher in the vagina, which has a low rate of fat [24]. This explains the higher urogenital symptoms.

Conclusions

As a result, in this surgically induced menopause group, it was shown by this study that menopausal symptoms were more severe than the natural menopause group. Unlike natural menopausal patients, no relationship was found between lipid levels and severity of menopausal symptoms in surgical menopausal patients. More research is needed to reveal the reasons why surgical menopause patients are more symptomatic than natural menopause patients.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflict of interest.