Abstract
The safety of minimally invasive procedures during COVID pandemic remains hotly debated, especially in a country, like Italy, where minimally invasive techniques have progressively and pervasively entered clinical practice, in both the hepatobiliary and pancreatic community. A nationwide snapshot of the management of HPB minimally invasive surgery activity during COVID-19 pandemic is provided: a survey was developed and conducted within AICEP (Italian Association of HepatoBilioPancreatic Surgeons) with the final aim of conveying the experience, knowledge, and opinions into a unitary report enabling more efficient crisis management. Results from the survey (81 respondents) show that, in Italian hospitals, minimally invasive surgery maintains its role despite the COVID-19 pandemic, with the registered reduction of cases being proportional to the overall reduction of the HPB surgical activity. Respondents agree that the switch from minimally invasive to open technique can be considered as a valid option for cases with a high technical complexity. Several issues merit specific attention: screening for virus positivity should be universally performed; only expert surgical teams should operate on positive patients and specific technical measures to lower the biological risk of contamination during surgery must be followed. Future studies specifically designed to establish the true risks in minimally invasive surgery are suggested. Furthermore, a standard and univocal process of prioritization of patients from Regional Healthcare Systems is advisable.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1007/s13304-020-00815-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords: Liver, Pancreas, Minimally invasive, Pandemic, COVID-19
Introduction
The official number of COVID-19-related deaths in Italy is 28.884 (20 February–3 May 2020): this impressive figure represents the intense and unprecedented pressure that the National Healthcare System has been put under. Within the short period of 73 days, increased hospitalization demands for patients requiring respiratory support, rapid saturation of intensive care unit (ICU) beds, and the shift of medical (anesthesiologists above all) and nursing staff from elective to emergency clinical activity generated the need for resource optimization [1, 2]. Subsequently, surgeons face challenges related to allocation and possible delays of curative surgery for oncological patients, especially for those bearing tumors with a narrow window for delivery of treatment [3–5], such as HPB tumors (i.e., pancreatic adenocarcinoma, perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, and colorectal metastases rescued after chemotherapy). On the other hand, the possibility of an increased risk of infection for surgical teams has been raised, in particular with the use of minimally invasive surgery (MIS), owing to possible exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus spread by pneumoperitoneal carbon dioxide and smoke produced by energy devices [6]. Hence, the safety of minimally invasive procedures remains hotly debated, especially in a country, like Italy, where minimally invasive techniques have progressively and pervasively entered clinical practice, in both the hepatobiliary and pancreatic community.
Such a scenario urgently necessitates the gathering of a nationwide snapshot of the management of HPB minimally invasive surgery activity during COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, a survey was developed and conducted within AICEP (Italian Association of HepatoBilioPancreatic Surgeons) with the final aim of conveying the experience, knowledge, and opinions into a unitary report enabling more efficient crisis management, by rapidly adopting strategies that are deemed useful, and also by filling any relevant gaps that existed previously.
Materials and methods
The survey was a self-administered electronic questionnaire developed by the survey administration application Google Forms (Google LCC, Mountain View, California, USA). It was designed by the promoting group (including the president of the AICEP, two pancreatic and two hepatic surgeons) and submitted by personal email addresses to members of the AICEP (Italian Association of HepatoBilioPancreatic Surgeons). Only one answer per team was allowed and all returned questionnaires were screened to eliminate any double replay, even if no apparent duplicate data were found. No minimal cutoff in surgical volume (both for liver and pancreas surgery) was established for inclusion in the survey. A surgeon at each center was identified for correspondence regarding incomplete or missing answers. No incentives were used to increase the response rate.
The online survey included 59 questions, organized in 6 sessions (general details; waiting list management and indications; preoperative assessment; intraoperative management; postoperative ward assistance of inpatients; human resources). Questions were close ended or multiple choice (with several questions allowing the possibility to choose multiple answers), while open questions were not present. A summary of the items of the survey, as well as answers obtained by centers, is provided in Tables 1 and 2 (the detailed questionnaire is available in the Additional Online Material).
Table 1.
HPB activity during the COVID-19 pandemic
| Hub centers for COVID-19 | 67/81 (82.7%) |
| Activity | |
| Hepatobiliary | 68/81 (84%) |
| Pancreatic | 55/81 (67.9%) |
| Reduction of activity | |
| No reduction | 8/81 (9.9%) |
| < 50% | 14/81(17.3%) |
| ≥ 50% | 59/81 (25.9%) |
| Reduction of MIS liver activity | |
| No reduction | 11/68 (16.2%) |
| 25% | 12/68 (17.6) |
| ≥ 50% | 45/68 (66.2) |
| Reduction of MIS pancreatic activity | |
| No reduction | 3/55 (5.5%) |
| 25% | 10/55 (18.2%) |
| ≥ 50% | 42/55 (76.4) |
| Reduction of robotic activity | |
| No reduction | 4/28 (14.3) |
| 25% | 4/28 (14.3) |
| ≥ 50% | 20/28 (71.4%) |
| Hospital status | |
| Usual activity | 6/81 (7.4%) |
| No elective benign surgery | 56/81 (69.1%) |
| No any elective surgery | 15 (18.5%) |
| Complete lockdown | 4 (4.9%) |
Table 2.
Minimally invasive HPB surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic
| Liver | |
| MIS liver activity as a priority for referral to hub | 52/76 (68.4%) |
| MIS pancreas activity as a priority for referral to hub | 46/76 (60.5%) |
| Low complexity liver resection: switch MIS/open at hub center | |
| Strongly agree or agree | 30/76 (39.5%) |
| Disagree or strongly disagree | 46/76 (60.5%) |
| Intermediate complexity liver resection: switch MIS/open at hub center | |
| Strongly agree or agree | 40/75 (53.3%) |
| Disagree or strongly disagree | 35/75 (46.7%) |
| High complexity liver resection: switch MIS/open at hub center | |
| Strongly agree or agree | 61/76 (80.3%) |
| Disagree or strongly disagree | 15/76 (19.7%) |
| Pancreas | |
| Left pancreatectomy: switch MIS/open at hub center | |
| Strongly agree | 37/76 (48.7%) |
| Disagree | 39/76 (51.3%) |
| Whipple procedure: switch MIS/open at hub center | |
| Strongly agree | 64/75 (85.3%) |
| Disagree | 11/75 (14.7%) |
| General | |
| Prioritization of patients based on: | |
| Time from entry in the waiting list | 28/81 (34.6%) |
| Local resectability pattern | 39/81 (48.1%) |
| Biological aggressiveness | 60/81 (74.1%) |
| Alternative or bridging (including neoadjuvant chemo) treatments available or not | 50/81 (61.7%) |
| ASA score or Charlson Comorbidity Index | 23/81 (28.4) |
| General performance status | 20/81 (24.7%) |
| Indication to MIS in SARS-CoV2 patients | |
| Unmodified as per the timing and type of surgery required | 7/80 (8.8%) |
| Unmodified as per the timing and type of surgery required just if asymptomatic | 7/80 (8.8%) |
| Delayed in timing until SARS-CoV-2 negativization was proved | 66/80 (82.5%) |
| Technical variations in MIS | |
| No | 19/74 (25.7%) |
| Yes: specific smoke aspirations | 36/74 (48.6%) |
| Yes: specific CO2 insufflations | 11/74 (14.9%) |
| Yes: specific attention to skin incisions appropriate to port dimensions | 23/74 (31.1%) |
| Yes: preference for trocars with balloon fixation | 25/74 (33.8%) |
| Yes: energy devices not used | 2/74 (2.7%) |
| Yes: pneumoperitoneal pressures kept at minimum | 28/74 (37.8%) |
| Yes: pneumoperitoneum aspiration before removal of trocars | 41/74 (55.4%) |
| Yes: minimization of time of Trendelenburg position | 6/74 (8.1%) |
| Fast-track protocol during COVID-19 | |
| Yes, same indications | 58/78 (74.4%) |
| Yes, reduced number of indications | 15/78 (19.2%) |
| No, stopped | 5/78 (6.4%) |
The survey was conducted in the first week of April 2020, being closed on April 10th, 2020 after two reminds to non-respondents.
Outcome analysis
Variables were processed and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Microsoft Windows version 22 (IBM Corp., Orchard Road Armonk, New York, US). Data were reported as number with percentage or as median with range (IQR). The recommendation was considered strong if > 80% of respondents agreed to it.
Results
General details
Eighty-one questionnaires were retrieved; the response rate was 93.5%. In the 81 participating centers, 4.276 hepatic resections and 3.402 pancreatic resections were performed in 2019, with a median of 63 (range 4–350) liver resections in 68 centers with hepatobiliary activity and 47 (range 5–450) pancreatic resections in 55 centers with pancreatic activity.
The proportion of MIS procedures was 27.7% among hepatobiliary centers and 13% among pancreatic centers (data referred to year 2019). COVID-19 hub centres were 82.7% of the total.
Waiting list management and indications
As reported in Table 1, 72.8% of centres are experiencing a reduction of routine elective HPB operations ≥ 50%, being the institutional decision the most frequent reason for reduction (76.3%). 71.4% of centers performing robotic surgery reported a ≥ 50% reduction of activity. Among centres routinely performing MIS, 66.2% report a ≥ 50% reduction of minimally invasive liver resections. Similarly, 76.4% of pancreatic units report a ≥ 50% reduction of minimally invasive operations. For both hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgeries, this figure is motivated by institutional indication in most centres (70.9%).
Centres for which the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the waiting list management is considerable or severe are 40.7% and 29.6%, respectively: in general, the waiting list managed mainly the setting priorities on specific criteria and/or referral to external hubs (70% and 16.3%, respectively). In 33.3% of centres, the process of prioritization is done on a case-by-case judgment, in 27.2%, it is guided by institutional guidelines and in 23.5% by regional protocols. For oncologic patients, the most relevant factors to lead prioritization process are biological aggressiveness and the possibility of effective alternative or bridging treatments (74.1% and 61.7% of respondents). 39.5% of respondents agree with the switch from MIS to open based on the external hub evaluation in case of low complexity liver resection, and 48.7% for distal pancreatectomies. For intermediate and highly complex liver resections, the switch of approach is agreed from 53.4% to 80.2% of sending centres, respectively. Similarly, the proportion of strong agreement for the switch from MIS to open is 85.3% in Whipple procedures, as reported in Table 2. In the choice of the external hub for hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, MIS experience is considered as priority criterion by 68.4% and 60.5% of centres respectively. For SARS-CoV-2-positive patients elected to HPB operations, the opinion is for delaying in timing the indication to a MIS resection until viral negativization is proved (82.5% of centres). Among the reasons, perceived risks for the OR staff and length of surgical procedure resulted the most relevant (53.3% and 23.3% of respondents).
Preoperative assessment
87.7% of surgeons suggest to test for virus positivity of all patients scheduled for elective surgery. Naso-faringeal swab is the investigation more frequently suggested (94.5%), followed by thorax CT scan (34.2%). For MIS resections, preoperative tests are judged almost unanimously as a mandatory prerequisite to proceed, with agreement by 88.7% of respondents.
Intraoperative management
As far as concerns, the protective measures during MIS surgery, 27.5% of centres apply COVID-19-specific measures for all the patients, whereas additional to the standard (but not COVID-19 specific) measures are taken in 47.5% of centers. Within respondent centers, 32% indicate the presence of a dedicated operating room for SARS-CoV-2-positive patients at their institution. 83.5% of respondents declare a preference for having an expert team (surgical/anesthesiological/nursing) during a MIS-HPB in patients with SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Various technological or technical variations with respect to the standard equipment are in general adopted by 74.3% of MIS centres, as detailed in Table 2 (pneumoperitoneum aspiration before removal of trocars: 55.4%; specific smoke aspirations: 48.6%; specific CO2 insufflations: 14.9%; pneumoperitoneal pressure kept at minimum: 37.8%; preference for trocars with balloon fixation: 33.8%; specific attention to skin incisions appropriate to port dimension: 14.9%; minimization of time of Trendelenburg position: 8.1%; energy devices not used: 2.7%). Regarding the acquisition of information on MIS during COVID-19 pandemic, Pubmed (or other libraries) is the main accredited source (82.5% of respondents), followed by societies newsletters/communications (58.8%), and information reported from colleagues in Italy (41.3%).
Postoperative assistance of inpatients
In the ward setting, to keep at minimum the number of involved persons given (72.5%), to keep at the minimal physical distance (78.8%), and to keep in-hospital working hours at essential for each member (78.8%) are the most frequently adopted team protective measures.
The 74.4% of centres with an active fast-track protocol before the COVID-19 era have maintained its application for the same indications as before the pandemic, while the 19.2% apply the fast-track for a reduced number of indications. On average, the safety of a fast-track protocol during this epidemic is rated 9 (range 5–10). Before discharge, the majority of centres proceed with specific SARS-CoV-2 investigations only in case of positivity or clinical suspicion of infection (86.4%).
Human resources
19.8% of respondents suspect the infection of a member of the surgical staff during HPB surgery (8.8% during MIS). 21.3% of centres have at least one member of the surgical staff getting SARS-CoV-2 infection with a reasonable correlation to his/her contact with infected colleagues/patients during ward activities. Globally, 30% of centres are experiencing surgical staff shortage due to the SARS-CoV-2 infection of members.
Discussion
Empty streets and empty (surgical) theatres during the pandemic. Get ready to work on priority
The spread of COVID-19 in 2020 is leading to a significant slowing down of surgical activity, often dictated by hospital healthcare management (72.8% of centers report ≥ 50% reduction of procedures, in 76.3% of cases secondary to a hospital management decision) with substantial negative impact on waiting lists (70.3% of centers have a considerable or severe impact on the waiting time because of the COVID-19 emergency). To achieve an adequate supply of care to patients with malignancies, 86.3% of centers have to reassess the prioritization criteria for any given case. Variables taken into account include time on waiting list, pattern of local resectability, biological aggressiveness of the disease, possibility for alternative or bridge treatments, age and ASA score, as well as general performance status (see Table 2 for details) for every case with the aim of stratifying the level of priority (prioritization process). In the highly affected area (Lombardy), the Regional Healthcare System government enforced the prioritization process, enabling centralization and monitoring the allocation of non-deferrable oncological cases based on the abovementioned specific criteria. In this area, all centers unable to offer timely surgery to oncological patients due to COVID-19-required reallocation of resources, received indications to refer high priority oncological patients to specific hub centers. Thirteen centers out of 81 participants (16%) report referral of patients to hub centers: six referring surgeons took part in the surgical procedure at the hub centers by creating joint teams, while seven did not.
Despite attempts to develop strategies to avoid delays or even interruption of oncological care, the fragmentation of the National Healthcare System in regional and independent health systems seems to generate a large nationwide heterogeneity in prioritization management, which should be reported also in HPB surgery. Indeed, 16% of our respondents report absence of guidelines and 33.3% report the need for decision-making on a case-by-case basis. Regional or institutional guidelines are reportedly used only by 23.5% and 27.2% of respondents, respectively.
Has the virus affected the commitment to minimally invasiveness?
A nationwide effort for the implementation of minimally invasive programs for both hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery was held in Italy in recent years, aiming to offer benefits over the open approach in selected cases while maintaining adequate standards of safety and oncological results [7, 8]. As a consequence, the median proportion of minimally invasive technique was 27.7% in liver and 13% in pancreas resections in 2019.
The COVID-19 pandemic seems to have hindered minimally invasive activity nationwide: 66.2% of centers report a reduction of minimally invasive liver resections ≥ 50%; the same reduction is reported by 76.4% of pancreatic units. At the same time, access to robotic surgery was locked down in 16/24 units, where the approach is available. Interestingly, it is likely that the reduction in MIS activity actually parallels and is homogeneous with the overall reduction in oncological surgical activity. Indeed, despite reports in the available literature of increased risks for both patients and surgical staff when MIS is adopted in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients, the commitment of Italian HPB society towards MIS remains strong. Only 23.5% of respondents declare a change in the indications for minimally invasive approaches. These respondents adopt indications that are more restrictive and mainly applied to SARS-CoV-2-positive patients. In this group, the average proportion of patients switched from MIS to open hepatobiliary surgery is 30%, and 50% for pancreatic resections.
It may be postulated that the commitment to minimal invasiveness could be maintained by the application of specific behaviors. Indeed, most answers to specific questions (would you suggest to test routinely all patients scheduled for elective surgery? How would you manage the indication to elective MIS HPB surgery in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 positivity?) agree to strongly recommended routine testing of all candidates to HPB surgery for SARS-CoV-2 (87.7% agreement) and to delay MIS procedures upon SARS-CoV-2 negativization, if allowed by the clinical condition (82.5% agreement).
In the choice of the external hub for hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, MIS experience is considered as priority criterion by 68.4% and 60.5% of centers, respectively. When the profile of technical complexity is low and, therefore, the MIS feasibility is high (low conversion rate), 60.5% of liver surgeons and 51.4% of pancreatic surgeons (for left pancreatectomy) disagree on a shift from MIS to open technique if proposed by the hub center. The rate of disagreement lowers inversely to an increasing profile of surgical challenge. In particular, for high complexity cases, 80.3% (liver) and 85.3% (Whipple) of surgeons agree with the possible switch from minimally invasive to open approach, giving thus priority to timely surgery without delay due to the willingness to address the case by MIS.
Enhancing the safety of patients and surgeons…even without evidence
Many concerns are raised regarding the possible increased risk of infection during MIS surgery in positive patients. Safety for both patients and surgical staff must be pursued as the primary endpoint of surgical treatment: consequently, all the available risk-limiting measures should be applied to contain viral dissemination [9, 10]. Within respondent centers, 19.8% reported that staff member infections probably occurred during surgery, with 8.8% of infections being reported after MIS surgery.
Respondents to the present survey agree to recommend (83.5%) the presence of a dedicated expert team in the operating theatre during MIS surgery for SARS-CoV-2-positive patients (or with unknown status). The procedure should ideally be performed in a room dedicated to COVID-19 patients. Respondents (87.1%) recommend the use of technical variations in MIS surgery and in particular: pneumoperitoneum aspiration before removal of trocars; use of specific smoke aspirators; pneumoperitoneal pressures kept to a minimum; preference for trocars with balloon fixation; specific attention to skin incisions appropriate to port dimensions.
Scientific background to face minimally invasive surgery during the pandemic: is it needed?
Need for detailed information is a leitmotiv during an extraordinary event. It is, therefore, essential for healthcare providers to have full access to reliable sources to guide the decision-making process and to avoid unsafe practices. Indeed, all respondent express a discomfort in being culturally unprepared to face surgical activity during a situation of emergency when available resources have been downsized. Regarding the acquisition of information on MIS during COVID-19 pandemic, PubMed (or other libraries) was the main accredited source (82.5% of respondent), followed by societies newsletters/communications (58,8%) and by the opinion of Italian colleagues (41,3%). It is likely that the COVID-19 pandemic will come to its end soon. Anyway, the availability in the medical literature of recommendations and indications on healthcare system management within limited availability of resources will be a priceless tool in case of future crisis.
Conclusions
In Italian hospitals, minimally invasive surgery maintains its role despite the COVID-19 pandemic, with the registered reduction of cases being proportional to the overall reduction of the HPB surgical activity. The switch from minimally invasive to open technique can be considered as a valid option for cases with a high technical complexity. Several issues merit specific attention: screening for virus positivity should be universally performed; only expert surgical teams should operate on positive patients and specific technical measures to lower the biological risk of contamination during surgery must be followed. Future studies specifically designed to establish the true risks in minimally invasive surgery are suggested. Furthermore, a standard and univocal process of prioritization of patients from Regional Healthcare Systems is advisable.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Acknowledgements
Collaborators (from AICEP): Mohammed Abu Hilal, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia; Stefano Andrianello, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Verona; Alessandro Anselmo, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Roma; Francesco Ardito, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli, Roma; Luca Baiocchi Gian, Spedali Civili, Brescia; Filippo Banchini, Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Matteo Barabino, Ospedale San Paolo, Milano; Andrea Barberis, Ospedale Galliera, Genova; Claudio Bassi, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Verona; Giacomo Batignani, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Firenze; Carlo Battiston, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano; Andrea Belli, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione Pascale, Napoli; Stefano Berti, ASL Spezzino, La Spezia; Paolo Bianco, Ospedale Pineta Grande, Castelvolturno; Alberto Brolese, Ospedale Santa Chiara, Trento; Stefania Brozzetti, Policlinico Umberto I, Roma; Giovanni Butturini, Ospedale P.Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda; Fulvio Calise, Ospedale Pineta Grande, Castelvolturno; Kurt Carabott, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano; Giovanni Capretti, Humanitas University & Research Hospital, Rozzano; Riccardo Casadei, Policlinico Sant’Orsola Malpighi, Bologna; Matteo Cescon, Policlinico Sant’Orsola Malpighi, Bologna; Manuela Cesaretti, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, Cagliari; Umberto Cillo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Padova; Nicola Cinardi, ASP Catania, Catania; Michele Colledan, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; Alessandro Coppola, Università Campus Biomedico, Roma; Christian Cotsoglou, Ospedale di Vimercate, Vimercate; Stefano Crippa, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano; Enrico Dalla Bona, Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; Raffaele Dalla Valle, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Parma; Michela De Angelis, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Verona; Luciano De Carlis, Ospedale Niguarda, Milano; Fabrizio Di Benedetto, Policlinico di Modena, Modena; Pierluigi Di Sebastiano, Casa di Cura Pierangeli, Pescara; Laura Dova, ASL Spezzino, La Spezia; Giorgio Ercolani, Ospedale Pierantoni Morgagni, Forlì; Alessandro Esposito, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Verona; Maria Ettorre Giuseppe, Ospedale San Camillo Forlanini, Roma; Alberto Fabris, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino; Alessandro Ferrero, Ospedale Mauriziano, Torino; Antonio Frena, Ospedale di Bolzano, Bolzano; Isabella Frigerio, Ospedale P.Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda; Luca Gianotti, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza; Antonio Giuliani, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso; Felice Giuliante, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli, Roma; Gianluca Grazi, Istituto Tumori Regina Elena, Roma; Enrico Gringeri, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Padova; Guido Griseri, Ospedale di Savona, Savona; Salvatore Gruttadauria, ISMETT, Palermo; Alfredo Guglielmi, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Verona; Francesco Izzo, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione Pascale, Napoli; Elio Jovine, Ospedale Maggiore, Bologna; Ezio Lanza, Humanitas University & Research Hospital, Rozzano; Giuseppe Malleo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Verona; Lorenzo Manzini, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, Reggio Emilia; Marco Massani, Azienda Ospedaliera USL, Treviso; Vincenzo Mazzaferro, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano; Riccardo Memeo, Policlinico Universitario, Bari; Francesco Minni, Policlinico Sant’Orsola Malpighi, Bologna; Luca Morelli, Ospedale Cisanello, Pisa; Gennaro Nappo, Humanitas University & Research Hospital, Rozzano; Bruno Nardo, Ospedale dell’Annunziata, Cosenza; Francesco Orlando, Ospedale Cottolengo, Torino; Stefano Partelli, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano; Alberto Patriti, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro; Renato Patrone, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione Pascale, Napoli; Andrea Percivale, Ospedale Santa Corona, Pietra Ligure; Gaetano Piccolo, Ospedale di Lodi, Lodi; Matteo Ravaioli, Ospedale Sant’Orsola Malpighi, Bologna; Paolo Reggiani, Policlinico di Milano, Milano; Matteo Risaliti, Ospedale di Udine, Udine; Aldo Rocca, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso; Renato Romagnoli, Ospedale Universitario Molinette, Torino; Fabrizio Romano, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza; Nadia Russolillo, Ospedale Mauriziano, Torino; Andrea Ruzzenente, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Verona; Edoardo Saladino, Azienda Ospedaliera Papardo, Messina; Roberto Salvia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Verona; Roberto Santambrogio, ASST Fatebenefratelli, Milano; Paola Tarchi, Ospedale Cattinara, Trieste; Albert Troci, ASST Fatebenefratelli, Milano; Roberto Troisi, Policlinico Federico II, Napoli; Lucio Urbani, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa; Luigi Veneroni, Ospedale degli Infermi, Rimini; Giovanni Vennarecci, Ospedale Cardarelli, Napoli; Luca Vigano, Humanitas University & Research Hospital, Rozzano; Massimo Viola, Ospedale Cardinale Giovanni Panico, Tricase; Fabio Vistoli, Ospedale Cisanello, Pisa; Marco Vivarelli, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona; Matteo Zanello, Ospedale Maggiore, Bologna; Giacomo Zanus, Ospedale di Treviso, Treviso; Alessandro Zerbi, Humanitas University & Research Hospital, Rozzano.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Research involving human participants and/or animals
This article does not contain any studies involving animals performed by any of the authors. All procedures performed in human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants involved in the study.
Footnotes
Members of “The Italian Association of HepatoBilioPancreatic Surgeons-AICEP” are listed in Acknowledgement section.
Publisher's Note
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Contributor Information
Luca Aldrighetti, Email: aldrighetti.luca@hsr.it.
Italian Association of HepatoBilioPancreatic Surgeons-AICEP:
Mohammed Abu Hilal, Stefano Andrianello, Alessandro Anselmo, Francesco Ardito, Luca Baiocchi Gian, Filippo Banchini, Matteo Barabino, Andrea Barberis, Claudio Bassi, Giacomo Batignani, Carlo Battiston, Andrea Belli, Stefano Berti, Paolo Bianco, Alberto Brolese, Stefania Brozzetti, Giovanni Butturini, Fulvio Calise, Kurt Carabott, Giovanni Capretti, Riccardo Casadei, Matteo Cescon, Manuela Cesaretti, Umberto Cillo, Nicola Cinardi, Michele Colledan, Alessandro Coppola, Christian Cotsoglou, Stefano Crippa, Enrico Dalla Bona, Raffaele Dalla Valle, Michela De Angelis, Luciano De Carlis, Fabrizio Di Benedetto, Pierluigi Di Sebastiano, Laura Dova, Giorgio Ercolani, Alessandro Esposito, Maria Ettorre Giuseppe, Alberto Fabris, Alessandro Ferrero, Antonio Frena, Isabella Frigerio, Luca Gianotti, Antonio Giuliani, Felice Giuliante, Gianluca Grazi, Enrico Gringeri, Guido Griseri, Salvatore Gruttadauria, Alfredo Guglielmi, Francesco Izzo, Elio Jovine, Ezio Lanza, Giuseppe Malleo, Lorenzo Manzini, Marco Massani, Vincenzo Mazzaferro, Riccardo Memeo, Francesco Minni, Luca Morelli, Gennaro Nappo, Bruno Nardo, Francesco Orlando, Stefano Partelli, Alberto Patriti, Renato Patrone, Andrea Percivale, Gaetano Piccolo, Matteo Ravaioli, Paolo Reggiani, Matteo Risaliti, Aldo Rocca, Renato Romagnoli, Fabrizio Romano, Nadia Russolillo, Andrea Ruzzenente, Edoardo Saladino, Roberto Salvia, Roberto Santambrogio, Paola Tarchi, Albert Troci, Roberto Troisi, Lucio Urbani, Luigi Veneroni, Giovanni Vennarecci, Luca Vigano, Massimo Viola, Fabio Vistoli, Marco Vivarelli, Matteo Zanello, Giacomo Zanus, and Alessandro Zerbi
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