Table 1.

Comparison of analytical performance (linear range and LOD) of the different nano biosensing systems for detection of HIV-1.

Detection Method		Strategy	Limit of Detection	Linear Range	Ref.
Electrochemical	Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV)	CNT screen printed working electrode	0.1 pg/μl	0.2–25 μg/ml	[29]
		PTCA/graphene sheets functionalized with AnNPs	34 f M	10 pM - 1μM	[32]
	Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)	graphene/nafion nanofilm modified GC electrode	0.23 f M	10 pM–10 nM	[33]
		GC electrode modified with AuNPs/PABA/ERGO nanocomposite film	340 f M	10 fM – 10 μM	[34]
		Signal amplification of multiwall carbon nanotubes loaded AgNPs	0.5 pM	1–100 pM	[47]
	Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)	Long range self-assembled DNA nanostructures on gold electrode	5 aM	2 aM–10 pM	[48]
		Graphene stabilized AuNCs modified GC electrode	10 f M	0.1 fM – 100 nM	[49]
	Hybride Methods	Chitosan/Fe3O4 immobilized DNA probe	50 pM	50–100 pM	[51]
		ssDNA/polyaniline/graphene nanocomposites platform	50 fM	50 fM -10 nM	[52]
		Binding of DNA probe to porous NiCo2O4/CoO/CNTs composite	16.7 fM	0.1 pM-2nM	[53]
Optical	Fluorescence	FRET between CdTe QDs and CDs	1 nM	0–50 nM	[59]
		Integration of Lateral Flow assay strips and QDs	0.76 pM	1 pM–10 nM	[61]
		CdTe QDs tagged complementary DNA probe	50 pM	5μM–2000 μM	[62]
		FRET between AuNPs/graphene oxide and CDs	5 fM	5μM–0.4 nM	[68]
		Peroxidase like activity of Pt/Au NPs and separation of magnetic NPs	5 pM	10pM–500pM	[71]
		DNA nanomachine based on Au NPs and RCA	1.46 fM	5 fM-1.67 pM	[72]
		Hairpin shaped probe tagged with AG NCs	4.4 nM	10–200 nM	[75]
		FRET between CNPs oxide and Ag NCs	0.4 nM	1–50 nM	[76]
		FRET between DNA Ag NCs and BHQ	35 pM	50 pM–5 nM	[77]
		DNA/AG NCs probe and Exo III-assisted cyclic amplification	35 pM	50 pM- 5 nM	[78]
		Fluorescence enhancement of Ag NCs by dimer formation and auxiliary G rich sequence probe	12 pM	0.2–700 nM	[79]
		Non overlapping emission of different molecular beacon template Ag NCs	0.12 nM	0–250 nM	[80]
		Different interaction of ss DNA and ds DNA with MoS2 sheet	5.3 pM	0.01–0.25 nM	[81]
	Fluorescence Polarization	Self-assembly of Au NPs to form the dendric macromolecules	73 pM	150 pM- 6 nM	[94]
	Chemiluminescence	Hybridization chain reaction and AuNPs	5 fM	0.02–1 pM	[96]
		Molecularly Imprinted Polymer and Europium sulfide nano crystals	0.3 fM	0.3–3 fM	[97]
	Nano plasmonic	SPR biosensing strategy based on dynamic entropy-driven strand displacement reactions and double-layer DNA tetrahedrons	48 fM	1 pM–150 nM	[100]
		SERS biosensing strategy based on hybridization of DNA conjugated on MGTIC/AuNPs	0.24 pg/ml	8 pg/ml – 64 ng/ml	[108]
		SERS biosensing strategy based on formation of multi metal molecule DNA nanoconjugation	100 AM	0–10 pM	[109]
	Dinamic Light Scattering (DLS)	Combination of polymerase chain reaction and DLS	1.8 aM	10 aM–1.9 pM	[113]
Photoelectrochemical		HCR and enzyme catalysis for cascade signal amplification	11.3 aM	50 aM–100 pM	[115]