Table 2.

Transmission routes and availability of vaccines for important bacterial zoonoses in Nigeria.

Zoonosis	Direct/Indirect Transmission Routes	Vectors	Reservoirs	Local Availability of Vaccines
Bartonellosis	∗Scratches or bites of cats and other animals	∗Bat flies [7] ∗Human, cat and dog fleas [54, 76, 78] Ectoparasites of rats and mice [16] Sand flies, ticks [3, 12, 16]	∗Cats [58, 59] ∗Bats [7] Rats and mice [13, 16]	Animal: unknown Human: unknown
Brucellosis	Handling of animals [17] Raw or unpasteurized milk [17]		Livestock and wild animals [17]	Animal: no known government policy since discontinuation in 1954 [17] Human: unknown
Leptospirosis	∗Contact with animals or tissue and body fluid of animals via broken skin [18] Food-borne [18, 26] Contaminated water and soil [18, 26]	∗Ticks [26, 74]	Wild and domestic animals [24] ∗Rats, other rodents [54]	Animal: bacterins with limited success [154] Human: unknown
Q fever	Raw or unpasteurized milk [3] ∗Inhalation of aerosolized organisms [39]	Ticks [39, 40] ∗Filth flies [30]	Livestock [34, 40]	Animal: unknown Human: unknown
Rickettsiosis		∗Fleas [54, 75] Ticks [31] ∗Ae.albopictus [81] ∗An.gambiae [83]	Rodents [54]	Animal: unknown Human: unavailable [155]
Salmonellosis	Food-borne [3] Contact with animals Contaminated water [3]		Livestock, camels [47] ∗Household and captive reptiles [45] Amphibians [45]	Animal: available for limited serovars in poultry [156] Human: under development [157]
Yersiniosis/Plague	∗Food-borne [3] Contact with animals Inhalation of aerosolized organisms [54]	∗Human and cat fleas [52, 54] Other fleas [54, 75]	Rodents [13, 54] Livestock [55]	Animal: unknown Human: unknown

^∗Notable emerging and/or under-studied transmission routes in Nigeria.