Skip to main content
Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection
letter
. 2020 May 26;190(1):24–27. doi: 10.1111/bjh.16797

Association between ABO blood groups and risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia

Juyi Li 1,, Xiufang Wang 2,, Jian Chen 3, Yi Cai 2, Aiping Deng 1,, Ming Yang 4,
PMCID: PMC7267665  PMID: 32379894

In December 2019, a cluster of acute respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) occurred in Wuhan, China. 1 , 2 Epidemiological and clinical characteristics, risk factors for mortality of patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2, and risk factors in the susceptibility to SARS‐CoV‐2 included age and chronic disease have been reported. 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 However, the use of biological markers to predict the susceptibility to SARS‐CoV‐2 has not been well described. So far, only one study has reported that ABO blood groups were associated with the susceptibility to SARS‐CoV‐2· 7 In the present study, after eliminating other confounding risk factors (including age, gender and comorbidities), we further investigated and confirmed the association of ABO blood groups and risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia in patients from the Central Hospital of Wuhan, as well as two hospitals in Wuhan, China.

Patients diagnosed with SARS‐CoV‐2 who died or were discharged between February 1 and March 25, 2020, were included in this retrospective cohort study. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Central Hospital of Wuhan, and the need for informed consent was waived. 8 Epidemiological information, clinical data, underlying comorbidities, CT images of lungs, laboratory findings and clinical outcomes were extracted from electronic medical records. The blood group distribution data of the other two hospitals (Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital and Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University) and healthy controls in Wuhan came from the paper published online. 7 Data were expressed as percentages (%). We used chi‐squared tests or Fisher's exact tests in order to compare the various groups.

The ABO blood group in 265 patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 from the Central Hospital of Wuhan showed a distribution of 39·3 %, 25·3 %, 9·8 % and 25·7 % for A, B, AB and O, respectively (Table I). The proportion of blood group A in patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (39·3 % vs. 32·3 %, P = 0·017), 7 while the proportion of blood group O in patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (25·7 % vs. 33·8 %, P < 0·01).

Table I.

The ABO blood group distribution in patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 and healthy controls in Wuhan.

Blood Group
A B AB O
Controls (Wuhan Area, n = 3694), % 1188 (32·3 %) 920 (24·9 %) 336 (9·1 %) 1250 (33·8 %)
Central Hospital of Wuhan (n = 265), % 104 (39·3) 67 (25·3) 26 (9·8) 68 (25·7)
χ 2 5·645 0·019 0·152 7·447
P 0·017 0·891 0·696 < 0·01
Age distribution (n = 265), %
Less than 40 years (n = 69) 24 (34·8) 17 (24·6) 8 (11·6) 20 (29·0)
χ 2 0·213 0·003 0·509 0·714
P 0·644 0·959 0·476 0·398
Between 41–59 years (n = 79) 29 (36·7) 20 (25·3) 8 (10·1) 22 (27·9)
χ 2 0·732 0·007 0·099 1·242
P 0·392 0·933 0·753 0·265
Over 60 years (n = 117) 51 (43·6) 30 (25·6) 10 (8·6) 26 (22·2)
χ 2 6·752 0·033 0·041 6·871
P < 0·01 0·856 0·839 < 0·01
Gender distribution (n = 265), %
Male (n = 113) 48 (42·5) 30 (26·6) 9 (8·0) 26 (23·0)
χ 2 5·323 0·158 0·170 5·771
P 0·021 0·691 0·680 0·016
Female (n = 152) 56 (36·8) 37 (24·3) 17 (11·2) 42 (27·6)
χ 2 1·462 0·025 0·764 2·521
P 0·227 0·875 0·382 0·112
Chronic disease, %
Cerebrovascular disease (n = 55) 19 (34·6) 15 (27·3) 6 (10·9) 15 (27·3)
χ 2 0·141 0·162 0·215 1·045
P 0·707 0·687 0·643 0·307
Coronary heart disease (n = 51) 18 (35·3) 14 (27·5) 7 (13·7) 12 (23·5)
χ 2 0·226 0·174 1·296 2·393
P 0·634 0·676 0·255 0·122
Heart failure (n = 16) 2 (12·5) 6 (37·5) 1 (6·3) 7 (43·8)
χ 2 2·826 1·349 0·000 0·699
P 0·093 0·245 1·000 0·403
Hypertension (n = 115) 48 (41·7) 26 (22·6) 10 (8·7) 31 (27·0)
χ 2 4·668 0·315 0·022 2·367
P 0·031 0·575 0·883 0·124
Diabetes (n = 66) 26 (39·4) 19 (28·8) 4 (6·1) 17 (25·8)
χ 2 1·552 0·522 0·726 1·895
P 0·213 0·470 0·394 0·169
Digestive disorder (n = 90) 33 (36·7) 26 (28·9) 7 (7·8) 23 (25·6)
χ 2 0·816 0·744 0·185 2·700
P 0·366 0·389 0·667 0·100
COPD (n = 11) 4 (36·4) 4 (36·4) 1 (9·1) 2 (18·2)
χ 2 0·089 0·769 0·000 0·604
P 0·766 0·380 1·000 0·437
Solid tumour (n = 27) 13 (48·2) 8 (29·6) 1 (3·7) 5 (18·5)
χ 2 3·134 0·320 0·405 2·815
P 0·077 0·572 0·525 0·093
Chronic renal disease (n = 41) 15 (36·6) 12 (29·3) 2 (4·9) 12 (29·3)
χ 2 0·364 0·708 0·439 0·379
P 0·546 0·400 0·508 0·538
Hepatitis (n = 7) 6 (85·7) 1 (14·3) 0 (0) 0 (0)
χ 2 6·883 0·422 0·032 2·224
P < 0·01 0·516 0·858 0·136
Deaths (n = 57), % 20 (35·1) 15 (26·3) 8 (14·0) 14 (24·6)
χ 2 0·220 0·060 1·644 2·162
P 0·639 0·807 0·200 0·141

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

We next investigated whether age, gender and chronic disease influence the ABO blood group distribution (Table I). The results showed that, among blood group A (43·6 % vs. 32·2 % in controls, P < 0·01) and blood group O (22·2 % vs. 33·8 % in controls, P < 0·01), patients over 60 years of age were consistent with all the above patients. Similarly, we also found that A (42·5 % vs. 32·2 %, P = 0·021) and O (23·0 % vs. 33·8 %, P = 0·016) distribution of blood groups in male patients was consistent with all the above patients. In all chronic diseases, we found that the proportion of hypertension (41·7 % vs. 32·2 %, P = 0·031) and hepatitis (85·7 % vs. 32·2 %, P < 0·01) in blood group A was much higher than that in the control group; however, there is currently no literature supporting that hypertension and hepatitis increase the risk of infection of SARS‐CoV‐2. In dead patients, we found no differences between blood types.

Finally, we integrated the data of the three hospitals in Wuhan for analysis (Table II). 7 We still find that the proportion of blood group A in patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (38·0 % vs. 32·2 %, P < 0·001), while the proportion of blood group O in SARS‐CoV‐2 infected patients was significantly lower than in healthy controls (25·7 % vs. 33·8 %, P < 0·001). The distribution ratio of blood type A and O between various ages and genders was almost consistent with the trend of all patients.

Table II.

The ABO blood group distribution in patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 from three Wuhan hospitals.

Blood Group
A B AB O
Controls (Wuhan Area, n = 3694), % 1188 (32·2) 920 (24·9) 336 (9·1) 1250 (33·8)
Three Wuhan Hospitals (n = 2153), % 819 (38·0) 561 (26·1) 219 (10·2) 554 (25·7)
χ 2 20·859 0·953 1·833 36·445
P <0·001 0·329 0·176 <0·001
Age distribution (n = 2153), %
Less than 40 years (n = 342) 124 (36·3) 95 (27·8) 29 (8·5) 94 (27·5)
χ 2 2·395 1·372 0·145 5·688
P 0·122 0·241 0·704 0·017
Between 41–59 years (n = 784) 304 (38·8) 196 (25·0) 79 (10·1) 205 (26·2)
χ 2 12·739 0·003 0·740 17·439
P <0·001 0·956 0·390 <0·001
Over 60 years (n = 1027) 391 (38·1) 270 (26·3) 111 (10·8) 255 (24·8)
χ 2 12·617 0·818 2·749 30·034
P <0·001 0·366 0·097 <0·001
Gender distribution (n = 2153), %
Male (n = 1143) 451 (39·5) 305 (26·7) 110 (9·6) 277 (24·2)
χ 2 20·749 1·461 0·291 37·271
P <0·001 0·227 0·590 <0·001
Female (n = 1010) 368 (36·4) 256 (25·4) 109 (10·8) 277 (27·4)
χ 2 6·549 0·082 2·664 14·878
P 0·010 0·774 0·103 <0·001

Three Wuhan hospitals: the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital and Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University.

In this study, we demonstrated that blood group A patients were at higher risk of hospitalization following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, while blood group O patients had lower risk, which suggested that the ABO blood type could be used as a biomarker to predict the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.

Coincidentally, previous studies found that ABO blood type distribution also had significant differences in other viral infections. Chen et al. reported that blood group O individuals were less likely to become infected by SARS coronavirus, 9 Batool et al. found that blood group O might have some influence in protecting against blood‐transmitted infection, and people having blood group A were more prone to contract  hepatitis B  and HIV. 10 Jing et al. found that blood group B was associated with a lower risk of HBV infection. 11 Guillon et al. reported that the S protein/angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2‐dependent adhesion of these cells to an angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 expressing cell line was specifically inhibited by human natural anti‐A antibodies, which might block the interaction between the virus and its receptor. 12 This could explain why blood group A is susceptible, while blood group O is not. However, there may be other factors that need further study.

In summary, based on our research, and confirmed by reported data, people with blood group A had a significantly higher risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, whereas blood group O had a significantly lower risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. People with blood type A should strengthen protection to reduce the risk of infection; however, people with blood type O should not take the virus lightly, and must still take precautions to avoid increasing the risk of infection. The underlying molecular mechanism of our findings will need further study.

Funding information

This study was supported by the Health and Family Planning Commission of Wuhan City (WX18M02).

Conflict of interest

No reports.

Authors' contribution

Conceived and designed the experiments: J.L., M.Y. and A.D. Performed the experiments: J.L., X.W. and A.D. Analysed the data: J.L., X.W., J.C. and A.D. Wrote the paper: J.L. J.L. and X.W. contributed equally.

Contributor Information

Aiping Deng, Email: dapyxb@163.com.

Ming Yang, Email: 2217137592@qq.com.

References

  • 1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New Engl J Med. 2020;382:727–33. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID‐19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2020;395:1054–62. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New Engl J Med. 2020;382:1708–20. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395:507–13. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID‐19 infection? Lancet Respirat Med. 2020;8:e21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7. Zhao J, Yang Y, Huang H, Li D, Gu D, Lu X, et al.Relationship between the ABO Blood Group and the COVID‐19 Susceptibility. medRxiv preprint. 11 March, 2020.
  • 8. Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J, et al. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:425–34. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9. Cheng Y, Cheng G, Chui CH, Lau FY, Chan PK, Ng MH, et al. ABO blood group and susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome. JAMA. 2005;293:1450–1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10. Batool Z, Durrani SH, Tariq S. Association Of Abo And Rh Blood Group Types To Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hiv And Syphilis Infection, A Five Year' Experience In Healthy Blood Donors In A Tertiary Care Hospital. J Ayub Med College, Abbottabad : JAMC. 2017;29:90–2. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11. Jing W, Zhao S, Liu J, Liu M. ABO blood groups and hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMJ open. 2020;10:e034114. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12. Guillon P, Clement M, Sebille V, Rivain JG, Chou CF, Ruvoen‐Clouet N, et al. Inhibition of the interaction between the SARS‐CoV spike protein and its cellular receptor by anti‐histo‐blood group antibodies. Glycobiology. 2008;18:1085–93. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from British Journal of Haematology are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES