Editor,
Until now, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in more than 5 million confirmed cases, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has announced it as a global pandemic [1, 2].
Infection prevention in the hemodialysis center of a general hospital is complicated by the monitoring of long-term dialysis patients, as well as the inevitable occurrence of emerging dialysis from wards or emergency room. Concordant with suggestions from the WHO, and based on real-world practice during the COVID-19 outbreak, we implemented a safe and efficient workflow to screen and manage patients who need urgent dialysis in Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), a leading hospital in mainland China.
Organizing the protection
Based on environmental exposure degree, areas in PUMCH were classified as low risk, medium risk, high risk, and extremely high risk. The hemodialysis staff was required to wear the matched personal protective equipment (PPE) when a cross-area moving is needed. For example, the attending consultants should wear N95 masks, protective glasses, as well as suite up protective clothing and shoe covers, when they enter the extremely high-risk area such as the fever clinic. In addition, they should leave the contaminated PPE before they move back to lower risk zones. The staff maintains the same protective gear when they move towards areas with equal risks. Hand sanitizer was required whenever staff entered the hemodialysis center.
Symptom screening and dialysis arrangement
For the referred patients, we strictly analyze the indications for urgent dialysis. We recommended peritoneal dialysis and encourage catheter placement for patients with looming dialysis, but not urgent hemodialysis. For the inevitable urgent hemodialysis patients, we first collect their contact history, the temperature for the past 14 days, and potential suspicious symptoms and then implemented the corresponding process (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Flowchart for the arrangement of patients needing urgent hemodialysis from wards or emergency room during the COVID-19 outbreak
We cooperate with the in-hospital Expert Group, which consists of specialists from the departments of infectious disease, respiratory, intensive care, and emergency medicine. We test SARS-CoV-2 swab for patients with suspicious contact, fever, respiratory symptoms, or chest imaging abnormalities. Patients with positive reading will be sent to the designated hospitals. We accept patients with negative swab readings but arrange separate dialysis during an observation period of 14 days. We also carefully monitor temperature for all contacted patients and evaluate the concerning symptoms daily, until all of them completely rule out the possibility of the infection.
During its development, the epidemiological features of COVID-19 are becoming blurred compared with its earlier onsets, and its clinical features show a certain degree of diversity [3, 4]. For patients who need immediate dialysis, we will take them as potential COVID-19 patients and initiate continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in situ when waiting for the swab results [5].
Staff who operate CRRT for uncleared patients should gear adequate PPE. The CRRT equipment should be disinfected after use [6]. We recommend chlorine-containing disinfectant to inactivate the possible pathogen effectively. We place the waste generated during CRRT in a double-packed biohazard bag and label it “infectious waste” for further processing [7]. The CRRT waste liquid is discharged according to the medical wastewater discharge standards [8].
Acknowledgements
The work has been made available through an ISN-SRC Grant.
Author contributions
GC generated the manuscript draft. RH, YW, XZ, YZ, DS, JX, YQ, LC, and XL reviewed and corrected the manuscript.
Funding
This work was partly supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (2018BFG02010 to C.L.), the Capital Specialized Clinical Application Project (Z171100001017196 to C.L.) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS 2016-I2M-2-004 to C.L.).
Data availability
We have presented all the necessary data in the manuscript. Related information is accessible upon requesting the corresponding author.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
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Contributor Information
Limeng Chen, Email: chenlimeng@pumch.cn.
Xuemei Li, Email: lixmpumch@126.com.
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Data Availability Statement
We have presented all the necessary data in the manuscript. Related information is accessible upon requesting the corresponding author.