Table 2.
The main periodontal pathogens responsible of oral disease, include Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, facultative, and anaerobic/aerobic bacteria.
| Strain Name and Phenotypes | Status of Aggression |
|---|---|
|
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans G−, Ana (fac) |
Highly aggressive |
|
Tannerella forsythensys G−, Ana |
Aggressive |
|
Porphyromonas gingivalis G−, Ana |
Aggressive |
|
Treponema denticola G−, Ana |
Aggressive |
|
Peptostreptococcus micros (Micromonas) G+, Ana |
Aggressive |
|
Filifactor alocis G+, Ana |
Aggressive |
|
Synergistetes G−, Ana |
Aggressive |
|
Porphyromonas endodontalis G−, Ana |
Aggressive |
|
Fusobacterium nucleatum ssp. G−, Ana |
Medium aggressive |
|
Campylobacter rectus G−, Ana (fac) |
Medium aggressive |
|
Prevotella intermedia G−, Ana |
Medium aggressive |
|
Leptotrichia hofstadii G−, Ana |
Medium aggressive |
|
Rothia dentocariosa D+, Aer |
Medium aggressive |
|
Eikenella corrodens G−, Ana (fac), oral, gut |
Low aggressive |
|
Cardiobacterium hominis G−, Aer |
Low aggressive |
“Red” group: A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythensis, P. gingivalis, T. denticola, Peptostreptococcus micros. The presence of these bacteria is mainly associated with advanced periodontitis (in deep pockets) and perimplantitis. Moreover, also F. alocis, Synergistetes, and P. endodontalis have been considered. F. alocis is one of the few bacteria associated to multiple oral pathologies including localized aggressive periodontitis, endodontitis and peri-implantitis. The relative abundance in periodontal pocket of patients with periodontitis may support the hypothesis of including F. alocis as a diagnostic marker; Synergistetes are opportunistic pathogens, in cases where they have the disease and are part of the red complex of periodontal pathogenic bacteria. P. endodontalis can cause periapical lesions with acute symptoms such as pain, swelling, and suppuration; “Orange” group: F. nucleatum, C. rectus, P. intermedia, L. hofstadii, R. dentocariosa. The presence of these bacteria is mainly associated with the initial or moderate forms of periodontal disease, or in the healing phases; “Green” group: E. corrodens and C. hominis. The presence of these bacteria is associated with oral health, even if C. hominis has been seen in pericardium and heart tissue infection.