Oral mucosal lesions in a COVID-19 patient: New signs or secondary manifestations?

Abstract

Some oral manifestations have been observed in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, there is still a question about whether these lesions are due to coronavirus infection or secondary manifestations resulting from the patient's systemic condition. Thus, this article aims to report an additional case of an oral condition in a patient diagnosed with COVID-19. Our patient, a sixty-seven-year-old Caucasian man, tested positive to coronavirus and presented oral manifestations such as recurrent herpes simplex, candidiasis, and geographic tongue. We support the argument that some oral conditions could be secondary to the deterioration of systemic health or due to treatments for COVID-19. The present case report highlights the importance of including dentists in the intensive care unit multi-professional team to improve oral health in critical patients, not only COVID-19 patients, but also, to contribute to evidence-based and decision-making in managing infectious diseases.

Introduction

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents an important and urgent threat to global health. The novel coronavirus was initially named 2019-nCoV and officially as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) (WHO, 2020). The lungs are the primary site of infection for COVID-19, with patients presenting symptoms ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to fulminant pneumonia and potentially lethal respiratory distress (Guan et al., 2020).

There have been some COVID-19 cases reporting oral manifestations (Chaux-Bodard et al., 2020, de Maria et al., 2020, Lechien et al., 2020, Martín Carreras-Presas et al., 2020, Putra et al., 2020). Since the oral health of COVID-19 patients can be affected by the infection, there is still doubt whether these manifestations could be a typical pattern resulting from the direct viral infection. Perhaps oral lesions may result from systemic deterioration, considering the possibility of opportunistic infections and also adverse reactions to treatments. Therefore, the range of COVID-19 manifestations in the oral cavity has broad and current interest. This brief article's overall objective was to report a relevant case of oral manifestations in a COVID-19 patient.

Case report

On March 31, 2020, a sixty-seven-year-old Caucasian man with a history of cruising the Brazilian coast in the past 30 days, was admitted at Hospital Alvorada Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil. Ten days earlier, the patient developed respiratory symptoms, progressive dyspnea on exertion, and fever, and diarrhea. The patient was asked about symptoms of gustatory and olfactory disfunction, and he reported hypogeusia. In the medical history, the patient reported coronary disease, already revascularized, systemic hypertension, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and kidney transplant, which led him to take immunosuppressants regularly and to use pharmacological prophylaxis for pulmonary venous thromboembolism with Enoxaparin sodium (Clexane® 20 mg/day). A nasopharyngeal swab following reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 RNA amplification tested positive. Chest computed tomography evidenced bilateral diffuse hyperdense infiltrations in the so-called “ground glass” pattern affecting both lungs, leading to intensive care unit (ICU) admission for supplemental O₂. After that, the patient underwent orotracheal intubation due to disease progression and respiratory failure, and the patient was treated with Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Reuquinol®, 400 mg/day), Ceftriaxone sodium (2 g/day), and Azithromycin (Zitromax® 500 mg/day) for seven days.

Due to clinical suspicion of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation, and worsening of the white blood cell count, a new antibiotic regimen was started with Meropeném (Meronem®, 1000 mg, 8/8 hs) and Sulfamethoxazole + Trimetropin (Bactrim®, 400 mg + 80 mg, 1.5 ampule, 8/8 hs) for ten days. Then, the patient underwent a tracheostomy. Hemodialysis was performed with subsequent recovery of renal function. Mechanical ventilation was maintained with good recovery and the possibility of spontaneous breathing. The patient also returned to the use of immunosuppressants and pharmacological prophylaxis for venous and pulmonary thromboembolism with Enoxaparin sodium (Clexane® 60 mg/day).

On the twenty-fourth day of hospitalization, the dentists (RLC S and RMP) were called to assess a persistent white plaque on the tongue dorsum. This lesion was previously treated by physicians with intravenous Fluconazole (Zoltec® 200 mg/100 mL, one bag a day for ten days) and oral nystatin (100,000 IU/mL, 8/8 h, for 30 days), but no regression was observed. In addition to the white plaque, the dentist also observed multiple pinpoint yellowish ulcers on the tongue dorsum resembling the late stage of herpetic recurrent oral lesions (Figure 1A). After a complete intraoral examination, no other lesions on the oral mucosa were observed, except for a nodule located in the lower lip, measuring approximately 1 cm in its largest diameter, suggestive of a reactive lesion (fibroma) that was confirmed by the patient’s pre-existing conditions. Tongue scrape culture was performed, which was compatible with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Extremely viscous saliva was observed; biopsies were not recommended due to the patient’s systemic conditions. And, cutaneous lesions were not observed during the patient’s physical examination. At this time, the patient kept the antifungals and was treated with chlorhexidine digluconate (0.12%) alcohol-free mouth rinses, and daily applications of 1% hydrogen peroxide. The dentist also instructed the health team on the importance of maintaining oral hygiene care.

Figure 1.

(A) April 24, 2020. COVID-19 patient presenting a white plaque on the tongue dorsum, centrally located, associated with several small, circle-shaped yellowish ulcers resembling the late stage of herpetic recurrent oral lesions associated with candidiasis. A nodule located in the lower lip was observed, measuring approximately 1 cm in its largest diameter, suggesting a reactive lesion (fibroma). (B) May 7, 2020. COVID-19 patient presenting atrophic areas surrounded by an elevated yellow-white halo classified as severe geographic tongue according to the severity index scoring system (Picciani et al., 2019) associated with fissured tongue. Also, the tongue’s white lesions, suggestive of candidiasis, showed almost complete resolution. (C) May 25, 2020. The patient, recovered from COVID-19, showing atrophic areas surrounded by an elevated yellow-white halo classified as moderate geographic tongue according to the severity index scoring system (Picciani et al., 2020). We could observe a slightly erythematous area in the right palatine tonsil region; however, the patient reported being asymptomatic.

Two weeks after the first oral examination, the white lesions on the tongue dorsum showed almost complete resolution. In a new intraoral examination, it was observed that the patient presented an asymptomatic geographic tongue classified as severe, according to the severity index recently published (Picciani et al., 2020) (Figure 1B), associated with fissured tongue.

The patient was discharged from the ICU, and in subsequent days, there was a prompt recovery. The patient had no fever, and the physician was able to gradually decrease oxygen flow, discontinuing antibiotic therapies. At that moment, in a hospital apartment, he was conscious, oriented, and not dependent on oxygen therapy. Also, the patient had no complaints, preserved appetite, good water consumption, good urine volume, and was afebrile.

On May 14, the patient was discharged after forty-four days of hospitalization; the dentist only prescribed oral health care. Ten days later, the patient sent us an intraoral image in which maintenance of geographic tongue could be observed, but it was now classified as moderate, according to the severity index recently published (Picciani et al., 2020). Also, a slightly erythematous area could be seen in the right palatine tonsil region; however, the patient reported being asymptomatic (Figure 1C).

Discussion

Current research shows that coronavirus damage to respiratory and other organs could be related to the distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the human system (Zou et al., 2020). Therefore, cells with ACE2 receptor distribution may become host cells for the virus and further cause inflammatory reactions in related organs and tissues, such as the tongue mucosa and salivary glands (Xu et al., 2020). Besides, available evidence has not established an efficient and safe pharmacological agent against COVID-19 yet, and the potential ones are related to several adverse reactions, including oral lesions (Godinho et al., 2020, Mehra et al., 2020, de Melo Filho et al., 2012, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2020). Also, COVID-19 acute infection, along with associated therapeutic measures, could potentially contribute to adverse outcomes concerning oral health, likely leading to various opportunistic fungal infections, recurrent oral herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infection, unspecific oral ulcerations, fixed drug eruptions, dysgeusia, xerostomia linked to decreased salivary flow, ulcerations and gingivitis as a result of the impaired immune system and/or susceptible oral mucosa(Dziedzic and Wojtyczka, 2020).

The oral conditions presented by our patient and other cases already reported (Martín Carreras-Presas et al., 2020, Putra et al., 2020) supports the hypothesis that they are highly suggestive of secondary lesions resulting from the deterioration of systemic health or due to treatments for COVID-19. Even considering our interpretation of associated conditions, the dentist's relevance as part of the multi-disciplinary team in supporting critical patients in ICU, such as COVID-19, should be highlighted. Also, dental follow up after the patient is dismissed from the hospital must be provided. In COVID-19 patients we should consider the occurrence of some oral signs and symptoms, including dysgeusia, petechiae, candidiasis, traumatic ulcers, HSV-1 infection, geographical tongue, thrush-like ulcers, among others. Thus, the importance of the clinical dental examination of patients with infectious diseases in the ICU should be emphasized, considering the need for support, pain control, and quality of life.

Author contributions

ENSG, JAS, and AGCN: Conceptualization, study design, literature research, writing-original draft. RLCS, RMP, and ACC: Clinical studies, treating the patient, data acquisition, writing-review. ARSS: Validation, writing-review.

Ethical approval and informed consent

The study has been conducted in full accordance with ethical principles (Declaration of Helsinki), and written informed consent was obtained from the patient.

Funding

Decanato de Pesquisa e Inovação, Universidade de Brasilia, EDITAL DPI-UnB No 04/2019 – (ENSG grant 33902001).

Conflicts of interest

None to declare.