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. 2020 Jun 8;10(7):293. doi: 10.1007/s13205-020-02287-1

Enhanced and sustainable pretreatment for bioconversion and extraction of resveratrol from peanut skin using ultrasound-assisted surfactant aqueous system with microbial consortia immobilized on cellulose

Shuang Jin 1,2,✉, Mengmeng Gao 1,2, Wentao Kong 3, Bingyou Yang 1,2,✉, Haixue Kuang 1,2,✉, Bo Yang 1,2,✉, Yujie Fu 4,✉, Yupeng Cheng 1,2, Huiling Li 1,2
PMCID: PMC7280398  PMID: 32550111

Abstract

In this study, the ultrasound-assisted surfactant aqueous system coupled with microbial consortia immobilized by cellulose has been created as an enhanced and sustainable method for the bioconversion and extraction of resveratrol from peanut skin. Based on central composite design, and several single-factor experiments, we derived the optimal bioconversion and extraction system. Microbial consortia consist of Yeast CICC 1912, Aspergillus oryzae 3.951 and Aspergillus niger 3.3148 were chosen to be immobilized using cellulose. Other treatment conditions include concentration of surfactant as 3% (w/v), temperature as 30 °C, time as 36 h, ultrasonic power as 250 W and liquid to solid ratio as 25:1 mL/g. Under these conditions, we achieved a promising yield of resveratrol 96.58 μg/g, which is 4.02 folds compared to the untreated sample. This sustainable and green method not only enhanced the production of resveratrol but also improved the safety and reliability of the bioconversion and extraction process. Our novel method has shown great potential to realize large-scale bioconversion and extraction of bioactive compounds from plant waste.

Keywords: Surfactant, Microbial consortia immobilized on cellulose, Peanut skin, Resveratrol, Bioconversion

Introduction

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an annual herbaceous plant, that belongs to the Fabaceae family. It is a protein and oil rich crop grown for seed and oil (Bertioli et al. 2011; Hoang et al. 2008; Ahn et al. 2012; Ballard et al. 2010). While peanut is a valuable commodity, its skin is a low value product from peanut processing (Barbulova et al. 2015; Bansode et al. 2013). Peanut skin often has been used as animal feed or burned for energy. However, recent studies have indicated that peanut skin contains high content of polyphenols compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and procyanidins dimmers (Rishipal et al. 2018; Edoardo et al. 2018). The polyphenols compounds are  beneficial for health due to its cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, anti-ulcer and anti-carcinogenic activities (Khalil et al. 2016). Resveratrol is one of the well-documented polyphenols compounds that possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, antitumor, and anti-mutagenic properties (Sahu et al. 2013; Antonella et al. 2018). The supply amount of resveratrol is limited because of its higher producing cost. Some researchers studied the biotransformation of resveratrol including acid hydrolysis and enzymatic transformation techniques, which were time-consuming, non-renewable, non-reusable and uneconomical (Xiangyun et al. 2019; Dongyang et al. 2020). To produce resveratrol at a popular price and in high assay, the microbial consortia bioconversion from polydatin to resveratrol has been investigated to be a feasible procedure, proved in our previous studies (Shuang et al. 2013, 2017).

Microbial consortia are popular among synthetic researchers. They have shown tremendous potential for biomedical, environmental and energy-related applications in this field. Compared to single-species microbial community, microbial consortia offer an increased degree of efficiency for complex tasks, thereby enabling novel and versatile biotechnological applications in complex settings (Wentao et al. 2018; Anastasiia et al. 2018; Chengmei et al. 2018).

To enhance the bioconversion and extraction, many methods have been studied. Using organic solvents, the efficiency is low and complicated operation procedures are need ed to extract target compounds, and these solvents are harmful to human health and affecting microbial consortia viability. To overcome these disadvantages, the biphasic ionic liquid aqueous system pretreatment method was applied in one of our previous studies (Shuang et al. 2017). Even though ionic liquid as a green solvent can be used to improve bioconversion and extraction, it is expensive to use and difficult to synthesize. It is urgent to find solvents which are green, environmentally friendly, sustainable, cheap and effective to enhance bioconversion and extraction. In this research, ultrasound-assisted surfactant was used to assist bioconversion and extraction of resveratrol from peanut skin with immobilized microbial consortia. Surfactant assisted bioconversion and extraction is a potential method compared to the traditional methods due to the excellent superiority in the enzyme stability. It is not only performed at a mild temperature, but also does not involve toxic solvents. This method has been widely used for the isolation of biological solutes, e.g., polyphenols, enzymes and microorganisms (Qi et al. 2019; Holmberg 2018).

Microorganism immobilization shows high specificity and environmental compatibility of microorganism enzymes. It is a good method to carry out the bioprocess under preparative conditions (Freeman and Lilly 1988). The enzymes which are produced by microorganism are the keys to achieving biological transformation. The main advantages of immobilized microorganism include easy separation, reusability and flexibility in reactor and industrial scale (Dong et al. 2010). Many immobilized materials were used to immobilize microorganism in our previous studies (Shuang et al. 2013), but they all have their own disadvantages, for example, reused time, toughness and stability and so on. Cellulose is an abundant renewable natural polymer, which is non-toxic, and it shows biodegradability. It has high functionality including unique morphology, amenability, inexhaustible, toughness and stability attributes. It has been expected to become a key source of sustainable immobilized material. In addition, its normal applications have been used according to relative insolubility in water and organic solvents as well as reusable asset (Anderson et al. 2014).

To achieve transformation of polydatin to resveratrol from peanut skin, so as to reuse peanut skin and increase the production of resveratrol, the enhanced and sustainable method was used to tackle the problems encountered in previous studies. Toxicity of organic solvents, ionic liquid-expensive and poor stability of microbial immobilized materials have been investigated in this study. In this study, the ultrasound-assisted surfactant aqueous system coupled with microbial consortia immobilized by cellulose has been developed. To the best of our knowledge, there is no other report about the enhanced and sustainable pretreatment method for bioconversion and extraction of resveratrol from peanut skin using ultrasound-assisted surfactant aqueous system with microbial consortia immobilized on cellulose. We conducted a screening of microbial consortia based on the yield of resveratrol. The conditions of the ultrasound-assisted system (i.e., temperature, liquid–solid ratio, time and ultrasonic power), the surfactant types and the surfactant concentrations were optimized. Additionally, a central composite design (CCD) was developed to study the importance of ultrasound-assisted surfactant major factors that can affect bioconversion and extraction process. The recycle number of immobilized cells on cellulose and the enzyme activities were tested.

Materials and methods

Materials

The clean and dry raw peanut skins (Arachis hypogaea) were powdered by a disintegrator (HX-200A, Yongkang Hardware and Medical Instrument Plant, China) and then sieved (20 mesh) prior to extraction. The strains Yeast DQY-1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae BX24, Yeast CICC 1912, Aspergillus niger 3.3148, Aspergillus niger 3.3148, Aspergillus niger 3.3883, Aspergillus oryzae Y29, Aspergillus oryzae 3.3951, Monascus anka 3.554, Monascus anka 3.782, Rhizopus arrhizus 3.130, White-rot fungus F-9, White-rot fungus 5.776 were bought from the Institute of microbiology, Heilongjiang, China. Resveratrol (3, 4, 5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) and polydatin (resveratrol-3-O-b-glucoside) were purchased from the Chinese National Institute of Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Product (Beijing, China). The ultrasonic cleaning machine (KQ-250DB) was purchased from Kunshan ultrasonic instrument Co., Ltd (China). Methanol was of HPLC grade (J & K Chemical Ltd., China) and Formic acid of HPLC grade was purchased from Dima Technology Inc. (USA). Deionized water was purified from a Milli-Q water-purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Triton X-100 and Triton X-114 were purchased from Sigma Chemicals Co (Shanghai, China). Tween 20 and Tween 80 were purchased from Atlas Chemical Industries. The organic reagent obtained from Tianjin Chemical Reagents Co. (Tianjin, China) were of analytical grade. The IL was purchased from Chengjie Chemical Reagents Co. (Shanghai, China). All other chemicals were of reagent grade. Sodium alginate were purchased from Shandong Jiejing Group Co., Ltd. (China).

Microorganism and experimental media

The strains were normally maintained on agar plates at 4 °C. Each strain was initially reactivated and cultured in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) at 30 °C for 4 days. For preparing subsequent inoculation, all the cells were transferred to 100 mL PDA medium which were incubated for more than 6 days at 30 °C. For homogenization, glass beads was added to each flask. Strains were harvested by inoculum (1.80 × 107 spores/mL) to form cell suspensions.

Immobilization of microbial consortia

Under aseptic conditions, cellulose was prepared according to the following method: 5 g of sterile cotton was immersed in 50 mL water solution with 3.5 g NaOH and 3.5 g urea in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask soaking for 2 h at − 20 °C, then cellulose was dissolved into gel. For immobilization, under aseptic conditions, 10 mL of spore suspension were mixed thoroughly with 10 mL of sterilized cellulose gel at low temperature. Then, the suspension was dropped by a 5 mL disposable plastic syringe into 100 mL of sterilized water with continuous stirring. The immobilized cellulose gel beads formed were left to harden for 2 h at 4 °C. And then, the cellulose beads were washed with sterile distilled water three times to remove the excess NaOH/urea solution and free cells.

Surfactant assisted bioconversion and extraction procedures

For six types of surfactants ([C4MIM]Br, [C4MIM]Cl, Tween-20, Tween-80, Triton X-100 and Triton X-114) assisted the bioconversion and extraction procedures. 100 mL samples solvents with 40 mL different surfactant aqueous solution, which were obtained at final concentrations of 0.5–5% (w/v) were put into centrifuge tube, respectively. The influential parameters include ultrasonic time (12–72 h), ultrasonic power (100–350 W) and temperature (20–45 °C) of bioconversion and extraction. Independent variables on the yields of resveratrol were calculated by different conditions experiments.

Determination of enzyme activity

Enzyme activity was studied using para-nitrophenyl β-d-glucuronide (PNPG) (Russell and Klaenhammer 2001). The nmol p-nitrophenol liberated per minute per O.D.400 were measured under the standard assay conditions (U) as described. The enzyme activity of immobilized microbial consortia was expressed as per gram (U/g).

Preparation and determination of the transformed metabolites

The pretreatment broth (10 mL) was extracted three times with ethanol–water (80:20, v/v) solution in 60 min for three times. The extracts were gathered and concentrated to dryness and dissolved in 10 mL of methanol to obtain the sample solution for determined by HPLC analysis.

A HIQ Sil C18W reversed-phase column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) was used to analyze the sample solution. The mobile phase consisted of water-formic acid -acetonitrile (76.935:0.065:23, v/v/v). The target compounds were quantified at wavelengths of 280 nm. The flow rate was 1 mL/min, and the injection volume was 10 μL.

Measurement of total polyphenols content

The total phenolic content was measured by a colorimetric test (Huang et al. 2005). The standard ferulic acid and gallic acid was used and the total phenolic content was calculated as mg/L of ferulic acid equivalent, or GAE against the fresh weight of the sample (mg/g).

Experiments of single factor

The optimization of the surfactant assisted bioconversion and exaction process were developed by single-factor experiments, including the incubation temperatures were 20–45 °C, the ultrasonic power values were adjusted to 100–350 W, the liquid–solid radios were 10:1–35:1 (mL/g), the incubation times were 12–72 h and the concentrations of surfactant were 0.5–5% (w/v).

Experiments of SEM

The morphological photos of microbial consortia immobilized on cellulose were studied with the Quanta-200 scanning electron microscope (SEM) (FEI Company, USA).

Statistical analysis

To obtain a high yield of resveratrol, three important variables were selected to further optimize using CCD, including reaction time (h) (X1), liquid–solid ratio (mL/g) (X2) and incubation temperature (°C) (X3). A three-factor-three-level CCD was applied based on preliminary experiments, respectively. For the statistical analysis of the data, all experiments were performed in three independent replicates, and the mean value ± SD was used. When p < 0.05, the difference was considered statistically significant.

Results and discussion

Screening of microbial consortia and processing of immobilized cells on cellulose

Different microorganisms produce different kinds of enzymes, and the presence of multiple enzymes can improve the efficiency of biotransformation. Therefore, the screening of microorganisms is the essential. According to Fig. 1, it is apparent that polydatin can be transformed into resveratrol by the enzymes produced from Yeast CICC 1912 (34.54 μg/g), Aspergillus niger 3.3148 (32.76 μg/g) and Aspergillus oryzae 3.951(31.08 μg/g) higher than other strains, respectively. The total polyphenols content showed the same trend. Thus, the microbial consortia involving Yeast CICC 1912, Aspergillus oryzae 3.951 and Aspergillus niger 3.3148 was selected in the bioconversion process of resveratrol.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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Effects of different single immobilized strain on the yields of resveratrol and total polyphenols from peanut skins: (1) control, (2) Yeast DQY-1, (3) Saccharomyces cerevisiae BX24, (4) Aspergillus niger M85, (5) Aspergillus oryzae 3.3951, (6) Yeast CICC 1912, (7) Aspergillus niger 3.3148, (8) Aspergillus oryzae Y29, (9) Aspergillus niger 3.3883, (10) Monascus anka 3.554, (11) Monascus anka 3.782, (12) Rhizopus arrhizus 3.130, (13) White-rot fungus F-9, (14) White-rot fungus 5.776; error bars represent standard deviation of the means (n = 3)

To increase the reusability, stability and efficiency of the immobilized cells, cellulose materials were used. Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural organic high polymers on earth. It is economic to make good use of cellulose materials to save the resource and reduce the environment pollution (Klemm et al. 2005). From Fig. 1, the microbial consortia still exhibited the biological activity of transforming polydatin to resveratrol after cellulose immobilization. Meanwhile, the structure of cellulose such as -OH played an important role in improving the adsorption capacity of target compound, which was beneficial for bioconversion and extraction. Moreover, the stress of microbial consortia immobilized on cellulose may induce the growth of microorganisms and higher enzyme activity.

Enzyme activity test

The enzyme activities of immobilized Yeast CICC 1912, Aspergillus oryzae 3.951 and Aspergillus niger 3.3148 were 0.51, 0.43 and 0.56 U/g, respectively. The total enzyme activity of microbial consortia was 1.46 U/g. The enzyme activity of microbial consortia got promoted. Additionally, the enzyme activity of microbial consortia immobilized on cellulose after bioconversion by ultrasound-assisted surfactant aqueous system (1.87 U/g) was higher than microbial consortia immobilized by sodium alginate (1.65 U/g). Leveraging the microbial consortia, consortia was created containing social interactions (Das et al. 2013). Many kinds of microbials work together to accomplish a task with cooperation to yield mutual benefit. Several microorganisms produce different kinds of enzymes, and with social interaction, these enzymes increase the efficiency of biotransformation.

Reusability of immobilized cells

In industrialization, reuse number of immobilized cells is a key factor to reduce costs, simplify downstream processes and mass production. Figure 2 indicates that the residual activity of immobilized microorganisms on cellulose was 80.2% of its initial activity after 30 runs. The residual activity of immobilized microorganisms on cellulose was higher and more sustained than that on sodium alginate. The high reusability of solidified cells using cellulose is related to the structure of cellulose. The structure of cellulose materials exhibits excellent reusability of immobilized cells (O’Connell et al. 2008). Besides, Blanco (Blanco et al. 2004) have reported that cellulose shows a unique property to self-assemble with improved thermal and solvent stability. The high affinity of cellulose binding domain to cellulose results high tolerance of desorption (Shoseyov et al. 2006). Immobilized microorganisms on cellulose would make more recycle times than that of sodium alginate. Therefore, the immobilized microorganisms on cellulose should be applied easily in food industry and industrial production, because it can be used repeatedly and sustainably.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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Effect of recycle times on the residual activity of immobilized microbial consortia on cellulose and immobilized microbial consortia on sodium alginate (Tukey test, p < 0.05)

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

The dried microbial consortia immobilized on cellulose with circular shape, rough surface, and multi-hole structural is exhibited in Fig. 3a. The micropore structure, that can increase the bioconversion rate of target compound because of the surface area, could be clearly seen in amplified image (Fig. 3b). The multi-hole structural and stable microscopic structure would improve the environment for microbial growth, increase the amounts of enzymes produced and raise the reuse time of microbial consortia immobilized.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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Scanning electron micrographs of microbial consortia immobilized on cellulose samples: a the surface morphology of immobilized microbial consortia on cellulose in 500 μm; b the surface morphology of immobilized microbial consortia on cellulose in 50 μm

Optimized ultrasound-assisted surfactant aqueous system of bioconversion and extraction procedures

Selection of the best-suited types of surfactants is essential to acquire the target compounds in surfactants assisting bioconversion and extraction. As shown in Fig. 4a, the resveratrol and total polyphenols content yield reached 64.87 μg/g and 139.34 mg/g under the condition of Triton X-114 assisted bioconversion and extraction, respectively. Triton X series surfactants showed better bioconversion and extraction efficiencies. Triton X series are nonionic surfactants, which can capture many hydroxyl groups with high electron cloud density on target compounds (Qi et al. 2019). Triton X-114 exhibited better properties than Triton X-100. But beyond that Triton X-114 is cheap and non-toxic.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

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Effect of different surfactant types and concentrations of surfactant on the yields of resveratrol and total polyphenols: a surfactant types: (1) [C4MIM]Br, (2) [C4MIM]Cl, (3) Tween-20, (4) Tween-80, (5) Triton X-100, (6) Triton X-114; b concentrations of surfactant (0.5–5% w/v)

Proper concentrations of surfactant were necessary to enhance bioconversion and extraction efficiency. The results are presented in Fig. 4b. The highest resveratrol production (67.56 μg/g) was obtained at surfactant concentration 3%. The total polyphenols content reached 145.56 mg/g. It could be seen that when the concentration of surfactant used between 0.5 and 3%, the increasing yields of resveratrol appeared to be positively correlated with the increase of surfactant concentration. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the resveratrol yields decreased when the surfactant concentration exceeded 3%. The reason may be the solution became too sticky, which is hard for mass transfer. Actually, Triton X-114 is a kind of additive which is used to keep the protein stable and increase the membrane permeability. Therefore, Triton X-114 is not only a surfactant that can improve extraction, but also a kind of enhancer to stimulate the cell to produce more enzyme. If the surfactant concentration exceeding the critical value, the membrane permeability of cell will be damaged (Hu et al. 2018; Gabalov et al. 2017). According to the experimental results, 3% Triton X-114 was used as the optimal concentration for the bioconversion and extraction.

The physiochemical environment are important factors in the bioconversion and extraction process. Temperature is another significant factor that affect the composition, viscosity and density of partition behavior in aqueous system. The growth of microbial consortia is also based on temperature. The effect of temperature on resveratrol enrichment was tested. As shown in Fig. 5a, when we initially increased the temperature, the resveratrol yield increased. When the temperature reached 30 °C, the resveratrol yield (46.25 μg/g) decreased with further increase the temperature. The total polyphenols content reached 148.12 mg/g at 30 °C. These results suggested that, under 30 °C the composition, viscosity and density of the ultrasound-assisted surfactant aqueous system was suitable for resveratrol increase. The higher or lower temperature may lead to enzymatic inhibition and cell death in growth and physiological processes of microbial consortia bioconversion.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

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Effect of temperature (20–45 °C), time (12–72 h), ultrasonic power (100–350 W) and liquid to solid (10:1–35:1 mL/g) on the yields of resveratrol and total polyphenols

Culture time was another key factor, which had effect on the growth and metabolism of microorganisms. From Fig. 5b, seven levels of culture time (12–72 h) were used for evaluation. The microbial consortia performed best at 36 h with the highest yield of resveratrol (45.88 μg/g). The total polyphenols content stood at 152.41 mg/g after 36 h of the process. It can be revealed that the bioconversion did not finish entirely when it was incubated for 24 h. The target compound reduced after 36 h due to the depletion and lack of nutrients. Moreover, the toxic by-products might be bioaccumulated. The cells hypoxia might be happened due to the longer incubation period which also affected the yield of resveratrol (Shuang et al. 2017).

Ultrasonic power was an important factor which could affect growth and metabolism of microbial consortia. The ultrasonic power was adjusted ranging from 100 to 350 W. The results are shown in Fig. 5c. The highest resveratrol production (43.78 μg/g) was detected at ultrasonic power 250 W. The total polyphenols content reached 141.22 mg/g. It was indicated that the higher content of resveratrol was determined when the ultrasonic power ranged from 100 to 250 W. The yields of resveratrol gradually declined with the ultrasonic power ranging from 250 to 350 W. The extreme initial ultrasonic power would make changes in cell osmotic pressure and lead to the enzymatic inhibition or the microbial consortia destruction. The suitable ultrasonic power could provide stronger cavitation for extracting target compounds and could also stimulate the cell to produce enzymes. From Fig. 5c ultrasonic power 250 W was best for the bioconversion and extraction.

The liquid–solid ratio was studied with the ratios of 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 and 35:1 (mL/g). The results are shown in Fig. 5d. It can be seen that when the liquid–solid ratio was below (25:1, mL/g), the yield of resveratrol gradually increased with the increase of liquid–solid ratio. The highest yield of resveratrol and the total polyphenols content were 43.78 μg/g and 141.72 mg/g, respectively. Considering the result, it could be seen that the more solvent volume, the more oxygen would assist the strains vitality. The strains would produce more enzymes for bioconversion. But after the certain ratio (25:1, mL/g), there were less increase on the yields of resveratrol. It might be the too much liquid would dilute the enzyme concentration and lead to resveratrol reduction.

To achieve the optimal conditions of the preparation of resveratrol, a statistical analysis method, CCD was selected to optimize the production of resveratrol. Three independent variables, namely reaction time (h) (X1), liquid–solid ratio (mL/g) (X2) and incubation temperature (°C) (X3) were selected as CCD factors based on the above results.

At the aim at investigating the production of resveratrol, the results of these experiments were fitted using a second order polynomial equation. Regression coefficients were calculated. The fitted equations for predicting extraction yield of resveratrol (Y1) and total polyphenols content (Y2) were as given below regardless of the significance of the coefficients.

Y1=40.30+0.13A+0.22B+0.21C+0.015AB-0.040AC-0.26BC-0.81A2-0.66B2-0.34C2.Y2=133.08+1.96A+2.60B+1.44C+0.25AB+0.50AC-2.25BC-8.64A2-6.52B2-2.45C2.

All predictive models were proved to be statistically significant with p value less than 0.05. Besides, the effects of operational parameters on the productions of resveratrol also evaluated by ANOVA.

In summary, the optimum conditions were as follows: liquid–solid ratio 25:1 mL/g, temperature 30 °C and time 36 h, the yield of resveratrol reached 88.34 μg/g.

HPLC detection

HPLC chromatograms of the extracts of the peanut skin before and after bioconversion by microbial consortia immobilized using ultrasound-assisted surfactant aqueous system is shown in Fig. 6. Before bioconversion (Fig. 6a), the peak of resveratrol was obviously presented in the chromatograph. After bioconversion (Fig. 6b), the peak of resveratrol reduced rapidly. Thus, it indicated that the microbial consortia immobilized on cellulose using ultrasound-assisted surfactant aqueous system pretreatment were beneficial to the bioconversion of resveratrol.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

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HPLC chromatograms of the peanut skin a untreated sample; b ultrasound-assisted surfactant aqueous system pretreatment using microbial consortia immobilized on cellulose

Conclusions

In summary, an enhanced and sustainable method has been developed for bioconversion and extraction of resveratrol from dry raw peanut skin using microbial consortia immobilized on cellulose with ultrasound-assisted surfactant aqueous system pretreatment. The optimal process conditions of ultrasonic-assisted surfactant pretreatment were selected. The optimal immobilized microbial consortia on cellulose were Yeast CICC1912, Aspergillus oryzae 3.951 and Aspergillus niger 3.3148. Other optimal parameters were as follows: 3% Triton X-114, liquid–solid ratio 25:1 mL/g, ultrasonic power 250 W, culture temperature 30 °C and culture time 36 h. Under these conditions, the content of resveratrol reached 96.58 μg/g, which was 4.02-fold to that of untreated sample. The proposed pretreatment method using microbial consortia immobilized on cellulose with ultrasound-assisted surfactant aqueous system was efficient, fast, green and cheap for the extraction and bioconversion of target compounds from plant materials. Therefore, the process presented in this report could be a promising and effective method for producing resveratrol from the peanut skin. Thus, as an efficient method, it could be widely used in producing targeting compound from plant waste residue in large-scale application.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supported by Special Fund of Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang province (H2018053), University Nursing Program for Young Scholars with Creative Talents in Helongjiang Province (UNPYSCT-2017214), Excellent young teacher support program from Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, China Postdoctoral Science special Foundation (2018T110321), Postdoctoral fund of China (2016M591567), Postdoctoral fund of Heilongjiang province (LBH-Z15206), Special Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China (31270618).

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

There are no conflicts of interest to declare.

Contributor Information

Shuang Jin, Email: jinshuangzy@126.com.

Bingyou Yang, Email: 40547411@qq.com.

Haixue Kuang, Email: hxkhljzyy@126.com.

Bo Yang, Email: 1524629638@qq.com.

Yujie Fu, Email: yujiefu67@126.com.

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