Figure 1.

Fecal shedding over time following peroral Campylobacter coli infection of Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR4)-deficient interleukin-10-deficient (IL10^-/-) mice with a human gut microbiota. Secondary abiotic IL10^-/- mice (open circles; n = 18) and TLR4-deficient IL10^-/- mice (TLR4^-/- IL10^-/-; closed circles; n = 11) were perorally transplanted with a gut microbiota derived from human fecal donors on day (d) -7, d-6 and d-5. On d0 and d1, human microbiota-associated mice were perorally infected with a C. coli patient isolate by gavage, and the pathogen loads were quantitatively enumerated in fecal samples derived over time post-infection by culture (in colony forming units per g; CFU/g). Medians (black bars) and levels of significance (p-values) calculated by the Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn’s post-correction are indicated. Data were pooled from three independent experiments.