Table 1.
Mean usual intake (g/day) and intake density (g/2500 kcal/day) of food groups by subgroup-season and province.
| Food Group | Urban Male Summer | Urban Male Winter | Urban Female Summer | Urban Female Winter | Rural Male Summer | Rural Male Winter | Rural Female Summer | Rural Female Winter | Ulaanbaatar | Tuv | Buglan | Khuvsgul | Khovd | Omnogobi | Sukhbaatar | Dornod | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 269 DR | 230 DR | 278 DR | 246 DR | 216 DR | 200 DR | 206 DR | 193 DR | 219 DR | 227 DR | 239 DR | 231 DR | 228 DR | 241 DR | 227 DR | 226 DR | ||
| Mean Usual Intake (g/day) | Fruit | 15.5 | 16.1 | 61.5 | 69.0 | 9.3 | 7.5 | 13.5 | 12.5 | 21.4 | 13.1 | 32.8 | 13.0 | 31.3 | 30.8 | 13.8 | 29.8 |
| Citrus fruits | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 | |
| Deep orange fruits | 3.4 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 5.3 | |
| Other fruits | 12.1 | 14.7 | 57.6 | 67.5 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 13.5 | 12.1 | 19.6 | 10.3 | 31.2 | 11.9 | 31.1 | 30.4 | 12.0 | 24.6 | |
| Non-Tuberous Vegetables | 64.1 | 61.6 | 61.2 | 46.3 | 50.1 | 41.6 | 26.2 | 28.6 | 64.3 | 55.2 | 42.4 | 46.6 | 35.8 | 49.5 | 41.0 | 54.6 | |
| Cruciferous vegetables | 14.4 | 10.8 | 13.0 | 11.4 | 13.0 | 7.2 | 3.1 | 5.8 | 15.0 | 9.1 | 12.7 | 7.8 | 8.1 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 9.2 | |
| Dark green leafy vegetables | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.6 | |
| Deep orange vegetables | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| Legumes | 0.4 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.0 | |
| Other vegetables | 48.8 | 48.5 | 47.3 | 34.2 | 36.8 | 34.5 | 22.8 | 22.8 | 48.7 | 45.5 | 29.6 | 38.3 | 27.2 | 39.1 | 29.6 | 44.7 | |
| Dairy | 153.4 | 115.8 | 163.6 | 127.2 | 656.5 | 256.7 | 373.9 | 181.9 | 129.0 | 533.4 | 199.4 | 255.9 | 214.6 | 219.1 | 246.3 | 260.6 | |
| Milk (incl. airag) | 103.3 | 78.5 | 93.6 | 80.4 | 578.7 | 231.3 | 288.8 | 157.6 | 75.4 | 487.7 | 162.7 | 182.2 | 149.1 | 165.9 | 199.3 | 203.6 | |
| Dairy products | 50.2 | 37.3 | 70.0 | 46.7 | 77.8 | 25.3 | 85.1 | 24.3 | 53.6 | 45.7 | 36.7 | 73.7 | 65.5 | 53.2 | 47.0 | 57.0 | |
| Eggs | 13.1 | 10.3 | 12.0 | 8.4 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 17.3 | 4.4 | 9.9 | 5.2 | 2.4 | 8.0 | 3.5 | 6.3 | |
| Juice and SSBs | 177.8 | 138.7 | 65.3 | 54.8 | 41.4 | 17.7 | 39.2 | 12.4 | 130.2 | 89.1 | 43.6 | 104.4 | 75.4 | 92.0 | 48.7 | 50.2 | |
| Juice | 57.2 | 47.2 | 36.8 | 39.8 | 18.1 | 10.7 | 17.7 | 5.0 | 36.2 | 32.6 | 15.0 | 55.5 | 43.1 | 17.9 | 25.8 | 27.0 | |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 120.6 | 91.5 | 28.5 | 14.9 | 23.3 | 7.1 | 21.5 | 7.3 | 94.0 | 56.5 | 28.7 | 48.9 | 32.3 | 74.1 | 22.9 | 23.1 | |
| Liquid Oils | 8.0 | 5.0 | 7.2 | 4.0 | 4.8 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 6.4 | 4.7 | 3.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.8 | |
| Nuts and Seeds | 1.2 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 0.5 | |
| Sweets | 13.3 | 12.3 | 27.8 | 34.2 | 10.5 | 12.8 | 15.3 | 16.5 | 21.4 | 15.5 | 16.2 | 17.6 | 18.9 | 25.9 | 19.8 | 17.2 | |
| Red and Processed Meat | 354.8 | 424.7 | 244.3 | 240.0 | 302.3 | 450.1 | 205.6 | 295.1 | 343.4 | 322.5 | 296.9 | 317.0 | 341.6 | 299.0 | 302.8 | 291.3 | |
| Processed meat | 15.6 | 14.0 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 4.9 | 6.1 | 0.9 | 23.1 | 6.3 | 2.3 | 9.3 | 4.6 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 7.3 | |
| Red meat | 339.3 | 410.7 | 239.6 | 236.1 | 299.8 | 445.2 | 199.5 | 294.2 | 320.2 | 316.2 | 294.6 | 307.8 | 337.0 | 296.4 | 300.1 | 284.0 | |
| Lean Meat | 5.6 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 13.3 | 1.3 | 6.3 | 4.4 | 6.8 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 15.9 | 4.5 | 1.2 | |
| Fish | 1.7 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 12.8 | 1.3 | 6.3 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 15.3 | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| Poultry | 3.9 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 3.7 | 0.4 | |
| Grains | 457.9 | 474.1 | 399.9 | 333.5 | 413.5 | 532.8 | 322.1 | 368.7 | 432.3 | 397.2 | 396.5 | 442.2 | 466.9 | 369.0 | 380.6 | 397.1 | |
| Refined grains | 452.7 | 465.4 | 392.9 | 322.0 | 409.6 | 531.7 | 314.6 | 365.8 | 428.8 | 392.7 | 394.9 | 438.1 | 461.3 | 364.1 | 360.9 | 394.9 | |
| Whole grains | 5.2 | 8.7 | 7.0 | 11.5 | 3.9 | 1.2 | 7.4 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 1.6 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 19.8 | 2.2 | |
| Deep Orange Roots and Tubers | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| White Roots and Tubers | 77.6 | 75.2 | 49.0 | 56.9 | 60.3 | 52.4 | 41.2 | 36.0 | 82.6 | 61.2 | 53.7 | 50.9 | 49.7 | 53.4 | 49.1 | 59.0 | |
| Habitual Usual Density (g/2500 kcal/day) | Fruit | 17.4 | 14.1 | 60.6 | 53.1 | 9.4 | 7.7 | 13.8 | 12.9 | 22.7 | 12.1 | 45.4 | 14.9 | 28.4 | 31.5 | 15.7 | 33.2 |
| Citrus fruits | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | |
| Deep orange fruits | 3.0 | 0.3 | 4.6 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 5.8 | |
| Other fruits | 14.4 | 12.8 | 56.0 | 51.6 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 13.8 | 12.4 | 21.0 | 9.7 | 43.7 | 13.9 | 28.3 | 30.9 | 13.6 | 27.4 | |
| Non-tuberous vegetables | 60.6 | 56.2 | 75.0 | 61.8 | 43.3 | 32.9 | 35.6 | 32.4 | 63.5 | 56.3 | 44.3 | 46.4 | 32.9 | 58.8 | 43.6 | 61.2 | |
| Cruciferous vegetables | 14.1 | 10.1 | 12.9 | 13.8 | 9.1 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 15.4 | 8.6 | 13.5 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 10.5 | 9.9 | 9.8 | |
| Dark green leafy vegetables | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.7 | |
| Deep orange vegetables | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| Legumes | 0.3 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 0.0 | |
| Other vegetables | 45.7 | 43.8 | 61.0 | 47.0 | 33.9 | 26.3 | 28.4 | 26.0 | 47.5 | 47.1 | 30.6 | 38.0 | 24.5 | 47.5 | 31.4 | 50.7 | |
| Dairy | 175.1 | 100.5 | 205.9 | 156.8 | 606.6 | 210.7 | 461.2 | 213.6 | 138.5 | 497.5 | 219.5 | 231.5 | 202.7 | 243.9 | 245.7 | 290.1 | |
| Milk (incl. airag) | 130.2 | 79.8 | 126.4 | 101.9 | 533.8 | 191.2 | 355.3 | 187.5 | 76.9 | 453.0 | 175.8 | 157.8 | 144.0 | 186.8 | 205.9 | 226.3 | |
| Dairy products | 44.9 | 20.7 | 79.5 | 54.9 | 72.8 | 19.4 | 105.9 | 26.0 | 61.6 | 44.5 | 43.7 | 73.7 | 58.7 | 57.1 | 39.8 | 63.8 | |
| Eggs | 12.4 | 10.4 | 13.8 | 12.8 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 15.0 | 4.3 | 12.5 | 5.1 | 3.3 | 9.0 | 4.8 | 7.4 | |
| Juice and SSBs | 188.1 | 114.4 | 84.9 | 68.3 | 35.1 | 12.2 | 41.0 | 13.8 | 121.1 | 78.5 | 51.4 | 106.5 | 59.1 | 94.0 | 57.8 | 53.9 | |
| Juice | 42.7 | 48.9 | 53.6 | 49.7 | 11.8 | 7.1 | 13.6 | 5.7 | 39.5 | 29.6 | 18.8 | 58.4 | 39.7 | 19.3 | 32.0 | 26.2 | |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 145.4 | 65.6 | 31.3 | 18.6 | 23.3 | 5.2 | 27.4 | 8.1 | 81.6 | 48.9 | 32.6 | 48.2 | 19.4 | 74.8 | 25.9 | 27.7 | |
| Liquid Oils | 6.0 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 6.2 | 4.3 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 5.0 | |
| Nuts and Seeds | 0.7 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 0.6 | |
| Sweets | 15.8 | 13.8 | 31.5 | 32.3 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 20.5 | 19.7 | 22.5 | 16.1 | 19.7 | 17.8 | 16.9 | 24.3 | 20.1 | 18.9 | |
| Red and Processed Meat | 324.4 | 376.1 | 260.4 | 303.0 | 286.3 | 359.7 | 250.2 | 342.3 | 310.7 | 296.4 | 321.0 | 297.4 | 295.2 | 317.6 | 315.7 | 295.2 | |
| Processed meat | 12.7 | 12.7 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 8.6 | 1.0 | 18.9 | 6.0 | 2.4 | 8.7 | 4.1 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 8.5 | |
| Red meat | 311.7 | 363.4 | 255.2 | 297.1 | 283.5 | 356.9 | 241.5 | 341.3 | 291.8 | 290.4 | 318.6 | 288.6 | 291.1 | 314.2 | 312.3 | 286.7 | |
| Lean Meat | 3.7 | 6.0 | 5.2 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 9.8 | 1.6 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 6.4 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 14.7 | 4.7 | 1.4 | |
| Fish | 1.7 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 9.4 | 1.6 | 5.9 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 14.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 | |
| Poultry | 2.1 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 3.7 | 0.5 | |
| Grains | 400.3 | 421.2 | 425.0 | 407.4 | 372.1 | 407.3 | 381.0 | 419.7 | 412.0 | 376.0 | 404.9 | 448.3 | 410.2 | 379.5 | 400.7 | 408.5 | |
| Refined grains | 395.2 | 417.5 | 415.8 | 398.1 | 368.0 | 406.2 | 373.7 | 415.8 | 408.8 | 371.9 | 402.7 | 444.4 | 405.5 | 375.3 | 380.1 | 406.4 | |
| Whole grains | 5.1 | 3.7 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 4.1 | 1.1 | 7.3 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 2.3 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 4.2 | 20.6 | 2.0 | |
| Deep Orange Roots and Tubers | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| White Roots and Tubers | 74.0 | 67.4 | 55.8 | 70.7 | 55.1 | 43.3 | 50.2 | 40.6 | 78.2 | 56.2 | 58.2 | 49.6 | 46.7 | 56.7 | 52.7 | 61.7 |
The total number of diet records (DR) available for analysis are listed below each column heading. Depending on data availability, usual intakes within subgroup-seasons are either estimated using habitual or episodic intake models analyzing up to 3 days per person per season, or calculated by first computing each person’s average daily intake in each season and then averaging these within-person seasonal means across persons in each subgroup-season (intake densities are only calculated using this sequential averaging procedure). Usual intakes and intake densities within provinces are calculated by first averaging each person’s summer and winter daily means and then averaging these within-person annual means across persons in each province. To aid interpretation, intake densities are expressed on a per 2500 kcal/day basis, which is approximately equal to the mean daily energy intake in the study population. Intake models are estimated using SPADE [31]. Statistics are weighted by weekday of each record day. Airag: fermented mares’ milk, SSBs: sugar-sweetened beverages.