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Bar plot showing the distribution of acrylamide (µg/kg) and hydroxymethylfurfural (mg/kg) content across different NOVA groups. Different letters indicate significant differences between NOVA groups (ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test, p < 0.05). NOVA-1 (unprocessed or minimally processed foods, n = 6), NOVA-3 (processed foods, n = 16), NOVA-4 (ultra-processed foods, n = 31).
