Propionibacterium acnes induces cartilaginous endplate degeneration by promoting MIF expression via the NF-κB pathway

Abstract

Background

Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is a novel pathogenic factor that contributes to cartilaginous endplate (CEP) degeneration. However, the underlying mechanism of P. acnes-induced CEP degeneration remains unclear. The objective of this study is to investigate the underlying mechanism of P. acnes-induced CEP degeneration.

Methods

We first examined MIF expression in degenerated human CEP samples by immunohistochemistry. We developed a P. acnes-induced rat model and detected MIF expression using immunohistochemistry. Additionally, we investigated the mechanism of P. acnes-induced CEP degeneration in CEP cells using western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

Results

We found that compared with the normal human CEP, the expression of MIF was increased in the degenerated human CEP. In a rat model, P. acnes induced CEP degeneration and upregulated MIF expression significantly. More importantly, we revealed the underlying mechanism of P. acnes-induced CEP degeneration in the rat CEP cells. Firstly, P. acnes induced the expression of MIF in a concentration-dependent manner. Then, MIF upregulated the expression of MMP-13 and promoted the secretion of IL-6 and IL-1β. Finally, P. acnes may promote MIF expression via NF-κB pathway rather than ERK1/2 pathway.

Conclusion

P. acnes-induced MIF expression via NF-κB pathway may be the underlying mechanism of CEP degeneration.

Background

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) refers to the structural disruption and composition change of the intervertebral disc that can induce many common discogenic diseases, including spinal instability, disc herniation, and lower back pain [1]. These diseases not only affect people’s life and work but also significantly increase the medical burden [2, 3]. However, the etiologies of IVDD are complex, and its pathogenesis is not fully understood.

The etiologies of IVDD mainly include excessive mechanical loading, nutritional disorders and trauma factors [1]. However, since Stirling isolated Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) from patients with IVDD, an increasing number of more studies has focused on the effect of bacterial infection on IVDD [4]. Some studies have shown that the prevalence of P. acnes ranges from 13 to 44% in patients with IVDD [5]. To further verify that P. acnes is the cause of IVDD, our previous study found that the inoculation of P. acnes induced significant IVDD in rabbit models [6]. Therefore, P. acnes may be important in the pathogenesis of IVDD, and the underlying mechanism of P. acnes-induced IVDD is worth further study.

The cartilaginous endplate (CEP) is a layer of hyaline interface between the disc and vertebral bodies [7]. In a normal disc, the nutrition of the nucleus pulposus and inner layers of the annulus fibrosus depends mainly on the diffusion of nutrients through the CEP [8]. Modic changes are imaging manifestations of CEP degeneration and may be associated with degenerative disc disease and low back pain [9]. Moreover, the biological characteristics of early CEP degeneration are extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) [10]. Changes in type II collagen (Col II) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) are two of the most representative features of CEP degeneration [11]. Therefore, CEP degeneration is considered the initiating factor of IVDD, and inhibition of early CEP degeneration is very important to delay IVDD.

Macrophage inhibition factor (MIF) is associated with the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases [12]. A recent study demonstrated that MIF is expressed in degenerated human CEP and induced CEP degeneration by activating its receptor [13]. Additionally, MIF could contribute to the upregulated mRNA expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3, which are thought to be responsible for ECM degradation in rheumatoid arthritis [14]. However, few studies have focused on the initiating events that may contribute to MIF secretion. P. acnes is considered a novel etiology of IVDD and stimulates many cell types to produce inflammatory factors [4]. Therefore, whether P. acnes could induce IVDD by promoting MIF expression is worth further study.

In this study, we first sought to determine whether P. acnes is responsible for CEP degeneration by promoting MIF expression in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, whether activation of the NF-κB pathway is critical for MIF expression induced by P. acnes is worth further study. Based on our information, this study is the first to explore the relationship between P. acnes infection and MIF. Our findings will provide new insights to prevent and treat IVDD.

Materials and methods

Human CEPs

Fifteen patients participated in this study from September 2018 to March 2019. The control group (N = 5; male/female = 3/2; age = 23.80 ± 3.83 years) was obtained from lumbar vertebral burst fracture patients who showed no degenerative change on MRI (Pfirrmann grade I or II). The degenerated group (N = 10; male/female = 6/4; age = 61 ± 7.13 years) was obtained from patients with low back pain who had Modic changes on MRI (Pfirrmann grade III or IV). All tissues were dissected and fixed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde for 48 h at 4 °C and then were submerged in 10% EDTA for 1 month for decalcification. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital. All subjects provided written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Inoculation of P. acnes into lumbar IVDs of rats

Ten 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Before surgery, intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium was performed to anesthetize the rats. The discs (L3/4 to L4/5) were then punctured with a 28-gauge needle. The rats (N = 5 per group) were injected with 5 μl of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or 5 μl of P. acnes (ATCC 6919 provided by Guangzhou Type Culture Collection at 1.6 × 107 CFU/ml, Guangdong, China). The rats were scanned by MRI at 2 weeks, 1 month, 1.5 months, and 2 months to observe changes in the disc endplate. After 2 months, the CEP tissues were harvested and fixed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde for 48 h at 4 °C. All animals were supplied by the Animal Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Zhejiang, China) and in accordance with the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China Animal Care guidelines. The animal experiments were conducted with approval from the Ethical Review Board of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital.

Cocultures of CEPs and P. acnes

CEP tissues were obtained and cultured from 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. All animals were approved by the Ethical Review Board of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital. CEP tissues were isolated by carefully dissecting the annulus fibrous tissues, bone fragments and nucleus pulposus [15]. CEP cells were obtained according to our previous experimental procedures [16]. Briefly, the CEP tissues excised from rat IVDs were rinsed in PBS and were then cut into pieces as quickly as possible to avoid any deterioration. CEP cells were isolated by sequential digestion with type II collagenase (0.2 mg/ml) for 2 h at 37 °C incubator. The supernatant was harvested and centrifuged at 800 rpm for 5 min. The cellular pellet was resuspended in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, GNM12800) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, America) and was cultured in a 37 °C, 5%CO₂ incubator. Electron microscope revealed that the cells were polygonal, the nuclei were round or oval, the nuclear membrane was obvious, and there were many unbounded membrane vacuoles under the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm. CEP cells within three generations were used to perform the experiments.

For coculture, the monoclonal standard P. acnes was cultured in broth for 14 days, and then the supernatant was obtained by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 min, filtered with a 0.22-μm filter and stored at 4 °C. The P. acnes supernatant or recombinant rat MIF (rMIF) (orb168826, Biorbyt, UK) was added to the cell culture (5 × 105 cells/well) in a 6-well culture plate. After 24 or 48 h, the cocultured cells were used for subsequent experiments.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

The human and rat CEP tissues were cut into 4-μm-thick sections for Safranin O-fast green, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and IHC staining as previously described [17]. Sections were stained with H&E for cell density and morphology and with safranin O fast green for proteoglycans and matrix degeneration. The immunoreactivities of MIF, MMP13, and Col II were analyzed using an SP Rabbit & Mouse HRP Κit (CW2069, CWBIO, China). Rabbit anti-MIF (ab34712, Abcam), MMP-13 (A11755, ABclonal), and Col II (ab34712, Abcam) polyclonal immunoglobulin G antibodies were used at a dilution of 1:200. The sections were imaged using a Nikon ECLIPSE 80i microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Three pathologists, who were blinded to the group, were responsible for counting the numbers of CEP cells under high-power fields (magnification × 200) for three sections in each specimen (N = 3 samples/group). The integrated optical density (IOD) was analyzed by Image Pro Plus 6.0.

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)

CEP cells were cocultured with P. acnes supernatant (2.5% or 5%) for 24 h. CEP cells were cultured with unstimulated or 5% P. acnes supernatant alone or 5% P. acnes supernatant and 20 μM 4-IPP (MIF inhibitor) for 24 h. They were lysed in TRIzol (Invitrogen Inc, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and total RNA was extracted using an Ultrapure RNA Κit (CW0581, CWBIO, China). Complementary DNA was synthesized using PrimeScript RT MasterMix (Takara Bio, Otsu, Japan). The qPCR was completed using the SYBR Green qPCR MasterMix (Takara Bio, Otsu, Japan). The primer sequences are shown in Table 1. Amplification was performed at 95 °C for 10 min (preincubation), 95 °C for 15 s and 60 °C for 60 s for 40 cycles (amplification), 95 °C for 15 s and 60 °C for 60 s (melting curves) and 40 °C for 5 min (cooling). Whole RT-qPCR reactions were performed in duplicate, and the amplification signals from target genes were normalized by β-actin in the same reaction. The relative mRNA levels were calculated as x = 2^−∆∆Ct, in which ∆∆Ct = ∆Ct E−∆Ct C, ∆Ct E = Ct exp-Ctβ-actin, and ∆Ct C = Ct C−Ct β-actin.

Table 1.

Sequences of primers

Rat gene		Primer sequences (5′-3′)
MIF	Forward	CTTGGGTCACACCGCACTTA
	Reverse	GAGAGAAACCCCTCTGGCAC
MMP-13	Forward	CCTGGAGCCCTGATGTTTC
	Reverse	TGGGTCACACTTCTCTGGTG
Col-II	Forward	AAGGGACACCGAGGTTTCACTGG
	Reverse	GGGCCTGTTTCTCCTGAGCGT
β-actin	Forward	TATCCTGGCCTCACTGTCCA
	Reverse	AAGGGTGTAAAACGCAGCTC

Western blotting

CEP cells were cocultured with P. acnes supernatant or rMIF for 48 h. CEP cells were cultured with unstimulated or 5% P. acnes supernatant alone or 5% P. acnes supernatant and 20 μM 4-IPP (MIF inhibitor) for 24 hours. They were extracted using RIPA lysis buffer (Solarbio, Beijing, China) containing a protease-inhibitor cocktail. The supernatants were collected after centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 15 min. Proteins were separated on 10% SDS-PAGE gels and were transferred by electroblotting to PVDF membranes (Hercules, CA). The membranes were blocked (1 h) in 5% (w/v) nonfat dry milk in Tris-buffered saline containing Tween (TBST). The membranes were incubated (4 °C, overnight) with primary antibodies for MIF, MMP-13, Col II, IL-6, IL-1β, β-actin, P65, p-P65, ERΚ1/2, and p-ERΚ1/2 (1:1000 dilution, Abcam) and then were incubated with the secondary antibody horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (1:5000 dilution; Abcam). Immunoreactive bands were detected using an electrochemical luminescence reagent (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and were visualized using Image Lab software (Bio-Red, Hercules, CA, USA).

Statistical analysis

The data were collected from three independent experiments, analyzed using SPSS version 19.0 (SPSS, Chicago, USA) and expressed as means ±S.D. Two-sided Student’s t test was used to analyze differences between two groups. p < 0.05 was considered significantly different.

Results

Changes in degenerated human CEPs

In human CEP, H&E staining showed that cells were round and small in the normal control group, while the degenerated group showed fewer and disorderly cells (Fig. 1a). Furthermore, the expression levels of MIF (Fig. 1b) and MMP-13 (Fig. 1c) were increased in the degenerated group, while the expression of Col II (Fig. 1d) was higher in the normal control group. These results prove that MIF is sharply increased in human degenerated CEP, indicating that increased MIF expression might accelerate human CEP degeneration.

Fig. 1.

Changes in degenerated human CEPs. a Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is shown in the normal control and degenerated groups. Immunohistochemistry of b MIF, c MMP-13, and d Col II are shown in the normal control and degenerated groups. The left side is the control group and the right side is the experimental group. The upper panels were amplified at × 40, while the lower panels were amplified at × 200. The black arrow represents immunopositive cells. The quantified results are shown on the right. CEP = cartilaginous endplate. MIF = macrophage migration inhibitory factor. MMP-13 = matrix metalloproteinase-13. Col II = type II collagen. Scale bar: 20 μm. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

Changes in P. acnes-inoculated rat CEPs

To elucidate the correlation between MIF and CEP degeneration by P. acnes infection, the bacteria were inoculated into the lumbar intervertebral discs of rats. After 2 months, H&E staining and Safranin O fast green staining showed that the P. acnes-inoculated segment showed endplate rupture, disappearance of the nucleus pulposus, and disorganization of the annulus fibrosus (Fig. 2a). IHC analysis showed that the expression levels of MIF (Fig. 2b) and MMP-13 (Fig. 2c) were increased significantly in P. acnes-inoculated CEP degeneration compared with those in the control groups, whereas the expression of Col II (Fig. 2d) was decreased significantly. Together, the results showed that P. acnes can induce CEP degeneration by promoting MIF expression in vivo.

Fig. 2.

Changes in P. acnes-inoculated rat CEPs. a H&E staining and Safranin O fast green staining of the segment of P. acnes-inoculated intervertebral discs demonstrated the disappearance of the nucleus pulposus, endplate fracture (black arrow), and a disorganized annulus fibrosus. Immunohistochemistry of b MIF, c MMP-13, and d Col II showed that P. acnes induced CEP degeneration. The left side is the control group and the right side is the experimental group. The upper panels were amplified at × 40, while the lower panels were amplified at × 200. The black arrow represents immunopositive cells. Scale bar: 20 μm. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

P. acnes-induced MIF production in CEP cells

To further demonstrate the relationship between P. acnes and MIF in vitro, we stimulated CEP cells with P. acnes supernatant (2.5% and 5%) for 24 or 48 h. First, protein analysis showed that the expression levels of MIF and MMP-13 were increased in high concentration of P. acnes supernatant group, while the expression of Col II was higher in the control group (Fig. 3a–d). It is worth noting that MIF gene expression (Fig. 3g) hardly changed in three groups, likely due to P. acnes regulating MIF at the translation stage. The gene expression levels of MMP-13 and Col II were consistent with changes in the protein levels (Fig. 3e, f).

Fig. 3.

P. acnes-induced MIF Production in CEP cells. a–d Western blot analysis of MIF, MMP-13, and Col II expression in CEP cells infected with P. acnes supernatant for 48 h in a concentration-dependent manner. e–f RT-qPCR analysis of MIF, MMP-13, and Col II mRNA expression infected with P. acnes supernatant for 24 h. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. p values were analyzed by two-sided Student’s t test. The data are expressed as means ± SD

Next, to further investigate the relationship between MIF and CEP degeneration, rMIF (10 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml) was used to stimulated CEP cells for 48 h (Fig. 4a). The results showed that MIF can promote the release of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-1β (Fig. 4b, c). Moreover, MIF can induce CEP degeneration by regulating anabolic molecules (Col II) and catabolic molecules (MMP-13) in high concentration. (Fig. 4d, e).

Fig. 4.

Recombinant Rat MIF (rMIF)-Induced Inflammatory Factor Production in CEP cells. a–e Western blot analysis of IL-6, IL-1β, MMP-13, and Col II expression in CEP cells infected with rMIF for 48 h in a concentration-dependent manner. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. p values were analyzed by two-sided Student’s t test. The data are expressed as means ± SD

Taken together, the findings show that P. acnes can induce CEP degeneration by activating MIF in vitro. In addition, MIF can accelerate CEP degeneration directly by itself and indirectly by releasing inflammatory factors.

More importantly, CEP cells were cultured with unstimulated or 5% P. acnes supernatant alone or 5% P. acnes supernatant and 20 μM 4-IPP (MIF inhibitor) for 24 h (Fig. 5). The results showed that blockade of MIF prevented upregulation of MMP-13 and downregulation of Col II at the protein (Fig. 5b, c) and gene levels (Fig. 5d, e). Therefore, MIF may be a novel target to prevent and treat CEP degeneration.

Fig. 5.

The effect of 4-IPP (MIF inhibitor) in P. acnes-induced CEP degeneration.

a–c Western blot analysis of MMP-13 and Col II infected with 5% P. acnes supernatant alone or 5% P. acnes supernatant and 20 μM 4-IPP for 24 h. d–e RT-qPCR analysis of MMP-13 and Col II mRNA expression infected with 5% P. acnes supernatant alone or 5% P. acnes supernatant and 20 μM 4-IPP for 24 h. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. p values were analyzed by two-sided Student’s t test. The data are expressed as means ± SD

P. acnes-induced MIF production via the NF-κB pathway

We further explored the upstream signaling pathways of MIF expression by P. acnes infection. Previous reports have demonstrated that the NF-κB signaling pathway regulates P. acnes-induced IVDD by mediating iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE2 expression (Lin et al. 2018). We speculated that inhibition of the NF-κB pathway could be essential to reduce the expression of MIF to prevent CEP degeneration. Additionally, ERΚ1/2 signaling was associated with the pathological mechanism of IVDD and the expression of MIF was closely related to the ERΚ1/2 pathway (Mitchell et al. 1999). However, whether activation of both pathways is critical for MIF expression induced by P. acnes is less clear. The results showed that P. acnes can activate both the NF-κB and ERΚ1/2 pathways (Fig. 6a–c), which are inhibited by FR180204 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) (Fig. 6d, e) and BAY7082 (NF-κB inhibitor) (Fig. 6f, g). However, only NF-κB pathway inhibition can decrease the expression of MIF (Fig. 6j, k); ERK1/2 pathway inhibition does not participate in this process (Fig. 6h, i). Thus, the NF-κB pathway may be involved in P. acne-induced MIF expression in CEP cells.

Fig. 6.

P. acnes-induced MIF production via the NF-κB pathway. aP. acnes supernatant could activate both the NF-κB and ERΚ1/2 pathways in a time-dependent manner. b, c The ERK1/2 pathway is inhibited by FR180204, and the NF-κB pathway is inhibited by BAY-7082. d, e Western blot analysis of MIF expression infected with P. acnes supernatant for 48 h, pretreated with or without FR-180204 (20 μM). f, g Western blot analysis of MIF expression infected with P. acnes supernatant for 24 h, pretreated with or without BAY-7082 in a concentration-dependent manner. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. p values were analyzed by two-sided Student’s t test. The data are expressed as means ± SD

Discussion

P. acnes is considered a new etiology of IVDD, and the relationship between them has gradually become a hot spot for research⁴. However, the underlying mechanism of P. acnes-induced IVDD remains elusive. In this study, we found that P. acnes induced IVDD by promoting MIF expression in human and rat CEPs. More importantly, MIF is involved in the pathogenesis of P. acnes-induced IVDD by regulating disc metabolism and promoting the secretion of inflammatory factors in CEP cells. Additionally, the signaling pathway involved in the expression of MIF by P. acnes infection was proved to be the NF-κB pathway, not the ERK1/2 pathway. These results will provide new insights to prevent and treat IVDD.

MIF is regarded as a multipotent cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of IVDD [18]. MIF is able to inhibit the synthesis of aggrecan and Col II in CEP chondrocytes, which then leads to the destruction of ECM in IVDs [19]. In addition, MIF promotes the secretion of inflammatory factors, such as IL-6, IL-8, and PGE2, in chondrocytes from human-degenerated CEPs [13]. However, few studies have focused on the initiating events that may contribute to MIF secretion in IVDD. We found that P. acnes induced IVDD the overexpression of MIF in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, MIF inhibition prevents upregulation of MMP-13 and downregulation of Col II in vitro. Based on our information, we first revealed the relationship between P. acnes and MIF. Since precious report has demonstrated that P. acnes induced IVDD by promoting nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis [5]. In the following study, we may detect whether the inhibition of MIF has an effect on the survival of CEP cells.

MMP-13 and Col II are regarded as the core of the ECM and are both involved in the anabolism and catabolism of intervertebral discs. In this study, we found that P. acnes increased the synthesis of MMP-13 and degradation of Col II in vivo and in vitro. In addition, inflammatory cytokines have been reported to exert negative regulation on the synthesis of the ECM [17, 20]. MIF was crucial for Col II degradation by inducing MMP-1 and MMP-9 secretion [21]. To further investigate the direct effect of MIF in IVDD, the different concentrations of rMIF were used to stimulate the rat CEP cells. We found the expression of Col II was significantly reduced in exogenous MIF group. Meanwhile, we investigated that MIF promoted the secretion of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6 and IL-1β. There are two assumptions of IVDD induced by MIF: The direct effect and the indirect effect by MIF, such as the increase of IL-6 and IL-1β, on the ECM expression in CEP degeneration. However, there were no attempts to functionally validate MIF in a rat model. Further investigation about this issue should be conducted in the future.

Activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway is vital for the balance between cartilage degradation and synthesis [22]. MIF appears to regulate cellular function via downstream signaling pathways, such as NF-κB [23]. Two NF-κB binding sites have been reported to be present in the MIF proximal promoter region by promoter analysis [24]. In our previous study, we found that the reduction of MIF expression after lycorine treatment is likely due to the suppression the NF-κB signaling pathway [15]. However, whether activation of the NF-κB pathway is critical for MIF expression induced by P. acnes is less clear. We found that P. acnes could activate the NF-κB signaling pathway, and NF-κB pathway inhibition (BAY7082) significantly reduced the expression of MIF in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ERK1/2 signaling participated in the pathological mechanism of IVDD [25]. Inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling pathway could decrease the secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by MIF [19]. Interestingly, MIF expression was not reduced significantly with the increase of ERK1/2 inhibition. These results show that the signaling pathway involved in the expression of MIF by P. acnes infection was proved to be the NF-κB pathway, not the ERK1/2 pathway.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated that P. acnes induces CEP degeneration by promoting MIF production, and the NF-κB signaling pathway may participate in this process. The novel mechanism reported for the first time reveals the relationship between P. acnes and MIF. More importantly, MIF could become a new target to prevent and treat intervertebral disc degeneration, which will receive extensive attention and research in the future.

Abbreviations

IVDD

Intervertebral disc degeneration

P. acnes

Propionibacterium acnes

MIF

Macrophage inhibition factor

CEP

Cartilaginous endplate

ECM

Extracellular matrix

MMPs

Matrix metalloproteinases

Authors’ contributions

YZ and YYY contributed to the conception and design of the study; YZ and YTW performed the experiments and collected the data; YZ and YTL performed the rat experiments; YTW and BBL performed the statistical analysis; HYZ completed data interpretation; YZ wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to reading and revising the manuscript and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This work was supported by the medical and health science and technology project of Zhejiang (Grant No. 2019RC044).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital. All subjects provided written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The animal experiments were conducted with approval from the Ethical Review Board of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital.

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.