Abstract
Background
The present research aimed to explore the risk factors for adverse cardiovascular events in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) combined with NAFLD.
Material/Methods
We included 325 AMI patients hospitalized in the Department of Cardiology. AMI patients underwent emergency thrombolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). AMI patients were classified into NAFLD group and non-NAFLD group. General clinical data, creatinine and myocardial enzyme, GRACE scores of AMI patients were evaluated and compared between two groups. Incidence of adverse cardiovascular events, including ECG instability, hemodynamic instability and death were evaluated.
Results
Compared to patients in the non-NAFLD group, patients in the NAFLD group had remarkably lower proportions of diabetic patients (p=0.001), coronary heart disease (CHD) patients (p=0.027), and CABG/PCI patients (p<0.001), and had significantly higher EF values (p=0.042). Meanwhile, the proportion of adverse cardiovascular events (ECG instability (p<0.001), hemodynamic instability (p=0.033), and deaths (p=0.016)) in patients in the NAFLD group was significantly higher compared to patients in the non-NAFLD group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that GRACE score >140 (OR: 3.005, 95% CI: 1.504–6.032), EF <35% (OR: 2.649, 95% CI: 1.364–4.346), diabetes (OR: 1.308, 95% CI: 1.072–1.589), and NAFLD (OR: 1.112, 95% CI: 1.043–1.324) were independent predictors for elderly AMI patients’ adverse cardiovascular events.
Conclusions
The risk for adverse cardiovascular events in elderly acute myocardial infarction patients who also had NAFLD was significantly higher. Therefore, strengthening monitoring and active treatment for elderly AMI patients who also have NAFLD could reduce the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events and improve survival rate prognosis.
MeSH Keywords: Cardiovascular Abnormalities; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic; Hepatitis, Alcoholic; Myocardial Infarction; Risk Factors
Background
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a critical emergency endangering human health, with high mortality and disability rates [1,2]. Although drug therapy and interventional therapy for AMI have been significantly improved, occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events is also higher in elderly AMI patients [3]. With the development of society in China, the number of elderly patients experiencing AMI is steadily increasing [4]. Clinically, the disease condition is serious, the mortality rate is high, and prognosis is poor.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic disorder triggered by alcohol abuse and the other factors [5,6]. NAFLD is clinicopathologically characterized by diffuse hepatocyte bullous steatosis. NAFLD mainly includes simple fatty liver disease and cirrhosis from simple fatty liver and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) [7,8]. The prevalence for NAFLD has been remarkably increased year by year and also demonstrates an especially higher prevalence in elderly, which seriously affects the health and life of elderly patients [9]. A previous study [10] focusing on NAFLD patients showed that cardiovascular disease is an important cause of death. Additionally, there is a relationship between NAFLD and metabolic syndrome [11,12], which greatly promotes the risk of recurrence of cardiovascular disorders.
The present study explored risk factors for adverse cardiovascular events in elderly AMI patients with NAFLD. Our results may improve clinical treatment for elderly AMI patients with NAFLD.
Material and Methods
Patients and grouping
We enrolled AMI patients hospitalized in the Department of Cardiology from June 2015 to June 2018. We mainly included AMI patients over the age of 60 years undergoing emergency thrombolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). WE excluded patients with history of myocardial infarction and bundle branch block on electrocardiogram (EEG). The sample size was also evaluated using Epitools software. This study finally included 325 AMI patients, including 182 (56%) males and 143 (44%) females, and the sample size of which was sufficient. Table 1 displays the age and disease types of AMI. According to the results of abdominal ultrasound and whether a patient had NAFLD, AMI patients were classified into the NAFLD group (n=111) and non-NAFLD group (n=214).
Table 1.
Basic characteristics for the 325 AMI patients.
| Values | |
|---|---|
| Gender | |
| Males (n) | 182 |
| Females (n) | 143 |
| Age (years) | 70.24±9.46 |
| Disease types (n) | |
| Acute anterior myocardial infarction | 98 |
| Acute inferior myocardial infarction | 88 |
| Acute non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction | 72 |
| Acute inferior and right ventricular myocardial infarction | 43 |
| Acute anterior and inferior myocardial infarction | 17 |
| Myocardial infarction in other parts | 7 |
This study was approved by Ethics Committee of Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China. All patients involved in this study provided written informed consent.
AMI-related inspection and laboratory inspection
We determined whether the AMI patients were complicated with other diseases and had a smoking history. Using methods described in a previous study [13], we recorded data on blood pressure, heart rate, time from onset to visit, electrocardiogram, type of acute myocardial infarction, abdominal ultrasound, cardiac ultrasound, and coronary angiography. The creatinine and myocardial enzyme levels were assessed as in a previous study [14]. The GRACE scores of the AMI patients were also evaluated based on a previous report [15].
Adverse cardiovascular events and evaluations
Adverse cardiovascular events included ECG instability (ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation or atrioventricular block), hemodynamic instability (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg caused by heart failure or shock or non-drug reasons), and death during hospitalization. ECG instability of the patients was defined based on a previous study [16], and hemodynamic instability was defined according to a previously published study [17].
Statistical analysis
Count data were represented as number of positive cases or positive rate and analyzed using the chi-square test. Measurement data were defined as the mean value±standard deviation (SD) were analyzed using Tukey’s post hoc validated ANOVA test. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate risks for adverse cardiovascular events during hospitalization in patients in the NAFLD and non-NAFLD group. SPSS Statistical Software (version: 21.0, SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analyses, and p value less than 0.05 was defined as a statistically significant difference.
Results
AMI patients complicated with NAFLD were more likely to have diabetes and heart disease
Basic clinical data for the NAFLD group and non-NAFLD group showed that compared to patients in the non-NAFLD group (66%), those patients in the NAFLD group (47%) were more likely to also have diabetes (Table 2, p=0.001). The incidence rate of coronary heart disease in the NAFLD group (76%) was significantly higher than in the non-NAFLD group (64%) (Table 2, p=0.027).
Table 2.
Comparison of baseline data between NAFLD group and non-NAFLD group.
| Parameters | NAFLD group (n=111) | Non-NAFLD group (n=214) | χ2/t value | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male [cases (%)] | 62 (56) | 128 (60) | 0.471 | 0.492 |
| Age (years) | 69.3±9.18 | 71.1±8.82 | 1.262 | 0.208 |
| Hypertension [cases (%)] | 60 (54) | 122 (57) | 0.259 | 0.611 |
| Diabetes [cases (%)] | 73 (66) | 101 (47) | 10.132 | 0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease [cases (%)] | 84 (76) | 136 (64) | 4.913 | 0.027 |
| CABG/PCI [cases (%)] | 38 (34) | 34 (16) | 14.265 | <0.001 |
| Smoking [cases (%)] | 80 (72) | 158 (74) | 0.115 | 0.734 |
| Anterior wall myocardial infarction [cases (%)] | 65 (59) | 128 (60) | 0.048 | 0.827 |
| Inferior wall myocardial infarction [cases (%)] | 39 (35) | 71 (33) | 0.125 | 0.724 |
| Right ventricular infarction [cases (%)] | 7 (6) | 15 (7) | 0.057 | 0.811 |
| EF (%) | 40±12 | 51±13 | 2.500 | 0.042 |
| EF <35% [cases (%)] | 50 (45) | 45 (21) | 20.38 | <0.001 |
| Time from onset to visit <8 h [cases (%)] | 91 (82) | 183 (86) | 0.689 | 0.406 |
| Time from onset to visit <12 h [cases (%)] | 101 (91) | 200 (93) | 0.65 | 0.420 |
| Aspirin [cases (%)] | 111 (100) | 212 (99) | 1.044 | 0.307 |
| Clopidogrel [cases (%)] | 109 (98) | 212 (99) | 0.452 | 0.501 |
| β-blocker [cases (%)] | 65 (59) | 128 (60) | 0.048 | 0.827 |
| ACEI [cases (%)] | 98 (88) | 199 (93) | 2.053 | 0.152 |
| Statin [cases (%)] | 110 (99) | 212 (99) | 0.001 | 0.976 |
| Thrombolytic therapy [cases (%)] | 39 (35) | 91 (43) | 1.662 | 0.197 |
| Emergency PCI treatment [cases (%)] | 72 (65) | 123 (57) | 1.662 | 0.197 |
CABG – coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI – percutaneous coronary intervention; EF – ejection fraction in heart; ACEI – angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.
AMI patients complicated with NAFLD were more likely to receive CABG/PCI treatment
The results demonstrated that compared with the AMI patients in the non-NAFLD group, the proportion of AMI patients undergoing CAGB/PCI treatment was remarkably higher than in the NAFLD group (Table 2, p<0.001).
AMI patients complicated with NAFLD had lower ejection fraction
The heart ejection fraction was analyzed in AMI patients both groups. Our results indicated that EF values of AMI patients in the NAFLD group were obviously lower compared to that of AMI patients in the non-NAFLD group (Table 2, p=0.042). Moreover, the proportion of AMI patients with EF <35% values in the NAFLD group were significantly higher than in AMI patients in the non-NAFLD group (Table 2, p<0.001).
AMI patients complicated with NAFLD had higher rates of adverse cardiovascular events
We studied the adverse cardiovascular events, including ECG instability, hemodynamic instability, and death, in patients of both groups. Our results indicated that the incidence of ECG instability in the NAFLD group (26%) was remarkably higher than in the non-NAFLD group (15%) (Table 3, p<0.001). The incidence of hemodynamic instability in AMI patients in the NAFLD group (23%) was also remarkably higher than in the non-NAFLD group (14%) (Table 3, p=0.033). Furthermore, compared with AMI patients in the NAFLD group (7%), the mortality rate of AMI patients in the non-NAFLD group (5%) was remarkably higher (Table 3, p=0.016).
Table 3.
Comparison of adverse cardiovascular events observed during hospitalization between NAFLD group and non-NAFLD group.
| Adverse events | NAFLD group (n=111) | Non-NAFLD group (n=214) | χ2 value | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hemodynamic instability | 26 (33) | 30 (14) | 4.533 | 0.033 |
| ECG instability [cases (%)] | 29 (26) | 12 (15) | 27.914 | <0.001 |
| Death [cases (%)] | 8 (7) | 4 (5) | 5.857 | 0.016 |
Independent predictors for adverse cardiovascular events of elderly AMI patients complicated with NAFLD
To analyze independent predictors for adverse cardiovascular events of AMI patients complicated with NAFLD, we conducted multivariate logistic regression analysis of the data, showing that GRACE scores >140 (OR: 3.005, 95% CI: 1.504–6.032, p=0.002), EF <35% (OR: 2.649, 95% CI: 1.364–4.346, p=0.009), diabetes (OR: 1.308, 95% CI: 1.072–1.589, p=0.015), and NAFLD (OR: 1.112, 95% CI: 1.043–1.324, p=0.024) were independent predictors for adverse cardiovascular events in elderly patients with AMI combined with NAFLD (Table 4).
Table 4.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis of early adverse events.
| Predictors | OR (95% CI) | p values |
|---|---|---|
| GRACE score >140 | 3.005 (1.504–6.032) | 0.002 |
| EF <35% | 2.649 (1.364–4.346) | 0.009 |
| Diabetes | 1.308 (1.072–1.589) | 0.015 |
| NAFLD | 1.112 (1.043–1.324) | 0.024 |
EF – ejection fraction in heart.
Discussion
The mortality and disability rates of AMI patients are very high, making AMI a serious threat to human health [18]. The physiology and structure of the cardiovascular system of elderly people usually exhibit many changes [19,20], including endothelial dysfunction, decreased vascular compliance, structural changes in the left ventricle, abnormalities of left-ventricular systolic functions, abnormalities of diastolic functions, and changes in autonomic nerve regulation and neurohumoral function. Moreover, the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events in elderly AMI patients appears to be increased by many factors [21,22], including comorbidity with other disorders, poor response to pain, and the delayed treatment. Therefore, we high-risk elderly AMI patients should be identified to strengthen monitoring and provide prompt treatment, which would help reduce the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events.
NAFLD is a metabolic stress-induced liver disorder that is associated with insulin resistance and genetic susceptibility [23]. With improved living standards, the aging of society, the wide application of ultrasound technology, and improvement of diagnosis, the incidence of NAFLD has been increasing in recent years [24]. The prevalence of NAFLD is steadily increasing as the population ages [25]. The prevalence of clinically diagnosed NAFLD in adults ranges from 17% to 33% [26]. In this study, we assessed 325 elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction, including 111 patients with NAFLD (34.15%).
NAFLD is considered to be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases [27]. The intima-media thickness (IMT) is an early indicator of atherosclerosis [28]. A study [29] reported that NAFLD is correlated with increased carotid IMT. A previous study [30] investigated the correlation between CIMT and NAFLD, showing that the CIMT of NAFLD patients was significantly greater. Additionally, other studies [31,32] also demonstrated that the incidence rates of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome in NAFLD patients are remarkably higher than in in patients without NAFLD. The present study also demonstrated that the incidence rates of coronary heart disease and diabetes in AMI patients with NAFLD were significantly higher than in AMI patients without NAFLD.
Cardiovascular disease is an important cause of death among NAFLD patients [27]. In the past, fatty liver was considered to be a benign manifestation of liver disease; however, in recent years, coronary heart disease has been recognized as an important cause of premature death in NAFLD patients [33]. We found that the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events such as ECG instability, hemodynamic instability, and death in elderly AMI patients complicated with NAFLD were remarkably higher compared to the non-NAFLD group, which may be due to the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus, serious coronary artery disease, and the poor cardiac function. Our results also confirmed that the proportions of AMI patients undergoing CABG and PCI in the NAFLD group were significantly higher than in the non-NAFLD group. We also found that the EF values of hearts in AMI patients in the NAFLD group were significantly lower than in AMI patients in the non-NAFLD group. The multivariate logistic regression findings demonstrated that GRACE scores more than 140, EF <35%, diabetes mellitus, and NAFLD were the independent predictors for adverse cardiovascular events in elderly AMI patients. A previous study [34] also demonstrated that the proportion of AMI patients with coronary multi-vessel disorder in the NAFLD group was remarkably higher compared to the non-NAFLD group, which suggests that NAFLD is related to the severity of coronary artery disease.
The present investigation has some limitations. First, it was a single-center investigation with a small sample size. Second, the severity of NAFLD patients was not graded. Third, long-term follow-up was not performed in NAFLD patients. Fourth, the relationship between improvement/aggravation of NAFLD and the adverse cardiovascular events in AMI patients was not assessed. Therefore, the long-term prognosis for elderly AMI patients with NAFLD needs to be further studied.
Conclusions
NAFLD, as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is associated with the severity of coronary artery disease. NAFLD is an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular events in elderly acute myocardial infarction patients. NAFLD can be an early warning sign in elderly acute myocardial infarction patients. Therefore, strengthening monitoring and enhancing treatment for elderly AMI patients complicated with NAFLD could reduce the incidence of adverse events during hospitalization, promote survival, and improve prognosis.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest
None.
Source of support: Departmental sources
References
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