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. 2020 May 18;12(10):9380–9404. doi: 10.18632/aging.103214

Prognostic value of microRNAs in pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis

Fei Zhao 1, Chao Wei 2, Meng-Ying Cui 3, Qiang-Qiang Xia 4, Shuai-Bin Wang 5, Yue Zhang 6,7,✉
PMCID: PMC7288910  PMID: 32420903

Abstract

Background: The prognostic impact of microRNA (miRNA) expression levels in pancreatic cancer (PC) has been estimated for years, but the outcomes are controversial and heterogeneous. Therefore, we comprehensively reviewed the evidence collected on miRNA expression in PC to determine this effect.

Results: PC patients with high miR-21 (HR=2.61, 95%CI=1.68-4.04), miR-451a (HR=2.23, 95%CI=1.23-4.04) or miR-1290 (HR=1.43, 95%CI=1.04-1.95) levels in blood had significantly poorer OS (P<0.05). Furthermore, PC patients with high miR-10b (HR=1.73, 95%CI=1.09-2.76), miR-17-5p (HR=1.91, 95%CI=1.30-2.80), miR-21 (HR=1.90, 95%CI=1.61-2.25), miR-23a (HR=2.18, 95%CI=1.52-3.13), miR-155 (HR=2.22, 95%CI=1.27-3.88), miR-203 (HR=1.65, 95%CI=1.14-2.40), miR-221 (HR=1.72, 95%CI=1.08-2.74), miR-222 levels (HR=1.72, 95%CI=1.02-2.91) or low miR-29c (HR=1.39, 95%CI=1.08-1.79), miR-126 (HR=1.55, 95%CI=1.23-1.95), miR-218 (HR=2.62, 95%CI=1.41-4.88) levels in tissues had significantly shorter OS (P<0.05).

Conclusions: In summary, blood miR-21, miR-451a, miR-1290 and tissue miR-10b, miR-17-5p, miR-21, miR-23a, miR-29c, miR-126, miR-155, miR-203, miR-218, miR-221, miR-222 had significant prognostic value.

Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to recognize eligible studies, and 57 studies comprising 5445 PC patients and 15 miRNAs were included to evaluate the associations between miRNA expression levels and overall survival (OS) up to June 1, 2019. Summary hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess the effect.

Keywords: microRNA, pancreatic cancer, prognosis, meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Much effort has been made over a long period of time to identify prognostic biomarkers in pancreatic cancer (PC) patients. Fortunately, a large body of literature has covered the survival of PC patients with abnormal microRNA (miRNA) expression [1–169]. Among all kinds of human cancers, PC has one of the worst prognoses, with a 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of lower than 5% [170]. Despite advances in clinical treatments and new surgical techniques, the survival rate of PC patients has been low for more than 30 years [171]. PC is highly aggressive; therefore, distant metastasis and tissue invasion may occur at early stages [172]. Since invasion and metastasis are the biggest obstacles to effective treatment of PC, it is imperative to explore the molecular biological mechanism leading to such invasive behavior to improve the survival time of patients.

miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs involved in gene regulation [173]. In cancers, a few upregulated miRNAs can serve as oncogenes (oncomiRs) [174], and downregulated miRNAs can serve as tumor suppressors [175]. Expression profiling data analyses have revealed signatures of diagnosis and prognosis that have been employed to stratify various tumor types [174, 176]. As a consequence, miRNAs have the potential to turn into clinical biomarkers for human tumors and into molecular therapeutic targets [177].

Despite comprehensive studies focused on illustrating the molecular biological mechanisms in PC, there are still challenges confronting the identification of minimally invasive and sensitive biomarkers of prognosis. Consequently, it is of vital significance to find prognostic signatures that can be conveniently and reliably applied in the clinical setting to improve the survival time of PC patients.

Increasing evidence indicates that miRNAs have the potential to act as PC prognostic biomarkers in clinical practice [1–169]. Regrettably, there has not been a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between dysregulated miRNA expression and survival in PC patients. In view of our previous work, meta-analyses of miRNA expression and cancer patients [178, 179], it is necessary to conduct the current work by searching the recently published literature about miRNAs as prognostic tools in PC tissue or blood.

RESULTS

Meta-analysis

An overview of the HR with 95%CI obtained from the overall comprehensive analysis for all included miRNAs is shown in Table 1. Based on the logical order of the miRNA names, the forest plot, Begg’s funnel plot, sensitivity analysis and funnel plot of the merged analysis adjusted with the trim and fill method are shown in Figures 1–7. The mean NOS score of the included studies was 7.0 (5.0-8.0), indicating that their quality was adequate (Table 2).

Table 1. Summary about results of meta-analysis for miRNA expression in pancreatic cancer.

miRNA Sample Survival analysis Number of articles Included studies HR 95%CI Figure P value Heterogeneity (Higgins I2 statistic) Total patients
High miR-21 Blood OS 5 4-8 2.61 1.68-4.04 2 <0.01 I2=33.8%, P=0.20 326
High miR-196a Blood OS 2 16,17 1.61 0.50-5.23 2 0.43 I2=79.5%, P=0.03 66
High miR-451a Blood OS 3 7,8,23 2.23 1.23-4.04 2 <0.01 I2=2.1%, P=0.36 137
High miR-1290 Blood OS 2 24,26 1.43 1.04-1.95 2 0.03 I2=0.0%, P=0.76 223
High miR-10b Tissue OS 4 35-38 1.73 1.09-2.76 3 0.02 I2=61.5%, P=0.03 375
High miR-17-5p Tissue OS 3 39-41 1.91 1.30-2.80 3 <0.01 I2=0.0%, P=0.96 164
High miR-21 Tissue OS 19 5,43-60 1.90 1.61-2.25 3 <0.01 I2=43.9%, P=0.02 1947
High miR-21 Tissue OSm 8 5,45-48,50-52 2.43 1.89-3.13 4 <0.01 I2=0.0%, P=0.73 592
High miR-21 Tissue OSAdjusted 1.58 1.32-1.89 <0.01 I2=58.6%, P<0.01
High mIR-23a Tissue OS 4 50,53,61,62 2.18 1.52-3.13 8 <0.01 I2=0.0%, P=0.51 251
Low miR-29c Tissue OS 4 33,46,69,70 1.39 1.08-1.79 8 0.01 I2=51.8%, P=0.10 463
Low miR-126 Tissue OS 3 27,68,82 1.55 1.23-1.95 8 <0.01 I2=0.0%, P=0.99 455
High miR-155 Tissue OS 3 14,50,51 2.22 1.27-3.88 8 <0.01 I2=0.0%, P=0.47 211
Low mIR-200c Tissue OS 3 109-111 1.40 0.51-3.79 8 0.51 I2=87.2%, P<0.01 258
High miR-203 Tissue OS 4 59,112-114 1.65 1.14-2.40 8 <0.01 I2=83.6%, P<0.01 619
Low miR-218 Tissue OS 3 121-123 2.62 1.41-4.88 8 <0.01 I2=57.5%, P=0.10 248
High miR-221 Tissue OS 4 46,50,125,126 1.72 1.08-2.74 8 0.02 I2=4.9%, P=0.37 187
High miR-222 Tissue OS 3 28,126,127 1.72 1.02-2.91 8 0.04 I2=36.8%, P=0.21 322
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HR: hazard ratios; CI: confidence intervals; OS: overall survival; mmultivariate analysis; AdjustedAdjusted with the trim and fill method.

Table 2. Newcastle-Ottawa scale quality assessment results.

First author Year Reference Selection Comparability Outcome Total
Liu 2012 [4] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Wang 2013 [5] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Abue 2015 [6] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Goto 2018 [7] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Kawamura 2019 [8] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Mikamori 2017 [14] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Kong 2010 [16] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Yu 2017 [17] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Takahasi 2018 [23] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Li 2013 [24] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Tavano 2013 [26] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Liao 2018 [27] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Schultz 2012 [28] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Wang 2019 [33] ★★ ★ ★★★ 6
Nakata 2011 [35] ★★ ★ ★★★ 6
Preis 2011 [36] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Nguyen 2016 [37] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Yang 2017 [38] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Yu 2010 [39] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Gu 2016 [40] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Zhu 2018 [41] ★★ ★ ★★ 5
Dillhoff 2008 [43] ★★ ★ ★★★ 6
Giovannetti 2010 [44] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Hwang 2010 [45] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Jamieson 2011 [46] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Nagao 2012 [47] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Caponi 2013 [48] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Kadera 2013 [49] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Ma 2013 [50] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Papaconstantinou 2013 [51] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Donahue 2014 [52] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Frampton 2014 [53] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Mitsuhashi 2015 [54] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Vychytilova-Faltejskova 2015 [55] ★★ ★ ★★ 5
Morinaga 2016 [56] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Benesova 2018 [57] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Xi 2018 [58] ★★ ★ ★★★ 6
Zhang 2018 [59] ★★ ★ ★★★ 6
Zhao 2018 [60] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Diao 2018 [61] ★★ ★ ★★ 5
Wu 2018 [62] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Liang 2018 [68] ★★ ★ ★★★ 6
Jiang 2015 [69] ★★ ★ ★★ 5
Zou 2015 [70] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Yu 2018 [82] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Yu 2010 [109] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Paik 2015 [110] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Liu 2016 [111] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Ikenaga 2010 [112] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Shao 2017 [113] ★★ ★ ★★★ 6
Shi 2018 [114] ★★ ★ ★★★ 6
Li 2013 [121] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Zhu 2014 [122] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Li 2015 [123] ★★★ ★★ ★★★ 8
Sarkar 2013 [125] ★★ ★ ★★★ 6
Wang 2016 [126] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
Lee 2013 [127] ★★★ ★★ ★★ 7
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Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Forest plot about OS of PC patients with high miR-21, miR-196a, miR-451a or miR-1290 level in blood

High miR-21, miR-451a and miR-1290 levels in the blood predict poor OS

Five studies [4–8] analyzed the connections between high blood miR-21 levels and OS, indicating that PC patients with high blood miR-21 levels had significantly poorer OS than those with low levels (HR=2.61, 95%CI=1.68-4.04, P<0.01, Figure 1).

Two studies [16, 17] reported the relationship between high blood miR-196a levels and OS, but no significant associations were found between high blood miR-196a and OS (HR=1.61, 95%CI=0.50-5.23, P=0.43, Figure 1).

Three studies [7, 8, 23] focused on the correlativity between high blood miR-451a levels and OS, indicating that PC patients with high miR-451a levels had significantly shorter OS than those with low levels (HR=2.23, 95%CI=1.23-4.04, P<0.01, Figure 1).

Two studies [24, 26] stressed the pertinence between high blood miR-1290 levels and OS, suggesting that PC patients with high miR-1290 levels had significantly worse OS than those with low levels (HR=1.43, 95%CI=1.04-1.95, P=0.03, Figure 1).

High miR-10b, miR-17-5P, miR-21, miR-23a, miR-155, miR-203, miR-221, and miR-222 levels or low miR-29c, miR-126, and miR-218 levels in tissues predict poor OS

The details are shown in Table 1 and Figures 2 and 7.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Forest plot about OS of PC patients with high miR-10b, miR-17-5P or miR-21 level in tissue.

High miR-21 levels in tissues predict poor OS (multivariate analysis)

The details are shown in Table 1 and Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Forest plot about OS of PC patients with high miR-21 level in tissue (multivariate analysis).

Publication bias

Begg’s funnel plot was employed to estimate publication bias in the study of OS in PC patients with high tissue miR-21 levels (Figure 4). The results showed that the P value was less than 0.01, indicating the presence of publication bias.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Begg’s funnel plot about OS of PC patients with high miR-21 level in tissue.

Sensitivity analysis

Sensitivity analysis was used to estimate whether any single study had undue influence on the OS of PC patients with high tissue miR-21 levels (Figure 5). The outcome showed that no single investigation significantly affected the pooled HR and 95%CI.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Sensitivity analysis about OS of PC patients with high miR-21 level in tissue.

The trim and fill method

As such (Figure 4), the trim and fill method was conducted, and the pooled HR was recalculated with assumed lost studies to assess dissymmetry in the funnel plot (Figure 6), manifesting no publication bias (P=0.80). The recalculated HR did not change significantly for OS (HR=1.58, 95%CI=1.32-1.89, P<0.01).

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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Funnel plot about pooled analysis adjusted with trim and fill method of OS of PC patients with high miR-21 level in tissue. Circles: included studies; diamonds: presumed missing studies.

Figure 7.

Figure 7

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Forest plot about OS of PC patients with high miR-23a, miR-155, miR-203, miR-221, miR-222 or low miR-29c, miR-126, miR-200c, miR-218 level in tissue.

DISCUSSION

Foremost findings

The current meta-analysis included 57 English articles that incorporated 15 miRNAs and 5445 patients. As the most researched miRNA, PC patients with high blood or tissue miR-21 levels had significantly poorer OS than those with low levels. It also proved true among PC patients with high tissue miR-21 levels (multivariate analysis) and pooled analysis adjusted with the trim and fill method of OS, indicating that miR-21 is a stable and useful prognostic biomarker in PC. Moreover, a few other miRNAs had significant prognostic impact on PC, including blood miR-451a, and miR-1290 and tissue miR-10b, miR-17-5p, miR-29c, miR-126, miR-155, miR-203, miR-218, miR-221, and miR-222. Among these, blood miR-21, and miR-451a and tissue miR-23a, miR-155, and miR-218 were strong biomarkers of prognosis for PC.

Altered expression, potential targets and pathways for studied miRNAs

In addition, an overview of the 15 miRNAs with dysregulated levels, covering the validated targets and pathways, is shown in Table 3. Most of the included miRNAs showed stable expression levels, higher or lower than the control groups except miR-200c. In brief, Table 3 could support a better understanding of the molecular biological mechanisms of miRNAs in PC.

Table 3. Summary of miRNAs with altered expression, their validated targets and pathways entered this study.

miRNA Reference Expression Potential target Pathway
10b [35–38] Up None Cell invasion
17-5p [39–41] Up PTEN,RBL2 Cell cycle, invasion and proliferation
21 [4–8,43–60] Up BTG2,FASL,PDCD4,SPRY2 Cell apopsotis, chemoresistance, cycle, proliferation, FASL/FAS, MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling
23a [50, 53, 61, 62] Up ESRP1,FOXP2,NEDD4L Cell invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration and proliferation
29c [33, 46, 69, 70] Down MMP2 Cell invasion, migration and Wnt signaling
126 [27, 68, 82] Down None None
155 [14, 50, 51] Up None None
196a [16,17] Up None None
200c [109–111] Unstable None Cell invasion and proliferation
203 [59, 112–114] Up None None
218 [121–123] Down UGT8,VOPP1 Cell proliferation
221 [46, 50, 125, 126] Up None Cell migration and proliferation
222 [28, 126, 127] Up NOSTRIN None
451a [7, 8, 23] Up None None
1290 [24, 26] Up None None
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PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; RBL2: RB transcriptional corepressor like 2; BTG2: BTG anti-proliferation factor 2; FASL: Fas ligand; PDCD4: programmed cell death 4; SPRY2: sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 2; ESRP1: epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1; FOXP2: forkhead box P2; NEDD4L: NEDD4 like E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; UGT8: UDP glycosyltransferase 8; VOPP1: VOPP1 WW domain binding protein; NOSTRIN: nitric oxide synthase trafficking; FAS: Fas cell surface death receptor; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: extracellular regulated protein kinases; PI3K: phosphoinositide-3-kinase; AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase 1.

Superiorities of the meta-analysis

The present work had two strengths : (1) we looked for and found out almost all studies with OS in PC patients with dysregulated miRNA levels. In addition, the recent miRNA expression pattern is shown in Tables 4 and 5 that differentiates miRNA names and the sample types. (2) The majority of included articles had large sample sizes (≥30, all but 4 studies [6, 41, 121, 125]), intensifying and widening the applicability of the prognostic outcomes for PC patients.

Table 4. Frequency of studies estimating prognostic value of blood miRNA expression in pancreatic cancer.

miR N R miR N R miR N R miR N R
let-7b-5p 1 1 107 1 11 203 1 18 483-3p 1 6
16-2-3p 1 2 124 1 12 205 1 19 486-3p 1 24
19a-3p 1 1 125b-5p 1 13 210 1 17 602 1 2
19b-3p 1 1 150 1 10 222 1 20 629 1 25
21-5p 1 3 155 1 14 223-3p 1 1 877-5p 1 2
21 5 4-8 182 1 15 301a-3p 1 21 890 1 2
25-3p 1 1 191 1 7 373 1 22 1290 2 24,26
33a 1 9 192-5p 1 1 375 1 3 3201 1 2
34a 1 10 196a 2 16,17 451a 3 7,8,23 4525 1 8
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Table 5. Frequency of studies estimating prognostic value of tissue miRNA expression in pancreatic cancer.

miR N R miR N R miR N R miR N R miR N R
let-7a-3 1 27 92b-3p 1 75 155 3 14,50,51 301a-3p 1 129 509-5p 1 151
let-7g* 1 28 93 1 38 181c 1 100 301b 1 38 539 1 152
let-7g 1 29 96-5p 1 76 182-5p 1 76 323-3p 1 130 545 1 153
1 1 30 100 2 50,77 183 1 101 326 1 71 548an 1 154
7-5p 1 31 101 1 78 191 1 102 328 1 68 590-5p 1 38
9-5p 1 32 103 1 79 192 2 33,103 329 1 131 613 1 155
9 1 33 107 1 80 195 1 104 337 1 132 615-5p 1 156
10a-5p 1 34 124 1 81 196a-2 1 105 342-3p 2 53,133 661 1 157
10b 4 35-38 125a-3p 1 29 196b 2 59,106 361-3p 1 134 663 1 158
15b 1 38 125a 1 68 198 2 55,107 367 1 135 664a 1 68
17-5p 3 39-41 125b 1 77 199a-3p 1 53 371-5p 1 136 664 1 159
19a 1 42 126 3 27,68,82 200c-3p 1 108 374b-5p 1 137 675-5p 1 160
21 19 5,43-60 130b 1 83 200c 3 109-111 375 1 50 675 1 28
23a 4 50,53,61,62 132 2 33,84 203 4 59,112-114 376b 1 68 708-5p 1 161
24-1 1 27 133a-1 1 27 204-5p 1 115 376c 1 68 744 1 162
25-3p 1 63 133a 2 33,85 204 1 95 377 1 138 891b 1 163
26a 1 64 135b-5p 2 86,87 205-5p 1 29 410-3p 1 139 940 1 164
27a 1 53 135b 1 88 205 2 19,116 421 1 27 1181 1 165
29a-5p 1 29 137 1 89 211 1 117 424 2 82,114 1246 1 166
29a 1 65 139-5p 1 90 212-3p 1 29 429 1 140 1247 1 167
29b-2-5p 1 66 139 1 91 212 2 28,118 448 1 141 1266 1 168
29b-3p 1 67 140 1 33 214 1 30 450b-5p 1 28 1293 1 114
29b 2 33,68 141 2 92,93 216b-5p 1 119 451 1 142 1301 1 68
29c 4 33,46,69,70 142-3p 2 53,94 216b 1 120 454 1 68 3157 1 27
30a 1 71 142-5p 1 95 217 1 50 483-3p 1 143 3613 1 68
30b 1 72 143 1 50 218 3 121-123 491 1 33 3656 1 169
30d 1 46 146a 1 28 219 1 71 494 3 144-146 4521 1 27
30e 1 27 148a* 1 28 221-3p 1 124 495 1 147 4709 1 27
31 2 50,54 148a 1 50 221 4 46,50,125,126 497 1 148 5091 1 27
34a-5p 2 29,73 148b 1 96 222 3 28,126,127 501-3p 1 149
34a 1 46 150 1 97 223 1 128 501 1 27
34b 1 74 153 2 98,99 224 2 46,71 506 1 150
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Highlighted studies were included in the present meta-analysis; N: Number of studies estimating prognostic value; R: References.

Highlighted studies were included in the present meta-analysis; N: Number of studies estimating prognostic value; R: References.

Drawbacks

The following drawbacks of the current meta-analysis should considered: (1) there were numerous variables, consisting of dissimilar sample types from PC patients at different stages, cutoffs, and miRNA detection methods, among which the differences in sample type and cutoffs were the main drawbacks; (2) we only selected English articles, perhaps excluding potential papers published in other languages about PC patients with miRNA expression levels and prognostic outcomes; (3) we only chose studies estimating OS, perhaps excluding potential investigations reporting prognosis with other survival results, such as disease-free and recurrence-free survival; (4) the prognostic impact of miRNA expression levels in pancreatic cancer should be adjusted for risk factors that have an important influence on pancreatic cancer prognosis, such as age, educational level, sex, smoking, obesity, heavy alcohol intake, underlying illnesses and family history of cancer, which indicates possible mutations. However, the searched papers may not all contain the very concerned information. Therefore, the impact of bias in predicting miRNAs involved in pancreatic cancer prognosis may occur due to the lack of adjustment for risk factors in a rigorous conclusion.

Insight for future clinical and experimental studies

Notably, this study was the first meta-analysis of the associations between abnormal miRNA levels and prognosis in PC patients. This study provides direction for further clinical and experimental study: (1) joint detection of various miRNA levels could be utilized by clinical workers and other health care providers, which might extremely expand the ability to assess the prognosis of PC patients such that immediate treatment might be supplied; (2) advances and trends regarding miRNA expression levels and the survival time of PC patients could be obviously acquired by the experimental researchers mentioned in Tables 4 and 5. In addition, miRNA molecular mechanisms could be obtained by assessing the data in Table 3; and (3) several contradictory outcomes concerning the prognostic value of miRNAs might be resolved on account of the present work.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, blood miR-21, miR-451a, miR-1290 and tissue miR-10b, miR-17-5p, miR-21, miR-23a, miR-29c, miR-126, miR-155, miR-203, miR-218, miR-221, miR-222 had significant prognostic value.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Search strategy

Two independent authors (Fei Zhao and Chao Wei) performed the literature search from 4 online databases, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Afterwards, Yue Zhang reassessed undetermined information. An extensive and comprehensive search was performed utilizing the keywords: ‘microRNA’, ‘miRNA’, ‘miR’, and ‘pancreatic cancer’, ‘pancreatic carcinoma’ and ‘pancreatic adenocarcinoma’. After duplicates were eliminated, 875 reports remained. Accordingly, 671 articles were excluded by titles and abstracts. For the residual 204 studies, 35 full-text studies were removed. The details of the literature selection are shown in Figure 8. The search deadline was June 1, 2019.

Figure 8.

Figure 8

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Flow diagram of literature search and selection.

Inclusion criteria

The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) articles on the correlation between miRNA expression level and survival time of PC patients; (2) inclusion of estimated OS outcomes; and (3) full-text in English.

Exclusion criteria

The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) articles without original data (reviews, letters or laboratory studies); (2) nondichotomous miRNA level; and (3) frequency of studies evaluating OS of miRNA expression level equal or less than 2 in tissue. In addition, on the condition that more than one article was published on the same subjects, the most well-rounded paper was chosen for the present work. Likewise, if both univariate and multivariate analysis of OS were covered, the latter was chosen, as this type of analysis considers interferential factors.

Quality assessment

Fei Zhao and Chao Wei confirmed all qualified studies that analyzed the prognostic value of miRNAs in PC, and Yue Zhang reevaluated undetermined information. Quality assessment for each paper was performed employing the modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) [180]. NOS scores were calculated according to selection, comparability, and outcome. Articles with NOS scores ≥6 were considered high-quality articles [181].

Study selection

The flow chart with details of the study selection process is given in Figure 8.

Study frequency

The frequency of studies estimating the OS of PC patients with and miRNA expressions of PC patients is presented in Tables 4 (blood) and 5 (tissue), and includes the miRNA names, the frequency of included miRNAs, and the reference number.

Study characteristics

The fundamental particulars of the included literature are fully listed in Table 6. On the condition that the data were not offered in the article but just as Kaplan–Meier survival curves, the data were abstracted from the curves, and the generation of HR with 95% CI was next carried out employing the software Engauge Digitizer version 4.1.

Table 6. Characteristics of included studies about pancreatic cancer.

miRNA Study Country Sample Number Stage Cut-off Method Follow-up (month) Result HR (L/H) HR (H/L) 95%CI
21 Liu, 2012 [4] China Serum 38 I-IV Median qRT-PCR 24 OSu 3.26 1.47-7.23
21 Wang, 2013 [5] China Serum 177 III-IV Median qRT-PCR 30 OSm 1.71 1.15-2.54
21 Abue, 2015 [6] Japan Plasma 24 I-IV 850 qRT-PCR >20 OSu 5.99 1.95-18.40
21 Goto, 2018 [7] Japan Serum 32 I-IV Median qRT-PCR >40 OSu 2.57 0.90-7.35
21 Kawamura, 2019 [8] Japan Plasma 55 I-II Mean qRT-PCR 60 OSm 3.10 1.19-9.10
196a Kong, 2010 [16] China Serum 35 I-IV -5.22 qRT-PCR >16 OSu 3.37 1.14-9.97
196a Yu, 2017 [17] China Plasma 31 None Median qRT-PCR 15 OSm 0.99 0.92-1.06
451a Goto, 2018 [7] Japan Serum 32 I-IV Median qRT-PCR >40 OSu 1.45 0.63-3.31
451a Takahasi, 2018 [23] Japan Plasma 50 I-II Median qRT-PCR 54 OSm 3.20 1.07-11.94
451a Kawamura, 2019 [8] Japan Plasma 55 I-II Mean qRT-PCR 60 OSm 3.60 1.13-11.31
1290 Li, 2013 [24] USA Serum 56 I-III Median qRT-PCR >80 OSu 1.63 0.66-3.98
1290 Tavano, 2013 [26] Italy Plasma 167 I-IV ROC ddPCR >40 OSu 1.40 1.00-1.96
10b Nakata, 2011 [35] Japan FFPE 115 None None qRT-PCR 101 OSu 2.19 1.37-3.50
10b Preis, 2011 [36] Lebanon FFPE 95 I-IV 5000 ISH 36 OSu 3.59 1.73-7.43
10b Nguyen, 2016 [37] USA Frozen 55 I-II 1.5 fold qRT-PCR 34.25 OSu 1.12 0.54-2.32
10b Yang, 2017 [38] Germany I Frozen 69 I-IV None qRT-PCR >60 OSu 1.99 1.07-3.73
Germany II Frozen 41 I-IV None qRT-PCR >60 OSu 0.81 0.39-1.67
17-5p Yu, 2010 [39] Japan FFPE 80 I-IV 5.69 qRT-PCR 100 OSu 1.85 1.08-3.15
17-5p Gu, 2016 [40] China Tissue 58 I-IV None qRT-PCR >50 OSu 1.89 0.98-3.64
17-5p Zhu, 2018 [41] China Tissue 26 None None qRT-PCR >50 OSu 2.18 0.77-6.17
21 Dillhoff, 2008 [43] USA FFPE 80 None Median ISH >60 OSu 4.23 2.17-8.25
21 Giovannetti, 2010 [44] Italy Frozen 59 I-IV Median qRT-PCR 60.5 OSu 2.31 1.30-4.10
21 Hwang, 2010 [45] Korea and Italy Tissue 97 II-IV Median qRT-PCR >60 OSm 3.16 1.67-6.02
21 Jamieson, 2011 [46] UK Frozen 48 None Median qRT-PCR >50 OSm 3.22 1.21-8.58
21 Nagao, 2012 [47] Japan FFPE 65 None Mean qRT-PCR >40 OSm 2.12 1.07-4.20
21 Caponi, 2013 [48] Italy and UK FFPE 57 None Median qRT-PCR 117.3 OSm 3.28 1.52-7.05
21 Kadera, 2013 [49] USA Tissue 145 I-II,IV Median ISH 100 OSu 1.06 0.70-1.60
21 Ma, 2013 [50] China Frozen 78 I-IV 2 fold qRT-PCR >25 OSm 2.60 1.15-5.87
21 Papaconstantinou, 2013 [51] Greece FFPE 88 None Mean qRT-PCR >60 OSm 3.93 1.25-12.35
21 Wang, 2013 [5] China Tissue 65 III-IV Median qRT-PCR 60 OSm 2.24 1.14-4.37
21 Donahue, 2014 [52] USA I FFPE 94 I-IV Median ISH 72 OSm 1.70 1.03-2.82
USA II FFPE 87 I-IV Median ISH 72 OSu 0.94 0.59-1.49
21 Frampton, 2014 [53] UK Frozen 91 IIA,IIB Median qRT-PCR >48 OSu 1.85 1.08-3.18
21 Mitsuhashi, 2015 [54] Japan FFPE 283 I-IV 75% qRT-PCR 48 OSu 1.60 1.07-2.39
21 Vychytilova-Faltejskova, 2015 [55] Czech FFPE 74 None 27.15 qRT-PCR >40 OSu 1.76 1.08-2.86
21 Morinaga, 2016 [56] Japan FFPE 39 None Median ISH 114.1 OSu 1.80 0.90-3.60
21 Benesova, 2018 [57] Czech FFPE 91 II-IV Median qRT-PCR 18 OSu 1.60 1.02-2.50
21 Xi, 2018 [58] TCGA Tissue 169 I-IV Median Downloaded 60 OSu 1.47 1.00-2.16
21 Zhang, 2018 [59] GEO Tissue 174 I-IV Median Downloaded >80 OSu 1.89 1.37-2.62
21 Zhao, 2018 [60] Japan Tissue 63 0-IV None qRT-PCR >60 OSu 2.99 1.25-7.14
23a Ma, 2013 [50] China Frozen 78 I-IV 2 fold qRT-PCR >25 OSu 1.64 0.71-3.79
23a Frampton, 2014 [53] UK Frozen 91 IIA,IIB Median qRT-PCR >48 OSu 1.87 1.07-3.16
23a Diao, 2018 [61] China Frozen 30 None Median qRT-PCR 25 OSu 2.55 1.10-5.92
23a Wu, 2018 [62] China Tissue 52 None 3.5 qRT-PCR >50 OSu 3.64 1.56-8.47
29c Jamieson, 2011 [46] UK Frozen 48 None Median qRT-PCR >50 OSm 1.89 0.68-5.26
29c Jiang, 2015 [69] TCGA Frozen 132 I-IV None Downloaded >50 OSu 1.59 1.15-2.18
29c Zou, 2015 [70] China FFPE 105 I-IV Median qRT-PCR 30 OSm 1.14 1.00-1.29
29c Wang, 2019 [33] GEO Tissue 178 I-IV None Downloaded >80 OSu 1.67 1.05-2.63
126 Liang, 2018 [68] TCGA FFPE 175 I-IV Median Downloaded >83.3 OSm 1.58 1.04-2.39
126 Liao, 2018 [27] TCGA Tissue 112 I-II None Downloaded >40 OSu 1.51 0.98-2.32
126 Yu, 2018 [82] TCGA Tissue 168 I-II Median Downloaded 72.4 OSm 1.55 1.07-2.24
155 Ma, 2013 [50] China Frozen 78 I-IV 2 fold qRT-PCR >25 OSm 1.37 0.52-3.58
155 Papaconstantinou, 2013 [51] Greece FFPE 88 None Mean qRT-PCR >60 OSm 3.14 1.09-9.09
155 Mikamori, 2017 [14] Japan Tissue 45 I-II Mean qRT-PCR >72 OSm 2.63 1.07-6.46
200c Yu, 2010 [109] Japan FFPE 99 I-IV 0.64 qRT-PCR 101 OSm 2.25 1.10-4.60
200c Paik, 2015 [110] Korea FFPE 84 IB-III 0.65 qRT-PCR 140 OSm 0.56 0.34-0.93-
200c Liu, 2016 [111] China Tissue 75 I-IV Mean qRT-PCR 60 OSm 2.31 1.73-6.38
203 Ikenaga, 2010 [112] Japan FFPE 107 I-IV 0.054 qRT-PCR 98 OSm 1.21 0.72-2.07
203 Shao, 2017 [113] TCGA Tissue 161 I-IV None Downloaded >80 OSu 2.18 1.31-2.49
203 Shi, 2018 [114] TCGA Tissue 177 None Median Downloaded >72 OSu 1.24 1.10-1.39
203 Zhang, 2018 [59] GEO Tissue 174 I-IV Median Downloaded >80 OSu 2.27 1.57-3.27
218 Li, 2013 [121] China FFPE 28 None 1.5 fold qRT-PCR >20 OSu 1.86 0.80-4.35
218 Zhu, 2014 [122] China Frozen 113 I-IV Mean qRT-PCR >50 OSm 2.12 1.51-2.50
218 Li, 2015 [123] China Frozen 107 I-IV Median qRT-PCR 60 OSm 7.24 2.01-18.28
221 Jamieson, 2011 [46] UK Frozen 48 None Median qRT-PCR >50 OSm 0.92 0.34-2.54
221 Ma, 2013 [50] China Frozen 78 I-IV 2 fold qRT-PCR >25 OSm 2.00 0.87-4.62
221 Sarkar, 2013 [125] USA FFPE 24 None None qRT-PCR >83.3 OSu 1.36 0.52-3.51
221 Wang, 2016 [126] Germany Frozen 37 I-II 66.7% qRT-PCR >40 OSu 2.85 1.20-6.77
222 Schultz, 2012 [28] Denmark FFPE 225 I-II Median qRT-PCR 24 OSm 1.39 1.06-1.84
222 Lee, 2013 [127] China Frozen 60 I-IV Median qRT-PCR 15 OSm 5.16 1.16-22.91
222 Wang, 2016 [126] Germany Frozen 37 I-II None qRT-PCR >40 OSu 1.86 0.79-4.37
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HR (L/H): hazard ratios of low expression versus high expression of miRNAs; HR (H/L): hazard ratios of high expression versus low expression of miRNAs; CI: confidence intervals; TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas; GEO: Gene Expression Omnibus; FFPE: formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; ddPCR: droplet digital polymerase chain reaction; ISH: in-situ hybridization; OS: overall survival; uUnivariate analysis; mMultivariate analysis.

Statistical analysis

All analyses were carried out employing Stata version 13.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). OS was the primary and unique guideline for the prognosis of PC patients with miRNAs. The HR was regarded as significant at the P <0.05 level in case of the 95% CI not including the value 1. Furthermore, a single miRNA was considered a strong candidate if its HR was over 2. Most analyses used random-effects models other than fixed-effects models because of the dissimilarity of sample types from PC patients at dissimilar stages, cutoffs, and miRNA methods in single studies. Begg’s funnel plot was used to estimate publication bias. A two-tailed P value less than 0.05 was regarded as significant. If publication bias occurred, the trim and fill method was conducted. The sensitivity analysis was employed to assess how sensitive the entire effect size was to remove the impact of single investigations. If the point estimation was outside of the 95% CI of the entire effect value after it was excluded from the entire analysis, a single study was deemed to have undue influence.

Footnotes

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS: Study concept and design: Yue Zhang; Acquisition of data: Fei Zhao and Chao Wei; Analysis and interpretation of data: Fei Zhao, Chao Wei, Meng-Ying Cui, Qiang-Qiang Xia and Shuai-Bin Wang; Drafting of the manuscript: Yue Zhang; Revision of manuscript: Fei Zhao, Chao Wei, Meng-Ying Cui, Qiang-Qiang Xia, Shuai-Bin Wang and Yue Zhang; Supervision of work: Yue Zhang; All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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