Table 2.

Examples of virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines against H7N9 influenza.

VLP Antigen	Expression System	Vaccination			Protection from Intranasal Challenge	References
		Animals	Dose	Route
HA	High Five insect cells	mice	10 µg protein plus 10 µg poly(I·C) in PBS	IM	100 mLD50	[37]
HA	Insect Sf9	mice ferrets	5 µg 15 µg	IN IM	10 mLD50 106 PFU	[38]
HA	Insect Sf9	ferrets	15 µg	SC	107 PFU	[31]
HA	Plants	mice ferrets	3 µg 15 µg	IM IM	100 mLD50 106 TCID50	[39]
HA, M1	Insect Trichoplusia ni cell line High Five (BTI-TN-5B1-4)	mice	0.03, 0.3, 3 µg	IM	fully protected against 100 mLD50	[40]
HA, M1	Insect Sf9	mice	1.5 µg	IN	10 mLD50	[41]
HA, NA, M1	Insect Sf9	mice	6 µg	IM	4.4X103 TCID50 PFU	[42]
HA, NA, M1	HEK293T	mice	40 µg total protein	IM	NA	[43]
HA, NA, M1	Insect Sf9	mice	3 µg	SC	106 TCID50	[44]
HA, NA, M1	Insect Sf9	mice chickens	10 µg	IM	NA	[45]
HA, NA, M1	Insect Sf9	mice	40 µg	IM, IN		[46]
HA, NA, BIV Gag	Insect Sf9	chickens	1536 HA units per dose of VLPs	SC	106 EID50	[47]
HA/M1, M2/NA, BAFF-HAtm/M1, APRILHAtm/M1	Insect Sf9	mice	0.5 μg HA content	IM	10 mLD50 of NIBRG-14 vaccine strain	[48]
Combined HA and M2e5x (Universal)	Insect Sf9	mice	5 µg HA + 10 µg M2e5x VLPs	IM	7.5 x 102 PFU = 5 mLD50	[49]

mLD₅₀, mouse median lethal dose.