Table 2.

Hypersensitivity reactions due to drugs with antiviral properties investigated for the treatment of COVID‐19 in clinical trials or in vitro studies

Drug groups	Drugs	Purpose of use in COVID‐19	Hypersensitivity reactions	In vivo tests in IHRs	In vivo tests in NIHRs	In vitro tests for IHRs	In vitro tests for NIHRs	Desensitization
Antiviral drugs	Favipiravir	Viral pneumonia	None
	Lopinavir/Ritonavir		AGEP 61 , MPE 60
	Darunavir/Ritonavir		MPE 66 Vesiculobullous lesions 48 , 64					DNIHR 66 , 67
	Umifenovir (Arbidol)		None
	Ribavirin		Pruritus 46 , 55 Eczema 46 , 53 , 54 , 55 Urticaria 58 MPE 56		DPT 56		LTT 57	DNIHR 58 , 59
	Remdesivir (GS‐5734)		MPE 51
	Oseltamivir		Anaphylaxis 68 SJS/TEN 46 , TEN 47	SPT 68			LTT 50
Immunomodulatory drugs	Azithromycine		MPE 73 , 74 , ACD 75 , 76 , FDE 77 AGEP 78 , DRESS 79 SJS 80 , 81 Anaphylaxis 72 Urticaria 71 Leukocytoclastic vasculitis 82 Hypersensitivity myocarditis 83	SPT 84 , 85 IDT 84 , 85 DPT 87	PT 75 DPT 87			DIHR 88
	Hydroxychloroquine / Chloroquine		MPE 90 , AGEP 92 , 103 DRESS 93 , 94 , 95 Erythema multiforme 96 Bullous erythema 97 SJS/TEN 99 , 100 Photoallergic dermatitis 101 ACD 102 Anaphylaxis 109 , 110	SPT 109	PT 96 , 98 , 103 DPT 90			DNIHR 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 DIHR 109 , 110
	Auranofin		None
	Interferons		Local reaction 116 Urticaria 119 , 122 , 123 Eczema 119 , FDE 120 , MPE 119 Anaphylaxis 124 , 125	SPT 122 , 123 , 124 DPT 125	IDT 119 , 126 PT 119			DIHR 123 DNIHR 119 , 127
	Nitazoxanide		None
	Ivermectin		FDE 129 , DRESS 130 , SJS 131 , TEN 132

Abbreviations: ACD, Acute contact dermatitis; AGEP, Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis; BAT, Basophil activation test; DIHR, Desensitization for immediate hypersensitivity reactions; DNIHR, Desensitization for nonimmediate hypersensitivity reactions;DPT, Drug provocation test; DRESS, Drug‐related eosinophilia systemic symptoms; FDE, Fixed drug eruption; IDT, Intradermal test; IHR, Immediate hypersensitivity reaction; LTT, Lymphocyte transformation test; MPE, Maculopapular eruption; NIHR, Nonimmediate hypersensitivity reaction; PT, Patch test; SJS, Stevens Johnson syndrome; SPT, Skin prick test; ST, Skin test; TEN, Toxic epidermal necrolysis.