Table 3.

Hypersensitivity reactions due to other drugs investigated for the treatment of COVID‐19–related complications in clinical trials or in vitro studies

Drug groups	Drugs	Purpose of use in COVID‐19	Hypersensitivity reactions	In vivo tests in IHRs	In vivo tests in NIHRs	In vitro tests for IHRs	Desensitization
Anti‐cytokine or anti‐inflammatory drugs	Tocilizumab	Cytokine storm/MAS	Papular skin lesions 136 Nonimmediate urticaria 141 Anaphylaxis 137 , 139 DRESS 142 , 143 AGEP 145 , SJS 144	SPT 137 , 139 IDT 137 , 139 DPT 137 , 139	IDT 140		DIHR 134 DNIHR 141
	Sarilumab		Pruritic rash 155
	Anakinra		ISR 147 , 148 U/Angioedema 149 Anaphylaxis 150 , 151 Erythematous plaques 152	SPT 150 , 151 , IDT 150 , 151			DIHR 149 , 151 DNIHR 152
	Canakinumab		U 137
	JAK inhibitors Baricitinib		Palmoplantar pustulosis 160
	JAK inhibitors Ruxolitinib		morbiliform rash, exfoliative dermatitis 159
	JAK inhibitors Tofacitinib		U 161 , palmoplantar pustulosis 162
	Cyclosporine		Anaphylaxis 164 , 165 , 166 , 167	SPT 164 , 166 IDT 164 , 166		BAT 166
Anti‐inflammatory drugs	Glucocorticoids	Cytokine storm/MAS ARDS	IHR 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 NIHR 178 , 179 ACD 179	ST 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 185 DPT 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 185	IDT 179 , 189 PT 179 , 189 DPT 179 , 189	sIgE 181 , 182 BAT 181 , 182	DIHR 186 , 187
	Colchicine		Anaphylaxis 151 FDE 168 , MPE 169		DPT 168 PT 170		DNIHR 169
	Eculizumab		IHR 172 , 173 , 174 Anaphylaxis 174	SPT 174 , IDT 174			DIHR 174
Anti‐coagulant or anti‐aggregant drugs	Heparin Enoxaparin	Coagulopathy	ISR 192 GDE 195 , 196 DRESS 198 , SJS 199 HIT 200 , 201 , 202 IHR 197 , 204	SPT 17 DPT 191 , 192	PT 17 DPT 191 , 192 IDT 17	BAT 204 , 206 , 207	DIHR 209 , 210
	Dipyridamole		Eczema 215 Anaphylaxis 216 , 217		PT 215

Abbreviations: ACD, Acute contact dermatitis; AGEP, Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis; BAT, Basophil activation n test; DIHR, Desensitization for immediate hypersensitivity reactions; DNIHR, Desensitization for nonimmediate hypersensitivity reactions; DPT, Drug provocation test; DRESS, Drug related eosinophilia systemic symptoms; FDE, Fixed drug eruption; HIT, Heparin induced thrombocytopenia; IDT, Intradermal test; IHR, Immediate hypersensitivity reaction; ISR, Injection site reaction; GDE, Generalized delayed exanthema; LTT, Lymphocyte transformation test; MPE, Maculopapular eruption; NIHR, Nonimmediate hypersensitivity reaction; PT, Patch test; SJS, Stevens Johnson syndrome; SPT, Skin prick test; ST, Skin test; TEN, Toxic epidermal necrolysis; U, Urticaria.