The Nucleocapsid Protein of SARS–CoV-2: a Target for Vaccine Development

LETTER

During the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS–CoV-2), there has been an unprecedented level of global collaboration that has led to a rapid characterization of SARS–CoV-2 (1). Its sequence shares 79.6% identity to SARS–CoV (1, 2), the infectious virus that caused an epidemic in 2003 (2, 3). SARS–CoV-2 has a single-stranded, plus-sense, RNA genome of approximately 30 kb, which includes five major open reading frames encoding nonstructural replicase polyproteins and structural proteins (1), namely, spike (S) (4–6), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) (7), and they are in the same order and of approximately the same sizes as those in SARS-CoV.

The SARS–CoV-2 S protein is being used as the leading target antigen in vaccine development (8, 9). However, the complex molecular details of viral entry may lead to complications with the vaccine response, similar to those seen with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) Env protein vaccine efforts (10). The SARS–CoV-2 S gene has 76% amino acid similarity to the SARS-CoV S gene (11), and nonsynonymous mutations developed in the S protein as the SARS-CoV epidemic progressed (12, 13). In contrast, the N gene is more conserved and stable, with 90% amino acid homology and fewer mutations over time (2, 3, 11, 14–16). N proteins of many coronaviruses are highly immunogenic and are expressed abundantly during infection (17). High levels of IgG antibodies against N have been detected in sera from SARS patients (18), and the N protein is a representative antigen for the T-cell response in a vaccine setting, inducing SARS-specific T-cell proliferation and cytotoxic activity (19, 20). We have already shown that the middle or C-terminal region of the SARS-CoV N protein is important for eliciting antibodies against SARS-CoV during the immune response (21–23).

New reports have additionally shown that the crystal structure of the SARS–CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein is similar to those of previously described coronavirus N proteins, but their surface electrostatic potential characteristics are distinct (7). Sheikh et al. studied the factors influencing N gene variations among 13 coronaviruses and how these affect virus-host relationships, reporting a high AT% and low GC% in the nucleotide contents of SARS coronavirus (24). In this issue, Cong et al. (17) used a mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) model to show that the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein contributes to forming helical ribonucleoproteins during the packaging of the RNA genome, regulating viral RNA synthesis during replication and transcription and modulating metabolism in infected subjects. This study complements others that have shown N to have multiple functions (25). It is becoming more evident just how critical this protein is for multiple steps of the viral life cycle. These reports offer important and timely insights relevant to the SARS–CoV-2 N protein, a vaccine target that has some distinct advantages over other potential SARS–CoV-2 antigens. Because of the conservation of the N protein sequence, the expanding knowledge of its genetics and biochemistry, and its strong immunogenicity, the N protein of SARS–CoV-2 should be strongly considered as a vaccine candidate for SARS–CoV-2.