A safe and effective surgical navigation technique in laparoscopic radical gastrectomy: Indocyanine green‐mediated near‐infrared fluorescent imaging

List of Abbreviations

GC

gastric cancer

ICG

indocyanine green

LN

lymph node

NIR

near‐infrared

In the past decades, gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers and causes of cancer‐related deaths worldwide [1]. China has the highest incidence of GC [2] and accounts for more than 40% of all new GC cases in the world [3]. Radical lymphadenectomy serves as an important role in the staging and definitive management of GC [4, 5]. At present, laparoscopic radical gastrectomy has been shown to significantly improve the accuracy of tumor staging and long‐term survival of GC patients [6]. The retrieval of more lymph nodes (LNs) via lymphadenectomy is a current requirement for laparoscopic radical gastrectomy [5]. Lymphadenectomy is usually performed according to the experience of surgeons. However, it is a substantial challenge for surgeons to efficiently and accurately acquire enough LNs without increasing the risk of complications as the vascular and lymphatic anatomy of stomach is extremely complex. Therefore, surgeons are looking for more accurate strategies to perform adequate lymphadenectomy under laparoscopic guidance.

In recent years, surgical navigation techniques have proven to be effective in the localization of sentinel LNs in cancer patients [6]. One of the widely studied surgical navigation techniques in cancer surgery is indocyanine green (ICG)‐mediated near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent imaging. It has already demonstrated promising results in the localization of LNs during surgery in many types of cancers [7, 8]. As ICG has better tissue penetration than other dyes and NIR imaging can more accurately identify LNs than visible light imaging [9, 10], ICG fluorescence imaging‐guided laparoscopic radical gastrectomy has become a hot spot in GC treatment [11]. However, the findings regarding the actual benefits of using ICG for GC lymphadenectomy in previous studies is controversial [12, 13]. Additionally, almost all of these previous studies were retrospective studies with small sample size and were only focused on the evaluation of evaluated sentinel LNs and anastomotic blood flow [14, 15]. Therefore, it was necessary to conduct large‐scale randomized clinical trials to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of ICG‐guided LN dissection during laparoscopic radical gastrectomy in GC patients.

In a study recently published in JAMA Surgery, titled “Safety and Efficacy of Indocyanine Green Tracer‐Guided Lymph Node Dissection during Laparoscopic Radical Gastrectomy in Patients with Gastric Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial”, Chen et al. [16] enrolled 258 resectable GC patients in a prospective randomized clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ICG‐mediated NIR fluorescent imaging during laparoscopic D2 lymphadenectomy. In this study, the patients were randomly assigned to ICG group (n = 129; underwent ICG‐mediated NIR fluorescent imaging‐guided laparoscopic gastrectomy) or non‐ICG group (n = 129; underwent conventional laparoscopic gastrectomy). The mean number of positive LNs retrieved in the non‐ICG group was significantly lower than that in the ICG group (42.0 vs. 50.5 LNs; P  <  0.001). Similarly, within the scope of D2 lymphadenectomy, the mean total number of LNs retrieved in the non‐ICG group was significantly lower than that in the ICG group (41.7 vs. 49.6 LNs; P  <  0.001). In contrast, the LN noncompliance rate of the non‐ICG group was significantly greater than that of the ICG group (57.4% vs. 31.8%; P  <  0.001). Within 30 days after surgery, no significant difference was observed in the incidence of surgery‐related complications between the ICG and non‐ICG groups (15.5% vs. 16.3%; P  =  0.86). These observations indicated that ICG‐mediated NIR fluorescent imaging could noticeably improve the efficacy of lymphadenectomy during laparoscopic radical gastrectomy safely.

Compared with previous studies, this clinical trial additionally enrolled a large number of GC patients with stage cT1‐cT4a disease and the authors conducted an in‐depth analysis using multiple parameters including the number of LNs retrieved within the scope of D2 lymphadenectomy, the total number of LNs retrieved, the LN noncompliance rate, the incidence of surgery‐related complications. They could thereby accurately assess the safety and efficacy of ICG‐mediated NIR fluorescent imaging‐guided laparoscopic gastrectomy and showed its important role in guiding the choice of surgical navigation technology and accurate staging. Furthermore, since this prospective randomized clinical trial strictly followed the randomized clinical trial standards in patient selection, it avoided the selection bias and makes the general data comparable. Most importantly, it also developed the methods about the standard use of ICG.

This clinical trial has several limitations. First, the data were only collected from a single center and the long‐term follow‐up data were not available. Second, only 56.3% of metastatic LNs were detected via fluorescence, indicating that there may be a great risk of false‐negative results when ICG‐mediated NIR fluorescent imaging is used to detect metastatic LNs. These false‐negative results may have been owing to the infiltration of a large number of cancer cells in LNs or the obstruction of lymphatic vessels. Third, further analyses according to the tumor location were not performed; which may have led to uneven stratification of individual variables.

Despite the limitations mentioned above, this prospective randomized clinical trial by Chen et al. showed more accuracy in evaluating the efficacy and perioperative safety of ICG‐mediated NIR fluorescent imaging during laparoscopic D2 lymphadenectomy, compared to previous studies. The findings can promote the standardization of NIR imaging in laparoscopic resection of GC and lays the foundation for the application of ICG imaging in the radical resection of GC.

DECLARATIONS

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

The author read and approved the final manuscript.

COMPETING INTERESTS

The author declares no competing interests.

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS

Not applicable.

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Not applicable.

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE

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FUNDING

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Qian Y, Cai S. A safe and effective surgical navigation technique in laparoscopic radical gastrectomy: Indocyanine green‐mediated near‐infrared fluorescent imaging. Cancer Communications. 2020;40:270–272. 10.1002/cac2.12033