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. 2020 Jun 16;941:1–23. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.941.50465

Bdelloid rotifers (Rotifera, Bdelloidea) of China: diversity and new records

Yue Zeng 1,2, Nan Wei 3, Qing Wang 1, Nataliia S Iakovenko 4,5, Ying Li 1, Yufeng Yang 1,2,✉
PMCID: PMC7311513  PMID: 32595405

Abstract

Bdelloid rotifers are a group of microscopic invertebrates known for their obligate parthenogenesis and exceptional resistance to extreme environments. Their diversity and distributions are poorly studied in Asia, especially in China. In order to better understand the species distribution and diversity of bdelloid rotifers in China, a scientific surveys of habitats was conducted with 61 samples (both terrestrial and aquatic habitats) from 11 provinces and regions of China, ranging from tropics to subtropics with a specific focus on poorly sampled areas (Oriental) during September 2017 to October 2018. A total of 59 morphospecies (including subspecies) were found, of which, thirty-nine morphospecies (including one genus) are new records for China, almost doubling the number of previous records. Four rare morphospecies (Adineta cf. acuticornis Haigh, A. beysunae Örstan, Habrotrocha ligula loxoglotta De Koning and H. serpens Donner) are depicted and redescribed, and an updated checklist of Chinese bdelloids with their location and ecological information is presented. This study provides new data from a large region of China, enriching the knowledge of bdelloid biodiversity, and their global biogeography.

Keywords: bdelloids, biogeography, morphospecies, Oriental region, taxonomy

Introduction

Bdelloid rotifers are microscopic invertebrates that constitute a subclass Bdelloidea of the phylum Rotifera, known for their peculiar obligate parthenogenesis (Welch and Meselson 2000; Welch et al. 2004) and outstanding ability to withstand harsh periods through anhydrobiosis (Ricci 1998; Gladyshev and Meselson 2008). The minute size of bdelloids (from less than 160 to 500–600 µm) allows their long-distance dispersal by wind, water, and animals to access to almost all possible habitats (Bohonak and Jenkins 2003; Fenchel 2004; Kellogg and Griffin 2006). They inhabit both aquatic (mainly freshwater lakes, ponds, and streams) and terrestrial habitats (e.g., mosses, lichens, tree barks, soil and litter) (Donner 1965). Rarely, bdelloids are found in marine and brackish waters (Fontaneto et al. 2006; Demirkalp et al. 2010; Song 2014).

Analysis of Bdelloidea taxonomy characteristics is problematic because only observation of living and active specimens allows appropriate identification of species. That is why it has not been widely carried out. Furthermore, there are no readily available reagents that can be used to anesthetize them and preserve their bodies fully extended (Örstan and Plewka 2017). Untill recently, only about 460 bdelloid species have been described worldwidely (Segers 2007), but there is ample evidence that the total number of bdelloid species is at least several times greater than the current one (Fontaneto et al. 2011; Robeson et al. 2011). In addition, the intensity of taxonomic researches on bdelloid species in different regions of the world was extremely uneven, thus the species diversity varies greatly from region to region. For instance, over 300 species are known from Europe (Fontaneto et al. 2007), while only about 50 species are found in the Oriental region (Segers 2007).

In China, only 48 bdelloid morphospecies have been reported (Zhuge et al. 1998; Koste and Zhuge 1998; Yin and Xu 2016) (Table 1). The first study on the Chinese bdelloid rotifers was reported by Thorpe (1893), who found four species of Rotaria in Yangtze River area in Wuhu city, Anhui Province. After that, few fragmental reports from fresh waters and terrestrial environments in a large region of China were presented (Daday 1906; Stewart 1908; Gee 1927; Wang 1961; Bartoš 1963; Wang 1974; Gong 1983; Koste and Zhuge 1996, 1998; Zhuge et al. 1998; Yin and Xu 2016). Up to now, this taxon has not been actively studied in China comparing to Europe or even to Antarctica (Segers 2007), and the biogeography of bdelloids in South Asia is unclear, and their habitat preferences are incomplete. This study aimed to conduct a taxonomic work and evaluate the diversity of bdelloid rotifers in China, especially the poorly investigated tropical zones of the Oriental biogeographic region.

Table 1.

Checklist of bdelloid rotifers recorded from China before 2015.

Species Habitats EL (m) WT (°C) AT (°C) pH Distribution and references
Adineta gracilis Janson, 1893 Moss 800–1400 – – – GD (l)
A. oculata (Milne, 1886) Moss 800–1800 – – – GD (l)
A. vaga (Davis, 1873) Moss and stream 0–1750 m 16–18 26–28 5 GD (f, l), TB (g, h)
Dissotrocha aculeata (Ehrenberg, 1832) Pond, river and bog 0–3650 20 20 6 IM (b), HB, SD, ZJ, SC, XJ (e) TB (h), GD (l)
D. macrostyla (Ehrenberg, 1832) Pond and bog 0–3030 17–20 13.5 6 JS (d), TB (h), HA (i)
D. macrostyla tuberculata (Gosse, 1886) Puddle on the roadside – 20 – 7.6 HA(k)
Habrotrocha angusticollis angusticollis (Murray, 1905) Sphagnum, river, lake branch channel and puddle with aquatic plant 0–4750 14–30 21–25.5 6–8.5 ZJ (e), TB (h), HA (i, k), GD (l)
H. angusticollis attenuata (Murray, 1906) Moss – – – – GD (f)
H. ampulla (Murray, 1911) River with macrophyte – 20 – 6.32 HA (i)
H. collaris (Ehrenberg, 1832) Bog, stream, lake and moss 800–3800 12–19.5 15–25 6–7 TB (h), GD (l)
H. constricta (Dujardin, 1841) – – – – – HA (j)
H. elegans (Milne, 1886) Lake 3658 13 15 7 TB (h)
*H. flexicollis Bartoš, 1963 Moss – – – – GD (f)
H. fusca (Bryce, 1894) Moss – – – – GD (f)
H. insignis Bryce, 1915 Moss – – – – GD (f)
H. modesta Bartoš, 1963 Moss – – – – GD (f)
H. munda Bryce,1913 Bog 4200 16.5 13.5 6 TB (h)
H. perforata (Murray, 1906) Moss – – – – GD (f)
H. pulchra (Murray, 1905) Spring with attachment from meadow, stone and soil, puddle from glacier 5700 17 11 8 TB (g, h)
H. pusilla (Bryce, 1893) Puddle from spring and wet moss on stone 830–2400 30 25 6 TB (h)
H. thienemanni Hauer, 1924 Puddle with aquatic plant and moss, glacier 830–5550 13–30 15–25 5–7 TB (g, h)
H. tridens (Milne, 1886) Moss 600–1900 – – – GD (l)
Otostephanos cf. donneri (Bartoš, 1959) Aquatic ecosystem – – – – YN (j)
Macrotrachela bullata (Murray, 1906) Stream with algae or moss 1668–4150 10–18 19–28 5–6 TB (g, h)
M. ehrenbergii (Janson, 1893) Moss 4500 – – – TB (h)
M. insolita De Koning, 1947 Moss 1000–1200 – – – GD (l)
M. multispinosa Thompson, 1892 Attachments on aquatic plants, bogs and moss from grass lands 3300 16 17 6 TB (h)
M. musculosa (Miline, 1886) Springs and wet moss 4150–4500 6 11–19 6 TB (h)
M. plicata (Bryce, 1892) Puddles 4400–4500 12–14 10–14 7 TB (h)
M. papillosa Thompson, 1892 Moss – – – – GD (f)
M. punctata (Murray, 1911) Attachment from stone and wet grass 3800–3850 12 19 7 TB (h)
M. quadrlcornlfera Milne, 1886 Moss 0–1900 – – – GD (l)
Mniobia tentans Donner, 1949 Stream with algae or moss 1668–1750 16–18 25–28 5 TB (g, h)
Philodina citrina Ehrenberg, 1832 Rice field, puddle, shallow and wet moss 600–4350 12–27 10–28 6–7 TB(c, h), GD (l)
P. erythrophthalma Ehrenberg, 1830 Pond, pool and stream with algae 0–3370 9 12 7 HB (e), TB (c, h)
P. megalotrocha Ehrenberg, 1832 Lake with macrophyte, pond, water reservoir and rice field – 20–26 – 6–8 HB, SH, JS, ZJ (e) HA(i, k)
P. nemoralis Bryce, 1903 Rice field, bog and moss 2000–2400 36 29 5 TB (h)
P. roseola Ehrenberg, 1832 River, pond, marsh and moss 0–3100 – – – IM (b) TB(c), HB, SH, JS, ZJ, HA (e) GD (l)
P. vorax (Janson, 1893) Stream, spring and puddle from river or glacier 2400–5500 7–17 – 6–8 TB (g, h)
*Pleuretra similis Bartoš, 1963 Moss – – – – GD (f)
Rotaria citrina (Ehrenberg, 1838) Rice field and pool 0–2400 13–28 – 6 HB (e), TB (h)
R. macroceros (Gosse, 1851) Yangtze River, lake and moss – 25 – 6 AH (a), HB (e), GD (l), HA(i, k)
R. macrura (Ehrenberg, 1832) River – – – – IM (b)
R. neptunia (Ehrenberg, 1830) Pond, rice field and puddle 0–3650 18–26 – 6–8.7 AH (a), SH, JS, ZJ, HB, BJ, HL, LN, GS, HN, GD, GX, YN, SC (e), HA (i, k), TB (h)
R. rotatoria (Pallas, 1766) Pond and rice field 0–830 20–26 – 6–8.7 AH (a), IM (b), SH, HB (e), TB (h), HA (i, k)
R. sordida (Western, 1893) Moss; polluted lake – 21 – 7.1 GD (f), HA(i, k)
R. tardigrada (Ehrenberg,1830) Lake, polluted river and puddle 0–3658 18–25 – 6–7 AH (a), HA (i, k), HL, SH, GS, JS (e) TB (h)
R. tridens (Montet, 1915) Bog, wet moss pool and attachment from stone 2900–4550 – 15–18 6 TB (c, h)
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Sources: (a) (Thorpe 1893); (b) (Daday 1906); (c) (Stewart 1908); (d) (Gee 1927); (e) (Wang 1961); (f) (Bartoš 1963); (g) (Wang 1974); (h) (Gong 1983); (i) (Koste and Zhuge 1996); (j) (Zhuge 1997); (k) (Koste and Zhuge 1998); (l) (Yin and Xu 2016). ‘cf.’ is retained for those taxa which have some differences from the nominate morphospecies, requiring further study. *: China only. Abbreviation: AH: Anhui; AT: air temperature; BJ: Beijing; EL: elevation; GD: Guangdong; GS: Gansu; GX: Guangxi; HA: Hainan; HB: Hubei; HL: Heilongjiang; HN: Hunan; IN: Inner Mongolia; JS: Jiangsu; LN: Liaoning; SD: Shandong; SC: Sichuan; SH: Shanghai; TB: Tibet; WT: water temperature; XJ: Xinjiang; YN: Yunnan; ZJ: Zhejiang.

Materials and methods

Sampling area, collection procedures and sample processing

A total of 61 samples was collected during the period from September 2017 to October 2018 in 11 provinces and regions of China across its subtropical and tropical zones at altitudes from 0–2850 m above sea level from four types of terrestrial habitat (soil, mosses, leaf litter and lichens) and four types of aquatic habitat (plankton, benthos, periphyton and dew) in fresh or brackish waters (Fig. 1, Table 2). Of these samples, eleven were collected from fresh water, six from brackish water, one from dew on leaves, thirty from mosses, ten from leaf litter, two from lichens, and one from soil with mosses.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Locations of the sampling sites in this study (purple circles) and species richness of bdelloid rotifers (blue) recorded between 1908 and 2018 in China.

Table 2.

Sampling locality information of this survey.

Locality codes Locality Sampling date Habitat GPS coordinates Elevation (m)
GD1 Chaozhou 18.08.2017 Moss on concrete 23°58'15.13"N, 116°38'12.14"E 1136
GD2 Chaozhou 18.08.2017 Moss on bark 23°58'14.93"N, 116°38'12.08E 1139
GD3 Chaozhou 18.08.2017 Moss on rock 23°58'14.99"N, 116°38'12.11"E 1138
GD4 Chaozhou 18.08.2017 Moss on soil 23°58'15.02"N, 116°38'12.09"E 1138
GD5 Chaozhou 18.08.2017 Moss on rock 23°55'59.37"N, 116°36'59.84"E 436
GD6 Guangzhou 05.11.2017 Dry moss on bark 23°06'35.11"N, 113°14'21.20"E 10
GD7 Guangzhou 20.09.2017 Lotus pond 23°07'54.80"N, 113°20'39.44"E 16
GD8 Guangzhou 05.11.2017 Lotus pond 23°07'54.80"N, 113°20'39.44"E 16
GD9 Guangzhou 25.10.2018 Lotus pond 23°07'54.80"N, 113°20'39.44"E 16
GD10 Guangzhou 11.06.2018 Moss on concrete 23°08'1.29"N, 113°20'38.81"E 15
GD11 Guangzhou 11.06.2018 Soil 23°07'51.89"N, 113°20'37.45"E 18
GD12 Haiou island 28.10.2017 Water hyacinth root in brackish water 22°58'23.36"N, 113°30'40.95"E 4
GD13 Guangzhou 13.06.2018 Bamboo leaf litter 23°18'4.12"N, 113°26'23.21"E 214
GD14 Guangzhou 13.06.2018 Bamboo leaf litter 23°18'18.99"N, 113°26'56.14"E 152
GD15 Guangzhou 20.06.2017 Bottom of lotic water 23°18'0.59"N, 113°26'27.47"E 226
GD16 Guangzhou 26.10.2018 Urban river 23°03'29.0"N, 113°24' 26.6"E 0.75
GD17 Nanao island 22.04.2018 Puddle 23°25'44.88"N, 117°01'49.56"E 108
GD18 Nanao island 09.01.2018 Gracilaria lichenoides in brackish pond 23°27‘18.13“N, 117°7'31.35"E 170
GD19 Nanao island 22.04.2018 Lotic water 23°26'38.29"N, 117°05'22.94"E 124
GD20 Qingyuan 12.05.2018 Moss on concrete 24°36'46.73"N, 112°35'57.02"E 237
GD21 Qingyuan 12.05.2018 Moss on concrete 24°36'40.72"N, 112°35'50.11"E 143
GD22 Qingyuan 12.05.2018 Moss on soil 24°36'40.44"N, 112°36'9.26"E 142
GD23 Qingyuan 12.05.2018 Moss on bark 24°36'41.29"N, 112°36'9.26"E 175
GD24 Qiao island 29.10.2017 Bottom of brackish pool in mangrove 23°27'32.41"N, 117°06'3.59"E 53
GD25 Nanao island 18.11.2018 Leaf litter 22°25'42.45"N, 113°37'51.53"E 137
GD26 Nanao island 18.11.2018 Leaf litter 23°27‘18.13“N, 117°7'31.35"E 9
GS1 Lanzhou 07.06.2018 Wet moss near pond 36°08'25.56"N, 103°41'41.18"E 1615
GZ1 Guiyang 24.08.2017 Moss on rock 26°36'1.75"N, 106°41'10.39"E 1213
GZ2 Guiyang 24.08.2017 Moss on rock 26°05'52.74"N, 105°52'55.89"E 1170
HN1 Changde 20.06.2017 Moss on rock 29°3'10.0"N, 111°40'13"E 31
HN2 Changde 15.09.2017 Moss on rock 29°3'10.0"N, 111°40'13"E 31
HN3 Changde 11.12.2017 Moss on rock 29°3'10.0"N, 111°40'13"E 31
HN4 Changde 12.03.2018 Moss on rock 29°3'10.0"N, 111°40'13"E 31
HN5 Changde 11.12.2017 Aquatic plant 29°02'23.49"N, 111°42'33.35"E 35
HN6 Changde 12.12.2017 Lemna minor in river 29°7'20.0"N, 111°39'49"E 57
HN7 Changde 15.09.2017 Water sample from a pond 29°3'10"N, 111°40'13.0"E 30
HN8 Changde 12.03.2018 Moss on soil 29°03'13.78"N, 111°40'12.69"E 31
HN9 Changde 11.12.2017 Lotus pond 29°03'3.68"N, 111°39'57.93"E 35
JS1 Nanjing 15.08.2018 Bamboo leaf litter 32°3'28.63"N, 118°45'27.47"E 39
JS2 Nanjing 15.08.2018 Moss with leaf litter 32°3'28.19"N, 118°45'24.52"E 34
NX1 Yinchuan 02.07.2018 Moss from dessert (32 °C of soil surface) 38°33'45.38"N, 106°32'0.37"E 1128
NX2 Yinchuan 01.07.2018 Extremely dry Juniperus litter 38°29'22"N, 106°12'1"E 1109
QH1 Qinghai lake 09.06.2018 Wet moss on bark 36°47'46.11"N, 101°06'18.99"E 2850
SC1 Wawu mountain 23.08.2017 Wet moss on bark 29°40'15.26"N, 102°56'53.92"E 2105
SC2 Wawu mountain 23.08.2017 Wet moss on bark 29°40'10.36"N, 102°56'53.92"E 2105
SC3 Wawu mountain 23.08.2017 Wet moss on bark 29°40'10.36"N, 102°56'53.92"E 2100
SH1 Chongming island 29.12.2017 Aquatic plants in brackish water 31°31'9.5"N, 121°56'4.3"E 3
SH2 Chongming island 29.12.2017 Moss on soil in brackish marsh 31°29'54"N, 121°55'20.7"E 3
SH3 Chongming island 29.12.2017 Reed root in brackish water 31°30'43.9"N, 121°57'27.9"E 3
SH4 Chongming island 29.12.2017 Aquatic plants in brackish water 31°31'2.9"N, 121°55'3.1"E 2
YN1 Kunming 01.06.2018 Moss on concrete 25°3'20.5"N, 102°42'8.6"E 1889
YN2 Kunming 01.06.2018 Moss on soil 25°3‘2.2"N, 102°42'5.1"E 1908
YN3 Kunming 01.06.2018 Moss on concrete 25°3‘6.1"N, 102°42'5.41"E 1900
YN4 Kunming 01.06.2018 Lichens on bark 25°8'0.2"N, 102°39'40.6"E 1900
YN5 Kunming 01.06.2018 Moss on rock 24°57'59.4"N, 102°39'35"E 1888
YN6 Kunming 11.10.2018 Lichens on rock 24°57'49.1"N, 102°37'44.6"E 2150
YN7 Kunming 11.10.2018 Leaf litter 24°57'53.2"N, 102°37'44.6"E 2143
YN8 Kunming 11.10.2018 Dew on leaves 24°57'55.5"N, 102°37'44.3"E 2136
ZJ1 Hangzhou 19.11.2017 Dry moss on Torreya grandis’ bark 30°21'42.0"N, 119°34'28"E 305
ZJ2 Ningbo 03.11.2018 Bamboo leaf litter, 29°52'40.3"N, 121°33'15.55"E 37
ZJ3 Zhoushan 03.11.2018 Leaf litter – –
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GPS coordinates based on WGS84 system. Abbreviation: GD: Guangdong; GS: Gansu; GZ: Guizhou; HN: Hunan; JS: Jiangsu; NX: Ningxia; QH: Qinghai; SC: Sichuan; SH: Shanghai; XJ: Xinjiang; YN: Yunnan; ZJ: Zhejiang.

Based on the definition of boundary between the Palearctic and Oriental biogeographic regions in China (Norton et al. 2010), fifty-seven samples were collected in the Oriental region, while four samples (NX1, NX2, GS1, QH1) were collected in the Palearctic region (Table 2). According to the Geodetector model to partition subtropical and tropical zone in China (Dong 2017), forty-two samples were collected in the subtropical zone, while nineteen samples (GD1–19) were collected in the tropical zone (Table 2).

Samples from terrestrial habitats were placed into firmly closed paper envelopes, then dried at room temperature and stored in the envelopes for several weeks or months. Planktonic samples were obtained by filtering 1 to 5 liters of water through a plankton net with a mesh size 30 µm. Benthic ones were collected by scraping the bottom of water bodies with a 500 ml plastic bottle. Periphytic rotifers were obtained by shaking or scraping aquatic plants, then preserved in plastic bottles.

Samples from aquatic habitats were concentrated by a nylon net of 30 μm mesh size, then examined in lab immediately without fixating or anesthetization. Rotifers from mosses, lichens and leaf litter were extracted by washing the substrate with distilled water following the method of Peters (1993). Soil rotifers were extracted by the method of wet-sieving and centrifugation in a sugar gradient (Freckman 1993).

Light microscopy procedures

Rotifers isolated from waters were transferred into a Petri dish and sorted under a dark field dissecting microscope (SZX10, Olympus, Japan) with a magnification of 64×. Selected specimens were placed onto glass slides by using micropipettes, then examined alive under a microscope (BX51, Olympus, Japan) with magnification of ×200–400. All living specimens were recorded and photographed using a digital camera (Truechrome Metrics, China) with the software of TCapture. Photos and digital screenshots from videos were used for species identification and illustrations.

Species identification

Species were identified by both external morphology and anatomy using the keys of Donner (1965) and the original descriptions and redescriptions of specific species (Murray 1906; Song and Kim 2000; Yakovenko 2000a, 2000b; Kutikova 2005; Bielańska-Grajner 2013; Song 2014, 2015; Song and Min 2015; Song and Lee 2017). Drawings of some rare morphospecies were made with Adobe Illustrator CC 2018 and Photoshop CC 2017.

All rotifers were measured from screenshots of digital videos after Iakovenko et al. (2013, 2015) and Örstan (2018). Total length (TL) in the case of adinetid rotifers is the distance between the middle of the anterior rim of the head excluding rostrum, and the posterior rim of the spur pseudosegment; head length (HL) is the distance between the anterior edge of the head (posterior to the rostrum) and the anterior rim of the antennal pseudosegment, i.e., TL and HL do not include the rostrum, because it was usually bent under the head (Iakovenko et al. 2015). The head length in A. beysunae is the distance between the anterior edge of the head and an imaginary line passing through the innermost denticles of the rakes to better compare it with the original description (Örstan 2018). The number of denticles on each rake is represented formulaically using an ‘en dash’ (Örstan 2018). We counted the distal foot with the toes as a pseudosegment separate from the one carrying the spurs as Bryce (1894), Donner (1965) and Iakovenko et al. (2013, 2015) did.

Abbreviations

BW body width (when creeping)

CW corona width

FL foot length

FW foot width

HL head length

HW head width

MinNW minimal neck width

MxNW maximal neck width

NL neck length

TL total length

TrL trunk and rump length

RaL ramus length

RkW rake width

RL rump length

RW rump width

SL spur length

SSW spur pseudosegment width

TrW trophi width

Results

Species diversity

Fifty-nine morphospecies (including three subspecies) were identified in this survey (Table 3), and the bdelloids that were unidentifiable to the species level were not included in the list. Of them, thirty-nine taxa (including one genus) are new records for China, and thirty-eight species are new records for the Oriental region. The species list of Chinese bdelloid fauna has been increased from 48 to 87. Detailed information about their distribution and ecological information is reported in Tables 2, 3.

Table 3.

Bdelloid rotifers found in this study with their updated biogeographic distribution after Segers (2007).

Species Locality codes Biogeographic regions
*Adineta cf. acuticornis Haigh, 1967 GD6, YN5–6, SC2 AUS, ORI#
*A. barbata Janson, 1893 GD10, 14, JS1, ZJ2 AFR, ANT, AUS, NEA, NEO, PAL, ORI#
*A. bartosi Wulfert, 1960 GZ2 PAL, ORI#
*A. beysunae Örstan, 2018 GD13–14, 25–26, YN7–8, JS1 NEA, ORI#
*A. cuneata Milne, 1916 GD1–2, SC2, JS2, YN6–7 AFR, AUS, NEA, PAL, ORI#
A. gracilis Janson, 1893 HN2, QH1, JS1 AFR, ANT, AUS, NEA, ORI, PAL
A. oculata (Milne, 1886) GD7, YN3, HN1 NEO, PAL, ORI#
*A. ricciae Segers & Shiel, 2005 GD23, HN4 AUS, ORI#
*A. steineri Bartoš, 1951 GD13 ANT, AUS, NEA, NEO, PAL, ORI#
A. vaga (Davis, 1873) GZ2, HN2–4, ZJ2, YN1,7, GD5,7,13–14, 20–21,23 AFR, ANT, AUS, NEA, NEO, ORI, PAL
Dissotrocha macrostyla (Ehrenberg, 1838) HN6 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, ORI, PAL
*Habrotrocha bidens (Gosse, 1851) ZJ1 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, ORI, PAL
*H. cf. spicula Bryce, 1913 GD2 AFR, AUS, ORI, PAL
H. constricta (Dujardin, 1841) HN2 AFR, ANT, AUS, NEA, NEO, PAC, PAL, ORI#
H. insignis Bryce, 1915 GD3 AUS, PAL, ORI#
*H. ligula loxoglotta De Koning, 1947 YN5 PAL, ORI#
*H. rosa Donner, 1949 GD25 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, PAL, ORI#
*H. serpens Donner, 1949 GD6 AFR, AUS, PAL, ORI#
*Otostephanos regalis Milne, 1916 GD13 AFR, PAL, ORI#
*Scepanotrocha semitecta Donner, 1951 SC1 NEO, PAL, ORI#
Macrotrachela bullata (Murray, 1906) GD3–4, GZ2 AFR, ORI, PAL
M. ehrenbergii (Janson, 1893) HN7, GZ1 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, ORI, PAC, PAL
*M. habita (Bryce, 1894) GD6, 11,20, 22–23, YN1–3, GZ1 AFR, ANT, AUS, NEA, NEO, ORI, PAL
*M. hewitti (Murray, 1911) SH1 AFR, PAL, ORI#
*M. inermis Donner, 1965 YN4 PAL, ORI#
M. insolita De Koning, 1947 GD2, HN8 ANT, AUS, NEA, NEO, PAL, ORI#
*M. latior Doner, 1951 YN7 PAL, ORI#
*M. libera Donner, 1949 HN4 PAL, ORI#
M. multispinosa multispinosa Thompson, 1892 GD6 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, ORI, PAL
*M. multispinosa brevispinosa (Murray, 1908) YN5 AFR, AUS, NEO, ORI, PAL
*M. nana (Bryce, 1912) QH1 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, PAL
M. plicata (Bryce, 1892) SC2–3 AFR, AUS, NEA, PAL, ORI#
*M. quadricornifera quadricorniferoides De Koning, 1929 JS1, 2 AFR, ANT, NEO, ORI, PAL
*M. quadricornifera scutellata Schulte, 1954 GD13 AUS, PAL, ORI#
*M. timida Milne, 1916 SC1–3, YN7 AFR, AUS, PAL, ORI#
*Philodina acuticornis Murray, 1902 GD20–21, JS1, ZJ2 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, PAL, ORI#
*P. cf. indica Murray, 1906 YN4 NEA, PAL, ORI#
*P. cf. proterva Milne, 1916 GD5, YN1, 6, ZJ2 AFR, AUS, NEA, PAL, ORI#
*P. childi Milne, 1916 GD14, YN7 PAL, ORI#
*P. duplicalcar (De Koning, 1947) NX2 PAL
P. megalotrocha Ehrenberg, 1832 HN5–6, 9, GD9, 12 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, ORI, PAL
*P. cf. parvicalcar De Koning, 1947 SH2, GD25 PAL, ORI#
*P. plena (Bryce, 1894) QH1, YN7 AFR, ANT, AUS, NEA, NEO, PAL, ORI#
*P. rapida Milne, 1916 YN7 AFR, NEO, PAL, ORI#
P. roseola Ehrenberg, 1832 GD19 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, PAL, ORI#
*P. rugosa Bryce, 1903 GD20–21 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, PAL, ORI#
*P. tenuicalcar De Koning, 1947 NX1 PAL
*P. tranquilla Wulfert, 1942 HN2, GS1 AUS, PAL, ORI#
P. vorax (Janson, 1893) HN2 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, ORI, PAL
*Pleuretra africana Murray, 1911 YN2, 6 AFR, NEO, ORI#
*P. brycei (Weber, 1898) GD15, 23 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, PAL, ORI#
Rotaria citrina (Ehrenberg, 1838) GD16 AFR, AUS, NEA, PAL, ORI#
*R. laticeps Wulfert, 1942 GD15, 24 AUS, PAL, ORI#
R. neptunia Ehrenberg, 1830 GD16–17 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, ORI, PAL
*R. neptunoida Harring, 1913 GD16–17, 19 AFR, AUS, NEA, ORI, PAL
R. rotatoria (Pallas, 1766) HN5, GD8, 18, SH1, 3 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, ORI, PAL
R. sordida (Western, 1893) HN2, 8, YN2–3, GD13–14,26, JS1 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, ORI, PAL
R. tardigrada (Ehrenberg, 1830) HN9 AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO, ORI, PAL
R. tridens (Montet, 1915) HN6, 9, GD9, 12 AUS, NEA, NEO, PAL, ORI#
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*: Taxa new for China, #: new for ORI. Abbreviations: AFR: Afrotropical region; ANT: Antarctic region; AUS: Australian region; NEA: Nearctic region; NEO: Neotropical region; ORI: Oriental region; PAC: Pacific region; PAL: Palearctic region. ‘cf.’ is retained for those taxa which have some differences from the nominate morphospecies, requiring further study. Locality codes see Table 2 for sampling information.

During our survey, five collected bdelloids have a general resemblance to known species, but also showed some dissimilar traits from previously described taxa, and they were qualified with ‘cf.’ and await further analysis. One of these doubtful species, reported as H. cf. spicula Bryce, which showed a upturned dorsal protrusion. Philodina cf. indica Murray, P. cf. proterva Milne and P. cf. parvicalcar showed relative wide range of variations in their head proportion, which need further analyses.

Among these new records, some species are very rare, and few were first found out of their type localities or habitats, e.g., Adineta beysunae Örstan and Habrotrocha ligula loxoglotta De Koning; some new morphological characteristics were observed and need to be added to the original descriptions, e.g., Adineta cf. acuticornis Haigh and Habrotrocha serpens Donner, which are redescribed and illustrated in the next section.

Species richness of bdelliods recorded between 1908 and 2018 in different provinces of China is presented in Figure 1, showing that sampling intensity greatly influenced the species diversity in different regions of China. For instance, the provinces of Guangdong, Yunnan and Hunan were the subject of 26, eight, and nine studies, which recorded 33, 18, and 16 morphospecies, respectively, whereas the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guizhou, Sichuan, Shanghai, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Gansu have no more than four investigations, which only recorded up to six morphospecies for each.

Redescriptions of some rare morphospecies

Phylum Rotifera Cuvier, 1817

Class Eurotatoria De Ridder, 1957

Order Adinetida Melone & Ricci, 1995

Family Adinetidae Melone & Ricci, 1995

Genus Adineta Hudson & Gosse, 1886

Adineta cf. acuticornis

Haigh, 1967

BBD9A6D0-B51A-56BD-9CCF-4D393202A1C0

Figure 2 ; Table 3

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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Adineta cf. acuticornis Haigh, 1967 A, B habitus, ventral view C egg D stomach lumen E spur. Scale bars: 50 μm (A–D); 10 μm (E).

Material.

Eight specimens found in mosses and two specimens found in lichens, from tropical (GD 6) and subtropical (YN 5–6, SC 2) zones (Table 2).

Description.

Body transparent and colorless, with smooth skin. No eyespots. Rostrum rather long when animal creeps and stretches out, distal rostral pseudosegment semi-circular and flattened. Rostral lamella divided into two broad sickles-like lobes, immobile, laterally elongated, no trace of cilia under the present microscope image. Small oval head, HW 63–90% of HL and 11–16% of TL, HL 15–18% of TL. Five rectangular denticles in each rake.

Neck width not distinct from head and trunk. The width of the first two pseudosegments of neck approximately equal to HW, the second neck pseudosegment much wider and swollen than the first one. Antenna of two pseudosegments, with length 56–64% of the bearing pseudosegment width. Trunk oval, BW 15–22% of TL. Rump conical, TrL 54–67% of TL. The stomach lumen very narrow and Z-shaped (Fig. 2D). Oviparous; egg oval and smooth, one knob at each pole (Fig. 2C); Vitellarium large with eight nuclei.

Foot slim and short, of four pseudosegments. Spurs long, the inner edge of the spurs almost parallel to the straight outer edge for two-thirds of its length, then a small bulge followed by a contraction and tapers to a sharp point (Fig. 2E). SL 4–8% of TL, and 143–193% of SSW. Three long and unsegmented toes. Dorsal toe longer than two ventral toes. Trophi small, round. Dental formula 2/2.

Measurements.

The detailed measurements are summarized in Table 4 with a comparison of the original data from Haigh (1967).

Table 4.

Comparison the body dimensions of Adineta acuticornis between Chinese specimens and the original description.

Measurements Chinese specimens Original description
TL 166–266 (227±33) 210
BW 30–61 (44±10)
HL 30–45 (40±5)
HW 25–37 (30±4) 30
NL 15–34 (25±6)
MinNW 16–31 (25±4)
MxNW 22–42 (31±6)
RL 20–44 (30±9)
RW 22–38 (25±7)
FL 21–32 (28±4)
FW 11–16 (13±2)
SL 11–13 (12±1) 12
SSW 6–8 (7±1) 9
RaL 9–12 (10±1)
TrW 5–6 (5±1) 7.5
Rake 5–5
TL/SL 14.4–21.6 (18.3±3.4) 17.5
TL/HW 6.6–8.6 (7.5±0.8) 7
Rostral lamella immobile immobile
Antenna 1/2 MNW half neck width
Foot segments 4 4
Stomach lumen one loop two loops
Habitats lichen and moss damp moss on soil
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BW: body width; FL: foot length; FW: foot width; HL: head length; HW: head width; MinNW: minimal neck width; MxNW: maximal neck width; NL: neck length; RaL: ramus length; RL: rump length; RW: rump width; SL: spur length; SSW: spur pseudosegment width; TL: total length; TrW: trophi width. Measurements are given in μm.

Remarks.

Adineta acuticornis has not been found since its original description by Haigh (1967) and was considered as an endemic morphospecies of New Zealand (Shiel and Green 1996). It was found in China for the firstly time also in the Oriental biogeographic region recorded in two provinces of China in 2017 or 2018. It was recorded in damp mosses on soil face in the type locality, whereas in this study, numerous specimens were recorded in both dry and damp mosses, and two specimens in lichens on soil surface.

A distinct characteristic differentiating this morphospecies from Adineta vaga Davis is its wide and rostral lamellae which are slightly wider than the anterior head, while the rostral lamellae of A. vaga are narrower than the anterior head. It differs from Adineta glauca Wulfert by its spur shape, which is short and has a flat base, while A. glauca spur with a swollen base. This morphospecies differs from Adineta longicornis Murray by its spur shape which has bulge, while A. longicornis spur is slender and acute (Murray 1906: 5a, 5b).

The general morphology of the Chinese specimen conforms to the description of the New Zealand population, except the position of the spur contraction is closer to the tip (the contraction is in the middle of the spur in Haigh’s description) and the stomach lumen do not have distinct two loops as Haigh’s description. A comparison with Haigh’s (1967) body dimensions showed a similar body proportion (Table 4). Since there was no genetic evidence to prove it actual systematic status, we assigned ‘cf.’ (resembling original description) as the status of this find. Besides, we observed three new morphological features missed by Haigh (1967): each rake with five denticles, a larger vitellarium with eight nuclei and egg with one knob on each pole.

Adineta beysunae

Örstan, 2018

DB0A782F-7F55-5C75-8502-6CD9AB3A05E8

Figure 3 ; Table 3

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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Adineta beysunae Örstan, 2018 A, B habitus, dorsal view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A, B).

Material.

Numerous specimens found in leaf litter from three provinces (GD13–14, 25–26, YN7, JS1) across tropical and subtropical zones. One specimen found in dew on leaves from Southwest of China (YN8) (Table 2).

Description.

Body angulate, large and transparent. Sometimes the organs in the trunk show brown coloration. No eyespots. Rostral lamella flat and widened, with two lateral triangular auricular protrusions holding long rostral setae under them (the number of stiff under each could not be counted under microscope). Setae length varies from 11 to 30 μm. Head trapezoid, rather large and long, HW 80–110% of HLb, HLb 17–22% of TL, HW 13–20% of TL. Numbers of U-gaps denticles on rakes: 9–9 (N = 3), 10–10 (N = 4).

Neck distinct from head, the first two pseudosegments of neck narrower than HW. Trunk oval. Posterior end of the first rump pseudosegment with a pair of lateral angular knobs.

Foot of five pseudosegments with two pairs of lateral knobs on its first two pseudosegments, FL 14–22% of TL. Spurs long and sturdy, with short interspace, SL 6–8% of TL, 172–284% of SSW. Three short unsegmented toes. Ventral toe longer than two dorsal toes. Dental formula 2/2.

Measurements.

TL 289±40 μm, HLb 49±5 μm, HW 45±4 μm, FL 49±8 μm, SL 20±1 μm, SSW 10±1 μm, RkW (N = 2, with 9–9 denticles; N = 4, with 10–10 denticles) 21±1 μm, RaL (N = 14) 15.9±2 μm, TrW 7.3±1 μm.

Remarks.

This is the second report of this morphospecies since its original description by Örstan (2018) in rainwater and plant debris from the United States. In the present study, A. beysunae was found in leaf litter and dew on leaves. And interestingly, it was abundant in 60% of all leaf litter samples. Our study suggested A. beysunae might have a habitat preference for leaf litter and temporary waterbodies.

Family Habrotrochidae Harring, 1913

Genus Habrotrocha Ehrenberg, 1838

Habrotrocha ligula loxoglotta

De Koning, 1947

403B6D29-02A8-512B-B905-F01C9E43B440

Figure 4 ; Table 3

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

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Habrotrocha ligula loxoglotta De Koning 1947 A, B habitus, creeping, dorsal view C rostrum, lateral view D, E head, dorsal view F, G head, with ligula sloping obliquely to the dorsal side, lateral view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A, B), 10 μm (C–G).

Materials.

Five specimens found in mosses on rock from Southwest China (YN5) (Table 2).

Description.

Body slender and transparent, integument smooth. Rostrum long and strongly bent ventrally. Rostral lamellae divided into two semi-circular lobes and wider than the anterior rim of rostrum. Head similar to hexagon, HW 89% of HL. Corona slightly narrower than collar, with papillae clearly seen in the middle of each trochus, CW 97% of HW. Trochal discs separated by a narrow, V-shaped sulcus, in which a cylindrical ligula bends obliquely to the dorsal side (Fig. 4F, G). A slight contraction near the tip which then forms a small papilla on the tip of the ligula, attaining the level of the discs at the inner side (Fig. 4D, E). Upper lip a flat bow. Neck also bent ventrally when animal creeps. The first pseudosegment of neck slightly narrower than the head at the corners of the mouth, not distinct from head and trunk. A pair of lateral cuticular bulges on the dorsal antenna pseudosegment. Antenna with two segments, its length 30–40% of the bearing pseudosegment width.

Trunk slender and cylindrical, TrL 59–67% of TL. Rump conical, with both pseudosegments somewhat swollen and strong arched up dorsally and roofing the foot, the posterior rim of the second pseudosegment creased, RL 8–10% of TL.

Foot short with three pseudosegments, FL 6–8% of TL. Bulbous spurs short and triangular shape, with distinct tips and wide interspace, base swollen. The width of interspace 114% of SL, 97% of the swollen width. Three stout unsegmented toes of the same length. Trophi small, dental formula 3/3.

Measurements.

TL 186±43 μm, NL 27±3 μm, TrL 119±37 μm, RL 156±2 μm, RW 22±7, FL 12±2 μm, SL 4±2 μm, RaL 13±1 μm, TrW 5.6±0.5 μm.

Remarks.

Habrotrocha ligula loxoglotta was originally described from Holland (De Koning 1947), later reported from beech-oak needle-litter in Germany, from dry mosses in France (Donner 1951) and from mosses in Austria (Kutikova 2005). In this study, it was found for the first time in China (Yunnan Province) as well as in the Oriental region.

Habrotrocha serpens

Donner, 1949

54C1875B-173F-5A64-A69D-1089550BE4AD

Figure 5 ; Table 3

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

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Habrotrocha serpens Donner, 1949 A, B habitus, creeping (not fully extended), dorsal view C three toes, dorsal view D, E head, ventral view F, G head, lateral view (the second pseudosegment of rostrum contracted). Scale bars: 50 μm (A, B); 10 μm (C–G).

Materials.

Five specimens found in dry mosses on bark from southern China (GD6) (Table 2).

Description.

Body extremely slender (BW is only about 6% of TL), long and cylindrical, integument transparent and smooth. Rostrum rather long, with two pseudosegments. The first pseudosegment circular and slightly bigger than the second one which often contracted (Fig. 5B). One whole semi-circular lamella not divided into lobes, rather large, broader than the rostrum, covers the long and stiff tactile cilia. Head slender, HW 44% of HL, 22% of TL. Corona also slender, a little wider than the head, CW 107% of HW. Trochal pedicels grown together, central rounded papillae on each separated trochal discs, incline to the dorsal side. Upper lip low, narrow and without lobes, slightly arched, not covered by the incompletely extended rostrum. Lower lip spoon-shaped, strongly protrudes forward.

Neck slender. Throat very short, pharyngeal tube long, undulating before the mastax. Dorsal antenna slender, with two segments, its length 86% of the antennal pseudosegment width. Trunk slender, the two lateral sides of trunk almost parallel when animal fully extended, the last trunk segment often strongly contracted. Rump conical, with both pseudosegments swollen, arched up dorsally and roofing the foot, RL 12% of TL.

Foot very short, of four pseudosegments, FL 5% of TL. Spurs triangular and have swollen base, each with curved inner margins and a very small interspace. SL 63% of SSW. Three short unsegmented and of approximately equal length toes (Fig. 5C). Trophi large, dental formula 4/4.

Measurements.

The detailed measurements are summarized in Table 5 with a comparison of the original data from Donner (1949; 1970).

Table 5.

Comparison the body dimensions of Habrotrocha serpens between Chinese specimens and the original description from Donner (1949; 1970).

Measurements Chinese specimens Donner 1949 Donner 1970
TL 213 193–273 200
BW 18.7 17
HL 42
HW 18.4
CW 19.7
NL 31.2
MinNW 17.8
MxNW 19.2
RL 26.6
RW 20
FL 12
FW 9.9
SL 3.4
SSW 5.4
RaL 14 12.7 14.8
TrW 5.9
TL/BW 11.4 11.8
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BW: body width when creeping; FL: foot length; FW: foot width; HL: head length; HW: head width; CW: corona width; MinNW: minimal neck width; MxNW: maximal neck width; NL: neck length; RaL: ramus length; RL: rump length; RW: rump width; SL: spur length; SSW: spur pseudosegment width; TL: total length; TrW: trophi width. Measurements are given in μm.

Remarks.

The general morphology of our sample conforms with the description of the Austrian population except that the rostrum is not always fully expanded to/exceeding the upper lip in a feeding position. It may because of the second pseudosegment of rostrum often contracted. Additionally, we observed three approximately equal-lengthed toes which were not clear in Donner’s (1949) description.

This morphospecies was first described from soil from Austria by Donner (1949), and then recorded in moss and soil from Austria and Czechoslovakia (Bartoš 1951); in needle litter, Calamagrosits turf, grasses and leaf litter from Austria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Spain (Donner 1965, 1970). It is new for China as well as for the Oriental region.

Discussion

Taxonomy and diversity of bdelloid rotifers in China

Only 48 species were recorded in eleven studies conducted in China between 1908 and 2018 (Table 1), which implies that taxonomic and diversity researches on Chinese bdelloids are very limited. Moreover, only 65% (31 of 48) of the recoreded morphospecies were illustrated and described (e.g., Wang 1961; Bartoš 1963; Gong 1983), and many of the illustrations are inaccurate, not showing important details and the descriptions are not detailed enough to verify their identity. Besides, there are 17 morphospecies listed in the literature without any illustrations, photographs or descriptions (e.g., Koste and Zhuge 1996; Yin and Xu 2016), which need further verification. Also, some species were recorded out of their specific habitats (e.g., H. thienemanni Hauer and P. roseola Ehrenberg) and some recorded in unusual environments (e.g., Habrotrocha pulchra Murray, H. thienemanni Hauer, Mniobia tentans Donner, Macrotrachela bullata Murray, and Philodina vorax Janson were abundant in glacier over 5500 m a.s.l.) (Table 1). These ecological differences may hide potential cryptic taxa and need further studies combined with new techniques such as DNA taxonomy.

Due to a lack of insufficient taxonomic and diversity research in China, species richness is extremely uneven in different provinces of China. More morphospecies were recorded in the Tibetan Plateau (27 morphospecies) and Guangdong Province (22 morphospecies) with more samples collected (Stewart 1908; Bartoš 1963; Wang 1974; Gong 1983; Yin and Xu 2016). Four new morphospecies were reported in Guangdong, including Habrotrocha modesta Bartoš, H. flexicollis Bartoš, Pleuretra proxima Bartoš, and P. similis Bartoš. Unfortunately, they were never found again, and these are considered as disappeared ‘endemic morphospecies’ in latter researches. Research on different habitats of bdelloids were also uneven. Most studies were only focused on fragmented fresh-water bodies or mosses, but did not pay attention to other habitats such as brackish waters, soil and litter. Therefore, more studies are necessary to explore the taxonomy and diversity of bdelloid rotifers in China, especially with a focus on the areas and habitats that were not well studied.

Geographical distribution and ecological information of Chinese bdelloids

The high dispersal potential of bdelloids has supposedly led to their generally cosmopolitan distribution (Fenchel and Finlay 2004). The previous extensive sampling of bdelloids confirms that some species can be found in distant areas on different continents, but also some species can only be found in specific area (Donner 1965; Segers 2007). At present, studies of biogeography on these taxa are not comprehensive. For example, Adineta ricciae Segers and Shiel, previously considered as an Australia-endemic species, was observed in South China (the Oriental region); A. beysuanae has been described in a container filled with plant debris and rain water from the United States (Örstan 2018), and it was then found in similar or drier habitats (dew and leaf litter) from China. These findings imply that the currently described distribution of bdelloids is incomplete and may be strong influenced by the sampling effort, especially in the poorly investigated areas, such as South Asia.

With study extending to more ecological habitats, some morphospecies were found in a broader range of habitats. We observed five brackish water morphospecies: Rotaria rotatoria Pallas, R. laticeps Wulfert, R. tridens Montet, Philodina megalotrocha Ehrenberg and Macrotrachela hewitti Murray. They were found among aquatic plants or brackish temporary puddle with sediment in mangrove. Noticeably, R. rotatoria was abundant and dominated in Gracilaria lichenoides (a red alga) culture ponds, possibly because G. lichenoides could provide suitable habitats. These ecological differences seem to represent different ecological niches, which may hide some interesting phenomena of separated evolutionary lineages. For example, Adineta vaga, which occurs in the multiple types of habitats, has a large amount of cryptic diversity (Fontaneto et al. 2011).

More extensive surveys of bdelloids in Asia

More than half of the recorded morphospecies from this study (some presumed cosmopolitan) are new records for the Oriental region as well as for South Asia. As there are still considerable gaps in faunistic studies in the Oriental region, we do not yet have sufficient faunistic data to determine the true distributions of bdelloids. Our findings highlight the need for further taxonomic studies on bdelloids in Asia. Furthermore, asexual bdelloids have evolved independently in spite of being effectively sympatric, indicating that they may adapt to different ecological niches, thus the type of habitat is a key player for microscopic species diversity and evolution (Birky et al. 2005). Applications of molecular phylogeny for identification of bdelloid species would be invaluable in uncovering the actual systematic status of some euryoecious or variable morphospecies so that we may better understand the true distribution of bdelloid species.

Supplementary Material

XML Treatment for Adineta cf. acuticornis
zookeys.941.50465-treatment1.xml (124.2KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Adineta beysunae
zookeys.941.50465-treatment2.xml (112.4KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Habrotrocha ligula loxoglotta
zookeys.941.50465-treatment3.xml (112.9KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Habrotrocha serpens
zookeys.941.50465-treatment4.xml (121.5KB, xml)

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge Prof. Larry Liddle (Long Island University, USA), Dr. Xuejia He (Research Center for Harmful Algae and Aquatic Environment, Jinan University), Dr. Thomas Mesaglio (University of New South Wale, Australia), Dr. Xiao Ma (South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) and Prof. Zhili He (University of Oklahoma) for their comments on the manuscript and the linguistic help. We also thank Dr. Zhiwei Liu (Jinan University) for helping on the map of the sampling localities. This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41673080, 31601840).

Citation

Zeng Y, Wei N, Wang Q, Iakovenko NS, Li Y, Yang Y (2020) Bdelloid rotifers (Rotifera, Bdelloidea) of China: diversity and new records. ZooKeys 941: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.941.50465

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

XML Treatment for Adineta cf. acuticornis
zookeys.941.50465-treatment1.xml (124.2KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Adineta beysunae
zookeys.941.50465-treatment2.xml (112.4KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Habrotrocha ligula loxoglotta
zookeys.941.50465-treatment3.xml (112.9KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Habrotrocha serpens
zookeys.941.50465-treatment4.xml (121.5KB, xml)

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