The efficacy of clinical pathway in gastric cancer surgery

Abstract

Objectives

Clinical pathways are useful tools for surgical quality improvement and better peri-operative clinical outcomes for patients undergoing major surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of clinical pathway on early postoperative outcomes for gastric cancer patients.

Material and Methods

The study was designed as a retrospective cohort observational study. Patients who had undergone curative gastrectomy for gastric cancer were evaluated by using the gastric cancer database, which was prospectively maintained. The patients were divided into two groups based on the date when the clinical pathway was first used: The control group (May 2015-May 2016) and the clinical pathway group (June 2016-December 2017). Early postoperative outcomes including the length of hospital stay, start of the day of diet, and 30-day complications including reoperation, and operative mortality were compared after propensity score matching.

Results

A total of 101 patients were analyzed, and the data of 70 patients (35 patients in each group) were compared after matching. Clinical pathway group demonstrated shorter hospital stay, earlier nasogastric tube removal, and start of earlier liquid/soft diet. Overall complication rate was lower in the clinical pathway group, while there was no statistically significant difference in major complication rates. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of reoperation and operative mortality.

Conclusion

Clinical pathway may shorten the postoperative length of hospital stay and reduce the overall complication rate without increasing major morbidity in patients undergoing elective gastric cancer surgery.

Introduction

Hospitals, which are complex organizations consisting of many interconnected actions, are designed for patient-centered and effective healthcare (1,2). Having been managed with traditional concepts for many years, total quality management is now a new paradigm in healthcare organizations (3,4). Various strategies, such as enhanced recovery, outcome management, and integrated care pathways can be used as part of total quality management (5). Clinical pathways (CP), which are standardized comprehensive management systems, are useful tools for surgical quality improvement, designed to improve peri-operative outcomes such as hospital stay, morbidity, and cost (6,7). Effectiveness of CP for cardiothoracic, liver, and bariatric surgery has been shown in recent studies (7-10).

One of the major causes of cancer-related deaths, the only treatment option of gastric cancer in a majority of patients is surgical resection (11,12). However, gastrectomy for gastric cancer remains a high-risk procedure with significant morbidity and mortality (13,14). Clinical pathway has also been used for gastric cancer surgery, and studies have demonstrated improvement in peri-operative outcomes (15-18). Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol is an evidence-based model of standardized clinical pathway system, which has been considered safe and effective in a recent meta-analysis in gastrectomy for gastric cancer patients (19). Besides, consensus guidelines for enhanced recovery after gastrectomy has been published by the ERAS® society (20). However, majority of the evidence regarding enhanced recovery pathways has originated from studies conducted in far eastern countries. Convincing evidence from western patient population is limited, and thus, the feasibility of clinical pathways in all gastric cancer patients, particularly in developing countries, remains controversial.

Clinical pathway system, as part of a quality improvement program for gastric cancer patients, was implemented in June 2016 in a tertiary center from Turkey. In the present study, the influence of clinical pathway on early postoperative outcomes for gastric cancer patients was evaluated.

Patients and Methods

Patients and Data Collection

The study was designed as a retrospective cohort observational study. The database prospectively maintained for patients who had undergone surgical treatment for gastric cancer was reviewed. CP for gastric cancer surgery was implemented in June 2016 and modified in December 2017 with the use of a checklist system. Therefore, patients operated on in this period were selected as test group (CP group). Before the implementation of CP, patients were managed without any specific protocol, and these patients were selected as the historic control group (control group). Patients operated on before May 2015 were excluded to decrease the risk of experience bias. Signed informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to surgery. Ethics permission for the study was obtained from the ethics committee (2019/177).

All consecutive patients who had undergone gastrectomy for gastric malignancy between May 2015 and December 2017 were evaluated. Exclusion criteria were: (1) patients who did not have gastric resection, (2) patients who only had palliative procedure including bypass or palliative resection (3) patients having distant metastasis, (4) patients requiring thoracotomy, (5) emergency surgery, and (6) patients who had malignancy other than adenocarcinoma.

All data were retrieved from the electronic database developed in 2013 for patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal cancer surgery. The following data regarding patient demographics and clinical characteristics were extracted: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, history of previous abdominal surgery, smoking habits, hemoglobin level, albumin level, tumor size, histologic differentiation, type of gastrectomy, type of lymphadenectomy, source of tumor, presence of neoadjuvant treatment, pathological stage, total number of removed lymph nodes. Surgical principles were in accordance with the Korean and Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines (21,22). D2 lymphadenectomy for advanced gastric cancer and D1+ lymphadenectomy for early gastric cancer were standard approaches, while D1 gastrectomy was used seldom in high-risk patients (23). Tumors were staged according to the 8^th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System (24,25).

Outcome measures were the length of hospital stay, the day of nasogastric tube removal, the day of starting sips of water (SOW), the day of starting soft diet, the day of drain removal, 30-day complication rate, 30-day reoperation rate, and operative mortality. Adverse events occurring within 30 days after surgery or within the hospitalization period were considered postoperative complications. Complications were classified according to the Clavien-Dindo classification system (26). Complications classified as grade 3 or higher were defined as major complications. Mortality that occurred within 30 days after surgery or during initial hospitalization was defined as operative mortality.

Clinical Pathway for Gastric Cancer Surgery

CP for gastric cancer surgery has initially been developed according to the current evidence on CP and published ERAS protocol for gastric cancer surgery and modified based on the institutional facilities and personal experiences (20). CP is summarized in Table 1. In brief, we divided peri-operative process into three main periods. The first period (preoperative preparation period) starts at the time when the patient’s initial diagnosis of gastric cancer is established and is is primarily focused on the conformity of indication of surgical treatment, optimizing chronic diseases, nutritional counseling, and patient/family member’s education.

Table 1. Clinical pathway for gastric cancer surgery.

Preoperative preparation period	Diagnosis of gastric cancer and first admission to the hospital
	Preoperative tumor staging  Preoperative endoscopy for tumor localization ± Endosonography  Multidisciplinary board meeting  Smoking cessation  Nutritional counseling / Enteral nutrition for severe malnourished patients  Enteral immunonutrition with glutamine-containing supplements  Breathing physiotherapy with incentive spirometry  Comorbidity/Medication management  Complete informed consent  Correct anemia  Education for patient /family members
Operative period	Admission for surgery
	Day -1	Reassess the patient and laboratory values  Check for surgical equipment  No bowel preparation  No restriction on eating until midnight  Single dose LMWH
	Day 0	WHO Surgical safety checklist  Compression stockings  Antibiotic prophylaxis with 2 g intravenous cefazolin
	In the operating room
	WHO Surgical safety checklist  Epidural catheter  Patient positioning  Forced-air warming  Operative steps including wound management			Repeat antibiotic if needed (> 4 hours)  Counting procedures  Specimen preparation and documentation  Record operation details  Database entry
	After surgery
Postoperative care	Action	POD0	POD1	POD2	POD3	POD4	POD5	≥ POD6
	Monitor vitals	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	Monitor laboratory values†	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	Pain management	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	Immunization if required	+
	Fresh frozen plasma	+
	Mobilization		+	+	+	+	+	+
	Incentive spirometry		+	+	+	+	+	+
	LMWH		+	+	+	+	+	+
	Metoclopramide		+	+	+	+	+	+
	Epidural catheter removal				+
	Nasogastric tube removal		+
	Urinary catheter removal		+
	Blue dye test				+
	Initiate sips of water				+
	Immunonutrition					+	+	+
	Initiate liquid/soft diet*				+	+
	Drain amylase-triglyceride check						+
	Consider drain removal						+	+
	Check discharge criteria						+	+
	Orders on discharge						+	+
	Database check							+
†: including hemoglobin, amylase and glucose levels. *: The only difference between distal and total gastrectomy is the day of liquid diet initiation (POD3 vs POD4). Abbr: LMWH: Low Molecular Weight Heparin, WHO: World Health Organization, POD: Postoperative day.

The second period (operative period) starts with the patient’s admission for surgery, typically one day before the scheduled operation date, and ends when the patient comes back to the wardroom after surgery. Confirming the completeness of the preparation and the surgical procedure are the main elements of the second period. During operation, intra-abdominal drain and nasogastric tube are routinely used regardless of the gastrectomy type. Because the majority of the patients had advanced gastric cancer or tumors requiring total gastrectomy, laparoscopic approach was seldom used in the study period only for early gastric cancers requiring distal gastrectomy (23).

The third period (postoperative care) primarily focused on postoperative care and ended when the patient was discharged from the hospital. Discharge criteria were; adequate mobilization, adequate pain management with oral analgesics, patient’s willingness to be discharged, no fever, the ability to eat a soft diet, no vomiting/nausea, and no major complication. One week after discharge, all patients were invited to the outpatient clinic for early follow-up. Written clinical pathway was distributed to the surgical team members responsible for patient care, and they were educated on the items of the path.

Before the implementation of CP, there was no specific written protocol on items such as nutritional counseling, postoperative diet instructions, catheter removal, drain removal, discharge criteria, and etc. Patients having gastrectomy were managed traditionally by the members of the surgical team. All surgical procedures during the study period were carried out by the same upper gastrointestinal surgeon.

Statistics Analysis

Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation for parametric distribution and as median (1^st-3^rd quartile) for nonparametric distribution. Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test (when 20% of expected frequencies in any cell was ≤ 5), Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used for comparing the groups based on the type and characteristics of the data. All p values were two-sided, and statistical significance was defined as p <0.05. R software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) with required packages was used for statistical analyses. To reduce selection bias, the “MatchIt” package with nearest-neighbor 1-1 matching was used to conduct a propensity-score matching analysis. Age, sex, albumin level, pathological stage, ASA score, and type of gastrectomy were used as covariates.

Results

A total of 147 patients underwent surgery due to gastric cancer during the study period. After the application of exclusion criteria, 101 patients were included into the analysis. Among them, thirty-five patients were managed with the traditional approach (control group), and sixty-six patients were managed with the clinical pathway approach (all-CP group). Propensity score matching generated a sample of 70 patients (35 patients in the control group and 35 patients in the matched-CP group).

Comparison of Baseline Characteristics Between the Groups

The comparison of baseline patient demographics is presented in Table 2. In the non-matched analysis, there were no statistically significant differences between the control group and the all-CP group concerning sex, BMI, ASA score, history of previous abdominal surgery, smoking status, and hemoglobin levels. However, the all-CP group tended to be older (not statistically significant) and had higher albumin levels (p= 0.049). In the matched analysis, there were no statistically significant differences between the control group and the matched-CP group concerning baseline patient demographics.

Table 2. Comparison of baseline patient demographics.

	Control group	Clinical pathway group
		All-CP group		Matched-CP group
Variables	n= 35	n= 66	p†	n= 35	p‡
Age (years)	59.57 ± 11.61	63.92 ± 12.04	0.083	60.71 ± 13.04	0.700
Sex
Female	14 (40%)	18 (27.3%)	0.190	11 (31.4%)	0.454
Male	21 (60%)	48 (72.7%)		24 (68.6%)
Body mass index (kg/m2)	23.44 (21.45-27.62)	24.70 (22.51-29.31)	0.188	24.70 (22.58-29.53)	0.213
ASA score
ASA I	7 (20.0%)	6 (9.1%)	0.328	5 (14.3%)	0.946
ASA II	18 (51.4%)	43 (65.2%)		19 (54.2%)
ASA III	9 (25.7%)	16 (24.2%)		10 (28.6%)
ASA IV	1 (2.9%)	1 (1.5%)		1 (2.9%)
Previous abdominal surgery	7 (20%)	16 (24.2%)	0.628	9 (25.7%)	0.569
Smoking
Current	7 (20.0%)	11 (16.7%)	0.769	4 (11.4%)	0.630
Ex-smoker (< 6 weeks)	1 (2.9%)	5 (7.6%)		3 (8.6%)
Ex-smoker (> 6 weeks)	8 (22.8%)	18 (27.2%)		9 (25.7%)
Never smoked	19 (54.3%)	32 (48.4%)		19 (54.3%)
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	11.65 ± 1.89	11.90 ± 2.03	0.543	11.85 ± 2.10	0.667
Albumin (g/dL)	3.60 (3.10-3.90)	3.80 (3.40-4.20)	0.049	3.60 (3.10-4.10)	0.552
Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (1st-3rd quartile) or number of patients (percentage).
†: Control group vs. All-CP group, ‡: Control group vs. matched-CP group.
CP: Clinical pathway, ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

The comparison of oncologic and surgical factors is presented in Table 3. In the non-matched analysis, there were no statistically significant differences between the control group and the all-CP group concerning tumor size, histological differentiation, type of gastrectomy, source of tumor, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, pathological stage, and the total number of removed lymph nodes. There was a statistically significant difference in the type of lymphadenectomy. More D2 lymphadenectomy was performed in the all-CP group compared to the control group (p= 0.047). In the matched analysis, there was no statistically significant difference between the control group and the matched-CP group concerning the type of lymphadenectomy as well as other factors.

Table 3. Comparison of oncologic and surgical factors.

	Control group	Clinical pathway group
		All-CP group		Matched-CP group
Variables	n= 35	n= 66	p†	n= 35	p‡
Tumor size (cm)	6.00 (2.75-8.00)	5.00 (3.50-7.00)	0.892	5.20 (4.25-9.25)	0.406
Histology
Differentiated	16 (45.7%)	35 (53.0%)	0.484	14 (40%)	0.629
Undifferentiated	19 (54.3%)	31 (47.0%)		21 (60%)
Type of gastrectomy
Extended TG	4 (11.4%)	9 (13.6%)	0.373	5 (14.3%)	0.921
TG	10 (28.6%)	11 (16.7%)		9 (25.7%)
DG	21 (60.0%)	46 (69.7%)		21 (60.0%)
Type of lymphadenectomy
D1/D1+	9 (25.7%)	7 (10.6%)	0.047	6 (17.1%)	0.382
D2	26 (74.3%)	59 (89.4%)		29 (82.9%)
Source EGJ	3 (8.6%)	8 (12.1%)	0.743	4 (11.4%)	1
Stomach	32 (91.4%)	58 (87.9%)		31 (88.6%)
Neoadjuvant CT	3 (8.6%)	8 (12.1%)	0.743	4 (11.4%)	1
Pathologic stage
Stage I	8 (22.8%)	14 (21.2%)	0.145	7 (20%)	0.809
Stage II	5 (14.3%)	21 (31.8%)		7 (20%)
Stage III	22 (62.9%)	31 (47.0%)		21 (60%)
Removed lymph nodes (n)	35.00 (28.50-42.00)	36.00 (28.25-46.75)	0.612	36.00 (26.50-45.00)	0.801
Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (1st-3rd quartile) or number of patients (percentage).
†: Control group vs. All-CP group, ‡: Control group vs. matched-CP group.
CP: Clinical pathway, TG: Total gastrectomy, DG: Distal gastrectomy, EGJ: Esophagogastric junction.

Baseline demographics, oncological factors, and surgical factors were well balanced between the control group and the matched-CP group.

Comparison of Postoperative Outcomes Between the Control Group and the Matched-CP Group

Postoperative clinical outcomes are presented in Table 4. Significantly shorter hospital stay (median 11 days vs. 9 days, p <0.001), earlier nasogastric tube removal (median 4 days vs. 2 days, p <0.001), shorter time from surgery to first SOW (median 4 days vs. 4 days, p <0.001) and soft diet (median 5 days vs. 5 days, p= 0.013) were observed in the matched-CP group compared to the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the control group and the matched-CP group concerning time to drain removal (median 6 days vs. 6 days, p= 0.851).

Table 4. Postoperative clinical outcomes.

Variables	Control group  (n= 35)	CP group  (n= 35)	p
Hospital stay (days)	11.00 (9.00-12.50)	9.00 (7.00-10.00)	< 0.001
Nasogastric tube removal (days)	4.00 (3.00-4.50)	2.00 (2.00-2.00)	< 0.001
Sips of water (days)	4.00 (4.00-5.00)	4.00 (3.00-4.00)	< 0.001
Soft diet (days)	5.00 (5.00-6.00)	5.00 (5.00-5.50)	0.013
Drain removal (days)	6.00 (6.00-7.00)	6.00 (6.00-7.00)	0.851
All complications	21 (60%)	11 (31.4%)	0.016
Major complications	1 (2.9%)	2 (5.7%)	1
Grade I-II complication	20 (57.1%)	9 (25.7%)	0.007
Reoperation	0	1 (2.9%)	1
Operative mortality	0	1 (2.9%)	1
Complication grade Grade I Grade II  Grade III  Grade IV  Grade V	8 (38.1%)  12 (57.1%)  1 (4.8%)  0  0	3 (27.3%)  6 (54.5%)  1 (9.1%)  0  1 (9.1%)	0.558
Data were presented as median (1st-3rd quartile) or number of patients (percentage). CP: Clinical pathway.

The overall complication rate was lower in the matched-CP group, while there was no statistically significant difference in major complication rates. Sixty percent of the patients in the control group and 31.4% of the patients in the matched-CP group experienced complications (p= 0.016). Only one patient (2.9%) in the control group and two patients (5.7%) in the matched-CP group experienced major complications. Besides, although there was no difference in terms of the distribution of complication grades, 20 patients (57.1%) in the control group and nine patients (25.7%) in the matched-CP group experienced grade-I or grade-II complications (p= 0.007).

Neither anastomotic leakage nor bleeding was observed in the study population. Major complications were as follows: A patient from the control group experienced right pleural effusion following extended total gastrectomy, and tube thoracostomy was required. A patient from the matched-CP group was readmitted to the hospital after discharge (on postoperative 21^st day) with the complaint of acute mechanical small bowel obstruction. Adhesive band was found during surgery; the problem was solved with adhesiolysis, and the patient was discharged three days after reoperation. One other patient from the matched-CP group (with no surgery-related complication) experienced operative mortality on the 4^th postoperative day due to cardiac arrest. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of reoperation and operative mortality.

Discussion

The presented study investigated the influence of implementing a clinical pathway for patients undergoing elective gastric cancer surgery. Although both groups were comparable in terms of clinically relevant baseline characteristics, propensity score matching was used to decrease potential selection bias. Patients in the clinical pathway group demonstrated shorter hospital stay, earlier removal of the nasogastric tube, shorter time to diet while there was no difference in drain removal time. Using a clinical pathway also demonstrated less overall complication rate without increasing major complications.

Although the concept of peri-operative interventions is defined by different names such as ERAS, fast-track, critical pathway, and clinical pathway, the primary purpose is to optimize the patient in the preoperative period, to reduce the metabolic stress resulting from surgical trauma during the operation and to return to normal life as soon as possible (27,28). Early studies for enhanced recovery protocols on gastrectomy for gastric cancer has started in Far Eastern countries where early-stage cancers constituted the majority of patients (16,29). In subsequent studies, the implementation of various protocols by each institute has made the standardization of enhanced recovery problematic. In 2014, the first comprehensive and evidence-based framework recommendations were published (20). A total of 25 items, 8 of which were procedure-specific, included different recommendation grades with different evidence levels. While deciding on the clinical pathway in our practice, we used institutional factors and personal experiences in addition to the available evidence and recommendations. Most of the general items (not-procedure specific) were included in our clinical pathway except for the items related to anesthesia. Among procedure-specific items, preoperative nutrition (strong recommendation), preoperative oral immunonutrition (weak recommendation), and systematic audit (strong recommendation) were included in our clinical pathway. However, we showed a selective approach in the use of some crucial elements of ERAS such as the use of laparoscopic surgery (strong recommendation for early gastric cancer requiring distal gastrectomy, weak recommendation for advanced gastric cancer and total gastrectomy), selective use of nasogastric decompression (strong recommendation), avoiding the use of abdominal drain (strong recommendation) and very early initiation of diet (weak recommendation). Surgical dogmas, as well as personal experiences, are likely to have affected this selective approach, even for highly experienced gastric cancer surgeons (30). However, the implementation of a novel approach has always been slow due to surgical dogmas but has finally been. It is to our belief that all essential items may be included in clinical pathway with increasing evidence and experience.

One of the most important goals of the clinical pathway concept is shortening hospital stay, and shorter hospital stay was demonstrated in the presented study (median 11 days vs. 9 days, p <0.001). Many factors, such as the defined discharge criteria in the clinical pathway group, earlier removal of the nasogastric tube, earlier initiation of oral food intake, and fewer complications may affect this shortening. Shortened hospital stay has been demonstrated in randomized studies evaluating the feasibility of enhanced recovery programs in gastric cancer patients. In the first randomized controlled trial, median hospital stay was six days in the fast-track protocol group, while the conventional group had 8-days length of hospital stay (p <0.001) (29). In a subsequent randomized trial, shorter hospital stay has also been demonstrated in an enhanced recovery group (median 10 days vs. 9 days, p= 0.037) (31). Besides, in a recent study from the United States, the ERAS group has demonstrated shorter hospital stay with a mean difference of 2.3 days (mean 7.8 ± 3.6 days vs. 5.5 ± 2.0 days, p= 0.010) (18). The only study that showed that the ERAS program did not affect the length of hospital stay was the study published in Japan in 2012 (32). However, as the authors indicated, this result was probably due to the item “normal laboratory data on POD 7” which was included in the discharge criteria. Although the median 9-day hospital-stay in the presented study, which included mostly stage-III patients, is comparable to previous reports, we believe that this period may be shortened more by modifying the criteria together with the increasing experience.

The biggest drawback of surgeons in the implementation of an enhanced recovery program is the possibility of increased complication rates. However, until now, there has been no increase in complication rates in both ERAS studies and studies that are specific to ERAS items. On the contrary, fewer complications have been obtained in the enhanced recovery group compared to the conventional group (31). In the presented study, Clavien-Dindo classification system was used to define the severity of the complications, and a decrease in the overall complication rate was demonstrated (60% vs. 31.4%, p= 0.016). While there was no significant difference between the two groups in major complications, particularly the difference in grade I/II complication rates (57.1% vs. 25.7%, p= 0.007) likely caused this improvement. The patients were more optimized for surgery with the help of the preoperative items such as nutritional support, breathing physiotherapy, and patient education on the process. In addition to optimal patient, postoperative care items such as early mobilization may explain the decrease in non-major complications.

When creating the presented clinical pathway protocol, not only the enhanced recovery items but also surgical safety issues as part of surgical quality improvement were considered. In the “Optimal Resources for Surgical Quality and Safety” manual published by the American College of Surgeons in 2017, physician-led, team-based care was emphasized, and surgical care divided into five phases (33). Four of these phases were present in the presented clinical pathway; only the items for the post-discharge period were not included. In the future, the creation of systems using various tools, not only enhanced recovery items but also items from all phases of peri-operative care, will help us develop an ideal patient care program. Implementing a peri-operative patient care program is more feasible in developed countries such as the United States and Japan, in developing countries like Turkey, there is still a way to go. However, the presented study showed that better outcomes could be achieved by integrating evidence-based models into practice.

The presented clinical pathway protocol has some points that need to be improved. Most importantly, we used a surgeon-led structure with the support of the members of the surgical team, ward nurses, and surgical residents to develop the protocol. However, ideal clinical pathway should be designed by a multidisciplinary team consisting of anesthesiologists, dieticians, and physiotherapists. Anesthesia-related items, which are the significant shortfall in the presented pathway, can only be resolved with a multidisciplinary approach. Another point that needs to be improved is the more use of the laparoscopic approach. The evidence on the feasibility and oncological safety of laparoscopic surgery in advanced gastric cancer is still being waited and possibly will be integrated into the algorithm in the near future (34,35).

The presented study has an unavoidable selection bias, which is one of the main limitations of retrospective studies. Although patient characteristics such as age, sex, stage, type of gastrectomy were comparable in both groups, lymphadenectomy and albumin levels were different. Therefore, propensity-score matching was used to reduce selection bias, and ultimately, appropriately comparable groups were obtained. Another possible limitation in comparison with the historical cohort is the experience bias, although a single surgeon performed all surgeries. Early-period records were excluded to decrease this bias, and the study was limited to a narrow period. Despite these limitations, the presented study supports the contribution of clinical pathway to enhanced recovery in patients undergoing gastric cancer surgery in a developing country. Multidisciplinary, multicenter studies in which outcome measures such as cost analysis, compliance rates, patient experiences, and quality of life are included have more potential to demonstrate the effectiveness of enhanced recovery programs.

Conclusion

Clinical pathway can safely be implemented for patients undergoing elective gastric cancer surgery. Using clinical pathway may shorten the postoperative length of hospital stay and reduce the rate of complications without increasing major morbidity.