Ipilimumab and Nivolumab as First-Line Treatment of Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma: The Evidence to Date

Abstract

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with four checkpoint inhibitors (nivolumab, ipilimumab, avelumab, and pembrolizumab) approved either as monotherapy or as combination therapy. The use of ipilimumab and nivolumab for treatment-naïve, intermediate to poor risk, metastatic renal cell carcinoma was the first checkpoint inhibitor-based combination therapy and remains the only dual checkpoint inhibitor combination approved in mRCC. In this article, we review the trials that led to the approval of ipilimumab and nivolumab in this setting. We also highlight the ongoing trials using this combination, its use in special populations, and clinically relevant unanswered questions.

Introduction

Kidney cancer is one of the top ten most common cancers, with an estimated 73,820 new cases in 2019.¹ At presentation, 16–25% of patients will have de novo metastatic disease,² and an estimated 10–28% of patients with early stage disease will progress to metastatic disease despite local treatment. The difference in outcome between localized disease and metastatic disease is drastic with 5 year survival rates of 92.5% to 12.0%, respectively.³

The most common form of kidney cancer is renal cell carcinoma (RCC) which is known to be highly immunosensitive. The immunogenic nature of metastatic RCC (mRCC) was the rationale for the use of high dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) in these patients, though response rates were poor (objective response rates of 14–25% with complete response rates of 2–7%), and treatment related side effects were fairly toxic.^4–7

Subsequently, agents targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, as well as checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) immunotherapy have become the primary treatment option for mRCC patients. Notably, in April 2018 the FDA approved the combination of ipilimumab (CTLA-4 antibody) and nivolumab (PD-1 antibody) for treatment-naïve intermediate and poor risk mRCC. This combination was the first CPI-based combination therapy approved and remains the only dual checkpoint blockade approved in mRCC. In this review, we address the evolution of the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab in the treatment of mRCC. We also highlight ongoing trials with this combination, its use in special populations, and clinically relevant unanswered questions.

Nivolumab and Ipilimumab Monotherapy Trials

Nivolumab

Nivolumab is a monoclonal antibody that selectively blocks the programmed death-1 (PD-1) transmembrane protein on T cells, B cells and NK cells, which activates the immune system and promotes apoptosis.⁸ In the Phase 1 study of nivolumab, CheckMate 003, 34 pretreated patients (≥ 1 systemic therapy) with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) were included.⁹ The overall response rates (ORR) ranged from 24% in patients receiving 1 mg/kg to 31% in those receiving 10mg/kg. Importantly, 5 patients sustained a response for greater than a year. Fourteen percent of patients experienced grade 3 or higher treatment related adverse events (TRAE); most commonly diarrhea, rash, and pruritis. Only 5% of patients discontinued therapy because of intolerability. The updated analysis of the phase 1 data demonstrated that at a minimum follow up of 63.9 months, 29% of patients had a response.¹⁰ Median duration of response was 12.9 months (95% CI 8.4-not estimable). Median OS was 22.4 months (95% CI 12.5–48.6 months) with survival curves plateauing around 3 years.

Given the efficacy and safety established in CheckMate 003, the Phase 2 Checkmate 010 trial investigated nivolumab at 0.3 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg in patients with mccRCC, who were previously treated with VEGF directed therapy.¹¹ In the 268 patients randomized, nivolumab was active across all cohorts (ORR 20%, 22%, and 20%, respectively) and no dose-response relationship was detected by median progression-free survival (PFS, 2.7 months, 4.0 months, and 4.2 months, respectively, p=0.9). McDermott et al presented the 3 year follow up for CheckMate 010, noting the ORR remained at 21% and the 3 year OS rate was 41%.¹²

Based on these data, the Phase III CheckMate 025 trial randomized patients with mccRCC previously treated with anti-angiogenic therapy to receive nivolumab 3 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks versus everolimus 10 mg oral daily (Table 1).¹³ Of the 821 patients who were randomized, patients who received nivolumab had a better ORR (25% vs 5%, p< 0.001) and longer median OS (25 months vs 19.6 months, HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.57–0.93; p=0.002) but no clear difference in PFS (p=0.11). Nivolumab was better tolerated than everolimus with fewer grade 3 or higher TRAE (19% vs 37%). In a subgroup analysis, OS favored nivolumab both in patients who were PD-L1 positive (≥1% expression) with a median OS of 21.8 months vs 18.8 months (HR 0.79; 95% CI 0.53–1.17) and those who were PD-L1 negative (<1% expression) with a median OS of 27.4 months vs 21.2 months (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.60–0.97). Final analysis of CheckMate 025 showed that at a minimum follow up of 64 months, patients treated with nivolumab continued to show a better response (23% vs 4%) as well as improved survival benefit (25.8 months vs 19.7 months, HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.62–0.85).¹⁴

Table 1.

Pivotal Trials That Led to Ipilimumab and Nivolumab Approval

Trial	N	Treatment	Median Follow-Up (Months)	Median OS (Months)	Median PFS (Months)	ORR/CR
Checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy
CheckMate 025	821	Nivolumab vs Everolimus (VEGF-refractory pts)	24	25.0 vs 19.6 (HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.57–0.93, p=0.002)	4.6 vs 4.4 (HR 0.88; 95% CI 0.74–1.03, p=0.11)	25% vs 5%, CR 1%
Combination of Checkpoint inhibitors
CheckMate 214	1096	Nivolumab + Ipilimumab vs Sunitinib	25.2	Intermediate and poor risk: NR vs 26.0 (HR 0.63; 99.8% CI 0.44–0.89, p<0.001) 12 mo OS: 80% vs 72% ITT: NR vs 32.9 (HR 0.68; 99.8% CI 0.49–0.95, p<0.001) 12-mo OS: 83% vs 77%	Intermediate and poor risk: 11.6 vs 8.4 (HR 0.82; 99.1% CI 0.64–1.05. p=0.03) ITT: 12.4 vs 12.3 (HR 0.98; 99.1% CI 0.79–1.23, p= 0.85)	Intermediate and poor risk: 42% vs 27% CR 9% ITT: 39% vs 32% CR not listed

Abbreviations: OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; ORR, objective response rate; CR, complete response; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; HR, hazard ratio; NR, not reached; ITT, intent to treat.

Recently, two trials explored the efficacy and tolerability of nivolumab in a “real world” population. The Nivolumab Expanded Access Program looked specifically at patients older than 70 years (subgroup 1) and older than 75 years (subgroup 2). Similar response rates (27% vs 28%), 18 month survival rates (23.2% vs 22.8%) and safety profiles (27% vs 40%) were noted across all ages.¹⁵ There were no increased rates of discontinuation in older patients compared to younger patients. Similarly, the NIVOREN GETUG AFU trial evaluated the response to nivolumab in tyrosine kinase (TKI) refractory patients.¹⁶ Their inclusion criteria was broad, including patients with ECOG >1 (15%) and poor risk disease (25.5%) with variable prior treatments (85% prior nephrectomy, 22% ≥ 2 prior treatments, 21% prior mTOR therapy). At a median follow up of 20.9 months, the ORR was 21% with a 12 month OS rate of 69%. Both these studies showed similar efficacy and safety when compared to CheckMate 025.

Overall, nivolumab has proven sustainable antitumor activity regardless of PD-L1 status and good tolerability across all ages. It has also demonstrated improved efficacy compared to everolimus in refractory mRCC patients. As a result, in November 2015 the FDA approved the use of nivolumab in mRCC patients who received prior anti-angiogenic therapy.

Ipilimumab

Ipilimumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the cytotoxic T- lymphocyte- associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) expressed on the surface of T regulatory cells and activated T cells; which causes T effector cell activation and proliferation as well as reducing regulatory T cell suppression.⁸ Yang et al conducted a study looking at the efficacy of ipilimumab monotherapy in previously treated mccRCC using either low dose (LD; 3 mg/kg once followed by 1 mg/kg every 3 weeks) or high dose (HD; 3 mg/kg every 3 weeks).¹⁷ The arms were not compared because of uneven ratios of those who had received prior IL-2 therapy in each cohort. Partial response (PR) was noted in 5% in the LD arm and 13% in the HD arm, respectively. However, of those who benefited from ipilimumab (n=6) across both arms, 4 patients were able to sustain a response for greater than a year.

Thirty-three percent of patients had grade 3 or higher TRAE, notably autoimmune-related enteritis, dermatitis, and endocrine deficiencies. There was an association between TRAE and response rates with 30% of patients who had a grade 3 or higher TRAE achieving a response to treatment compared to 0% of patients without a TRAE had a response. However, given the concurrent emerging benefit of nivolumab and ipilimumab combination therapy (as noted in the section below), subsequent investigation of ipilimumab monotherapy was not pursued.

Nivolumab and Ipilimumab Combination Trials

Given the individual clinical efficacy in mRCC and efficacy in combination in melanoma,^18,19 the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab was subsequently investigated. In the Phase I CheckMate 016 trial, patients with mccRCC were randomized to three arms: N3I1 (nivolumab 3 mg/kg + ipilimumab 1 mg/kg), N1I3 (nivolumab 1 mg/kg + ipilimumab 3 mg/kg), and N3I3 (nivolumab 3 mg/kg + ipilimumab 3 mg/kg), followed by nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks until progression or toxicity.²⁰ Of note, the analysis matched patients between the N3I1 and N1I3 arms only due to dose limiting toxicity or progression in the N3I3 arm. These patients included treatment-naïve patients, patients who had prior cytokine therapy, and patients who received prior neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy for localized disease. At a median follow up of 22.3 months, ORR was equivalent in both arms (40%) and 1 year OS was comparable (67.3% vs 69.6%). However, complete responses (CR) were only seen in the N3I1 arm (11% vs 0%). Higher doses of ipilimumab were also associated with higher toxicity (38.3% vs 61.7%, respectively). The most common grade 3 or higher TRAE in the N3I1 arm were increased liver function tests and diarrhea. In the N1I3 arm, the most common TRAE were liver dysfunction, colitis, lymphopenia, and fatigue. Treatment discontinuation secondary to TRAE in the N3I1 and N1I3 arms were 10.6% versus 27.7%, respectively. Updated results continued to show a continued benefit in the N3I1 arm compared to the N1I3 arms in both tolerability (grade 3 TRAE 43% vs 64%) and durability (105 weeks vs 79.4 weeks).²¹ Thus, due to better tolerability and complete response rates, the combination of N3I1 was the recommended dose for subsequent clinical trials.

The randomized phase III CheckMate 214 trial explored investigated the combination of nivolumab 3mg/kg and ipilimumab 1mg/kg every 3 weeks for four doses followed by nivolumab 3mg/kg every 2 weeks versus sunitinib in treatment-naïve patients.²² (Table 1) Although all International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk groups were included, the primary endpoint was in the IMDC intermediate and poor risk groups. At a median follow up of 25.2 months, the patients receiving ipilimumab and nivolumab had improved response rates (42%, 9% CR vs 27%, 1% CR; p<0.001), median PFS (11.6 mo vs 8.4 mo, HR 0.82, p=0.03) and OS (NR vs 26.6 mo; HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.54–0.80; p<0.0001) compared to sunitinib. TRAE rates were similar in both arms (93% vs 97%), however there were increased rates of discontinuation because of TRAE in the sunitinib arm (12% vs 22%). The most common TRAE in the ipilimumab and nivolumab arm were fatigue, pruritis, diarrhea, rash, and nausea. Of the 436 patients treated with ipilimumab and nivolumab that had an immune mediated TRAE, 35% of patients required high dose steroids (≥ 40 mg prednisone daily). Exploratory analyses showed improved ORR (p<0.001) and median PFS (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.31–0.67). Cella et al looked at the health-related quality of life benefit of the combination of ipilimumab with nivolumab versus sunitinib using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Kidney Symptom Index-19 (FKSI-19), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G), and EuroQol five dimensional three level (EQ-5D-3L) assessment tools.²³ There was a reduction in the risk of deterioration across all patient recorded outcome assessment tools (HR0.54; 95% CI 0.46–0.63 to HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.63–0.89).

Long term follow up of Checkmate 214, continues to show improved median PFS (HR0.76, 95% CI 0.63–0.91; p<0.01) and median OS (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.55–0.80; p<0.0001) compared to those treated with sunitinib.²⁴ When comparing durability of response to ipilimumab and nivolumab versus sunitinib (ORR 42% vs 26%; p<0.0001), 68% vs 52% of patients continued to sustain a response at 42 months of follow up. Of those who achieved a complete response on ipilimumab with nivolumab, the median treatment free interval was 34.6 months (0.5–49.7 months). Thus, the combination of nivolumab with ipilimumab has become a standard of care for front-line treatment of patients with intermediate and poor risk mccRCC.

Use of Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Special Populations

Brain Metastases

Although 10% of patients with mRCC develop brain metastases, the overwhelming majority of clinical trials exclude these patients from participating.²⁵ Given the antitumor activity of ipilimumab and nivolumab on brain metastases in both melanoma and NSCLC, two trials have addressed this patient population in mRCC.

In the GETUG-AFU 26 NIVOREN trial, 73 patients with mRCC and asymptomatic brain metastasis, who progressed on VEGFR therapy, were treated with nivolumab monotherapy.²⁶ This study included patients with untreated brain metastasis (cohort A) as well as patients who underwent prior brain radiation (cohort B). At a median follow up of 23.6 months, 28 patients in cohort A had an intracranial ORR of 12% and a median intracranial PFS of 2.7 months (95% CI 2.3–4.6 months). All patients with an intracranial response also had concurrent extracranial response. Of note, 51% of patients required corticosteroid use because of symptoms related to brain metastases. Patients in cohort B had a longer median intracranial PFS (4.8 months, 95% CI 3.0–8.0) compared to cohort A (2.7 months, 95% CI 2.3–4.6 months). However, they had a shorter 12-month OS (58.8%, 95% CI 40.6–73.2%) compared to cohort A (67%, 95% CI 49.6–79.1%). Because the intracranial response rates were significantly lower than rates seen in extracranial metastases, the authors concluded that single agent nivolumab has limited activity in patients with untreated brain metastasis.

In CheckMate 920, 28 patients with untreated mRCC and asymptomatic brain metastases were treated with the ipilimumab 3 mg/kg and nivolumab 1 mg/kg for 4 cycles followed by nivolumab 480 mg every 4 weeks maintenance for up to 2 years.²⁷ At a minimum follow up of 6.47 months, the objective response rate was 29% (all PR) and the median PFS was 9.0 months (2.9-NE). Intracranial response was not reported. OS analysis remains immature. Seven of the 14 patients who experienced grade 3 or higher TRAE had to discontinue therapy. Like in previous studies, the most common grade 3–4 immune mediated adverse events were diarrhea, colitis, diabetic ketoacidosis, hepatitis, hypophysitis, and rash (n=1 each).

In general, ipilimumab and nivolumab has shown favorable antitumor activity in this population and similar rates of adverse events as previous studies with this combination. Thus, the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab can be considered in this specific population and warrants further investigation. Timing of brain-directed therapy (surgery, radiation, etc.) is not yet defined and should be addressed individually with each patient.

Favorable Risk mRCC

While the primary endpoint in CheckMate 214 focused on IMDC intermediate and poor risk patients, the authors performed exploratory analyses looking at IMDC favorable risk patients who were included in the trial as well. Although the ORR (29% vs 52%) and PFS (15.3 months vs 25.1 months; HR 2.18, p<0.001) favored sunitinib therapy, the CR rate (11% vs 6%) favored the nivolumab plus ipilimumab arm.²² More recently, the 42 month follow up of Checkmate 214 continued to show not only a higher CR rate in the ipilimumab nivolumab arm (13% vs 6%) but also more ongoing responses (69% vs 54%).²⁴ It remains unclear if there is a survival benefit (HR 1.19; 95% CI 0.77–1.85, p=0.44), although the authors note the PFS curve for the combination arm is stabilizing while the PFS curve for sunitinib continues to decline. Given these findings, ipilimumab and nivolumab can be considered for patients with favorable-risk mRCC.

Non-Clear Cell Histology

Non-clear cell (ncc) histology makes up approximately 25% of diagnosed mRCC.²⁸ There is limited prospective data to guide treatment of nccRCC, thus treatments for these subtypes are extrapolated from the ccRCC data. In a meta-analysis of nccRCC treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, papillary RCC was the only subtype with significant benefit (ORR 29%, 1 CR).²⁹ Two other retrospective series with nivolumab monotherapy showed similar efficacy, in regard to ORR (20%, all PR) and median PFS (ranging between 3.5–5.4 months).^30,31 Given the benefit of combination ipilimumab and nivolumab therapy in mccRCC, Gong et al published a retrospective analysis of mnccRCC receiving ipilimumab and nivolumab and noted a best ORR of 33.3% (no CR) and a median PFS of 7.1 months.²⁸ Another series of 18 patients who were treated with ipilimumab and nivolumab for nccRCC at various lines of therapy showed that this combination was feasible with strong anti-tumor activity (33% PR, 17% SD).³²

Currently, there are two phase II trials investigating the role of ipilimumab and/or nivolumab in nccRCC. One trial compares nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in nccRCC (NCT 03075423)³³ and the other investigates sequential treatment with single agent nivolumab followed by combination therapy in metastatic or unresectable nccRCC.³⁴ Results from these trials should help direct CPI therapy in this population.

RCC with Sarcomatoid and Rhabdoid Features

Sarcomatoid and rhabdoid differentiation can occur in both ccRCC and nccRCC and is associated with a poor prognosis. Tumors with this particular histology are thought to be more immunotherapy responsive because of increased expression of PD-L1 and PD-L1, as well mutations in p53 and BAP1.^35–37 In a post hoc exploratory analysis of CheckMate 214, 214 patients were identified to have sarcomatoid RCC (sRCC), of which 112 patients had intermediate to poor risk features.³⁸ At a minimum follow up of 30 months, there was an improvement in ORR (56.7% vs 19.2%, p<0.001), median PFS (8.4 mo vs 4.9 mo, HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.38–0.97, p<0.03) and median OS (31.2 mo vs 13.6 mo, HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33–0.90, p<0.0155) in the ipilimumab with nivolumab arm compared to sunitinib. Notably, while there were no CRs in the sunitinib arm, there was a 18.3% CR rate in the ipilimumab with nivolumab arm. More recently, a retrospective review comparing outcomes of immunotherapy versus tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in patients with RCC and pure sarcomatoid, pure rhabdoid, or mixed sarcomatoid with rhabdoid features, showed that those treated with immunotherapy had better OS (31.4 vs 17.8 months, p <0.001).³⁹ Given the observed responsiveness of sarcomatoid and/or rhabdoid RCC to immunotherapy,^40–44 multiple clinical trials are including this rare subtype.^45,46 (NCT 03866382, NCT03793166).

Immunotherapy Refractory Patients

While immunotherapy combination therapies are the preferred front-line treatment for ccRCC, there is limited knowledge of the effectiveness and tolerability of immunotherapy as salvage therapy in patients who previously received CPI therapy. In metastatic melanoma refractory to PD-1 therapy, the addition of ipilimumab to nivolumab improved response rates compared to the use of nivolumab alone (16–21%).⁴⁷ However, there was minimal difference in one year OS rates (54% vs 55%). More recently, a multi-center series evaluated 30 patients with immunotherapy refractory mRCC who received ipilimumab and nivolumab as salvage therapy. Most of these patients were IMDC intermediate risk (60%) with a median number of 3 prior systemic therapies. At the time of restaging scans, 17% of patients had a partial response and 3% had stable disease.⁴⁸ Immune-related TRAE occurred in 37% of patients with only 6% of patients having a ≥ grade 3 reaction. There are currently multiple trials looking at whether adding an ipilimumab boost to patients refractory to front-line nivolumab is beneficial (NCT03117309, NCT03297593, NCT03203473).^49–51

Unanswered Questions

Best Front-Line Therapy

Currently there are two frontline immunotherapy-antiangiogenic combination therapies approved for advanced ccRCC. The society for Immunotherapy of Cancer consensus found that for patients with good performance statue (ECOG 0) and intermediate/poor IMDC risk group stratification, 78% of panelists would recommend initial treatment with ipilimumab and nivolumab, whereas 17% of panelists would recommend pembrolizumab with axitinib (Pembro/Axi).⁵² With the analyses available so far, ipilimumab with nivolumab continues has a better CR compared to pembrolizumab with axitinib in the intent to treat population (11% vs 6%).^24,43 However, ipilimumab with nivolumab is also considered a more toxic regimen with 35% of patients requiring high dose steroids (≥40 mg/day of prednisone equivalent) for treatment related adverse events and a discontinue rate of 22% because of intolerable side effects.²² Ipilimumab with nivolumab should be considered frontline treatment in those who can tolerate it. A prospective trial comparing the two combinations is needed to clarify this issue; until which either Ipi/Nivo or Pembro/Axi combination therapy is reasonable.

Duration of Therapy

It remains unclear how long patients should remain on therapy in order to obtain and sustain optimal clinical benefit. In general, patients continue on treatment until toxicity or progression. Clinical trials of CPI in melanoma have showed durable responses in patients who discontinued therapy for reasons other than disease progression. Updates from Keynote 006 showed that 78.4% of patients who completed 2 years of pembrolizumab therapy continued to have disease control at 5 years.⁵³ The estimated risk for progression or death nearly 10 months after completing pembrolizumab was 9% and did not differ by best response to pembrolizumab. Similarly, the long term update of the phase III Checkmate 067 trial, showed that 71% of patients with advanced melanoma who received ipilimumab with nivolumab did not need subsequent therapy at 4 years.¹⁸

Similar trends have been seen in RCC as well. In the extended follow up analysis of CheckMate 214, 52% of patients with intermediate to poor risk disease who were treated with nivolumab/ipilimumab had a response duration ≥18 months with a median time to response of 2.8 months (range 2.7–3.1 months).⁵⁴ Of those who responded but discontinued therapy for reasons other than progression, more patients who were treated with the combination therapy were able to remain off of therapy compared to those treated with sunitinib (38% vs 26%). Further studies into the biology of the tumor and biomarkers of response are needed to help predict who will not only benefit from therapy but also sustain a response once therapy is discontinued.

Likewise, studies looking into intermittent immunotherapy dosing have begun. In a small prospective phase II trial of intermittent nivolumab monotherapy in 14 VEGFR TKI refractory aRCC, demonstrated that 80% of eligible patients were able to sustain a response at 48 weeks post treatment suspension.⁵⁵ Currently, there are two phase trials investigating this question. (Table 2) One trial includes patients with treatment-naïve mRCC who will be treated with ipilimumab and nivolumab followed by 24 weeks of nivolumab maintenance, at which point patients with a CR or PR will enter an observation phase until progression (NCT03126331).⁵⁶ In another trial, treatment-naïve mRCC patients with advanced RCC will receive nivolumab monotherapy with a transition to either therapy suspension (arm A) for those with a persistent CR/PR versus a N3I1 boost (arm B) for those with PD. (NCT03203473).⁵⁰ Novel dosing schedules, early discontinuation considerations, and biomarkers of response are all sorely needed to identify patients who can sustain disease regression while off of therapy.

Table 2.

Ongoing Trials Using Ipilimumab and Nivolumab in Clear Cell Advanced RCC

NCT #	Phase	N	Treatment	Primary Endpoint	Status
Sequencing Therapy in ccRCC
0311730951	II	120	Nivolumab 240 mg IV every 2 weeks x 6 doses then 360 mg IV every 3 weeks for up to 84 weeks. For PD anytime or SD at 12 months, Nivolumab will be increased to 3 mg/kg every 3 weeks x 4 doses with Ipilimumab 1 mg/kg every 3 weeks x4 doses. When Ipilimumab is completed, Nivolumab will be reverted back to 360 mg IV every 3 weeks for up to 48 weeks.	PFS	Recruiting
0329759349	II	74	Nivolumab 240 mg every 2 weeks for first 20 weeks then continued on 480 mg every 4 weeks after. After 2 weeks of Nivolumab, Ipilimumab 1 mg/kg every 6 weeks will be added until PR or CR is reached. Once PR/CR is reached, Ipilimumab will be discontinued and Nivolumab monotherapy will continue.	ORR	Recruiting
0312633156	II	40	Frontline Ipilimumab and Nivolumab for 4 doses then 24 weeks of maintenance. Patients with a CR/PR will enter an observation.	Proportion of patients who receive intermittent therapy and rate of participants who maintain off therapy for at least 9 months	Recruiting
0320347350	II	58	Upfront Nivolumab monotherapy with a transition to either therapy suspension (arm A) for those with a persistent CR/PR versus an Ipilimumab + Nivolumab boost (arm B) for those with PD	Number of subjects with persistent PR or CR at 1 year and number of subjects with SD/PD that convert to PR/CR with boost	Active, not recruiting
Combinations with other therapies
0379316645	III	1046	Ipilimumab + Nivolumab for 4 cycles followed by Nivolumab monotherapy (arm A) or combination of Nivolumab Cabozantinib (arm B) for non-CR/non-PD	OS	Recruiting
0306517966	II	25	Ipilimumab+ Nivolumab + SBRT to 1–2 metastatic sites	Safety	Recruiting
0355238067	II	53	Entinostat: 5mg, 3mg, or 2mg orally on D1, 8, 15 + Nivolumab+ Ipilimumab	Dose finding and ORR	Recruiting
0393721968	III	676	Cabozantinib + Nivolumab + Ipilimumab (4 doses) followed by Cabozantinib + Nivolumab vs Cabozantinib-matched placebo + Nivolumab + Ipilimumab (4 doses) followed by Cabozantinib-matched placebo + Nivolumab	PFS	Recruiting

Abbreviations: PFS, progression-free survival; ORR, objective response rate; OS, overall survival; D, day; IV, intravenous; CR, complete response; PR, partial response; SBRT, stereotactic body radiation therapy.

Restarting Therapy in Patients Who Developed Immune-Related Adverse Events

A host of data suggests that the development of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are associated with improved response to CPI therapy. A meta-analysis of 48 clinical trials using ipilimumab and nivolumab in various solid tumors found that the ORR of combination therapy was positively correlated with irAE of the skin (r=0.54, p=0.04) and GI tract (r=0.60, p=0.02).⁵⁷ Specifically, in RCC, the NIVOREN GETUG AFU trial found that those who had a grade ≥ 3 TRAE (18%) had a longer PFS (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.56–0.86) than those who did not.¹⁶

IrAEs usually occur within 3–6 months of CTLA-4 or PD-L1 initiation, however they can occur at any time during treatment.⁵⁸ Severity is determined by the common terminology criteria for adverse events grading system.⁵⁹ Across ASCO⁶⁰ and NCCN guidelines,⁶¹ grade 2–3 irAEs can be managed with temporary discontinuation of therapy until symptoms resolve below grade 1 or patients are on a maximum of prednisone 10 mg daily. Grade 4 irAEs should lead to permanent discontinuation of combination therapy.

In CheckMate 214, 47% of patients experienced a TRAE on ipilimumab and nivolumab therapy, with diarrhea (4%) and hepatitis (4%) being the most common.²² Twenty two percent of these patients discontinued therapy secondary to AE intolerability. While patients who experienced a severe irAE on protocol were not allowed to continue with nivolumab monotherapy, the NCCN guidelines suggest that patient can be restarted on PD-1 or PD-L1 monotherapy after symptoms secondary to combination therapy resolve.⁶¹ Currently, the Phase 3b/4 CheckMate 920 trial is looking to answer this question by evaluating the incidence of high grade irAEs with patients treated with both ipilimumab and nivolumab (NCT02982954).⁶² Additional data is needed to guide therapy resumption in patients who develop severe irAEs.

Treating Patients with Underlying Autoimmune Conditions

Patients with active autoimmune conditions have been excluded from the ipilimumab and nivolumab trials, given the theoretical exacerbation of their underlying disorder when the CTLA-4 and PD-1 receptors are blocked. In a retrospective study of PD-1 blockers (pembrolizumab or nivolumab) for advanced melanoma, 52 patients with underlying autoimmune conditions had 33% response rates and 38% had a flare of their pre-existing disease requiring immunosuppression.⁶³ Of note, only 2 patients had to discontinue treatment due to their flare. However, 29% developed other iRAEs, with 8% of these patients discontinuing treatment. Similarly, in a retrospective study of 30 patients with advanced melanoma and a pre-existing autoimmune condition (43% of which were on immunosuppressive therapy) were treated with ipilimumab, there were 20% response rates with 27% exacerbation of their underlying condition requiring steroid management.⁶⁴ There have been no large series published in renal cell carcinoma or with the combination of ipilimumab with nivolumab. However, the Society of Immunotherapy of Cancer consensus recommends that patients with aRCC can be considered for ipilimumab nivolumab combination therapy if they do not have a life threatening autoimmune condition or require immunosuppressive treatments.⁵²

Identifying Patients for Nivolumab Monotherapy in Treatment-Naïve mRCC

While the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab has proven survival benefits, the tolerability of the regimen has been a concern in clinical practice. A metanalysis using the World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database showed that combination therapy (CTLA-4 plus anti PD-1 therapy) is associated with more iRAE compared to anti-PD-1 monotherapy (55–60% vs 10–20%) across multiple tumor types.⁶⁵ Thus, investigations into nivolumab monotherapy upfront is warranted.

In the phase II TITAN-RCC trial, treatment-naïve (cohort 1) and VEGF-refractory (cohort 2) patients were induced with nivolumab 240 mg IV every 2 weeks for 4 doses, at which point they either received a N3I1 boost for early progression or continued on nivolumab 240 mg IV every 2 week maintenance. This reassessment was repeated again after the 8th dose. Specifically, in cohort 1, the ORR was worse in the nivolumab monotherapy arm compared to those who received an N3I1 boost (29% vs 37%). Of those who had a N3I1 boost, 29.8% of patients had improvement after the combination was given. Of those who responded with a PR (27%) or CR (2%) at 4 weeks, median PFS was not reached at analysis. OS data remains immature. This study highlights that there is a small subset of patients that may not need combination therapy upfront and can respond when ipilimumab is added later. There are currently multiple trials investigating this question (Table 2).⁵¹

Conclusion

The combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab is approved in front-line intermediate and poor risk mRCC on the basis of improved OS compared to sunitinib. The benefits of this combination is also noted in sub-populations such as those who have brain metastases, favorable risk profile, and non-clear cell histology. Although a multitude of questions remain unanswered, ongoing clinical trials will serve to guide the use of ipilimumab and nivolumab and refine its application across mRCC patients.

Disclosure

Moshe C. Ornstein reports grant support from Pfizer, BMS; speaking: BMS, Exelixis; education support: Pfizer; consulting: BMS, Pfizer, Exelixis. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.