Clinical long-term outcome of non-specific pleuritis (NSP) after surgical or medical thoracoscopy

Abstract

Background

Thoracoscopy, either “medical” or “surgical”, is the gold standard to reveal the cause of pleural effusion by taking large biopsies. However, in some cases, the histology of pleural biopsies is inconclusive for a specific cause, describing a variable process of inflammation, encompassing for non-specific pleuritis (NSP). Questions are raised whether the surgical (or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, VATS) is doing better than the medical thoracoscopy (MT or pleuroscopy), but no direct comparison between the two techniques exist in the current bibliography. The aim of our retrospective study was to compare these two techniques to find whether there is any difference in the false negative cases of NSP.

Methods

We included in our study 295 patients with NSP, 179 patients who underwent VATS comparing to 116 patients who underwent MT for pleural effusion of initially undetermined cause, having a follow-up of at least one year. Analysis of patients’ files, history, clinical examinations, further tests, and follow-up were recorded.

Results

The mean age of our patients was 58.5±19.1 and M/F gender was 216/79; no difference was observed between the two groups. The mean follow-up period was 47.3±20.7 months. After VATS, only one patient (0.55%) was finally diagnosed with pleural malignancy (false negative) while after MT 2 patients (1.7%). Negative predictive value for pleura-related malignancy for VATS was 0.994 and for MT 0.982.

Conclusions

In patients with histological diagnosis of NSP both VATS and MT showed similar and excellent results of false negative cases and negative predictive value in excluding malignant pleural disease.

Introduction

Pleural effusion is a manifestation of a variety of diseases benign or malignant. After thorough clinical work-up that extends from clinical history to diagnostic thoracentesis and imaging techniques, many patients will finally undergo thoracoscopy either for diagnostic purposes, in this case mostly searching for malignancy, and/or for therapeutic ones, in order to proceed to pleural adhesions lysis in inflammatory conditions or to create them by pleurodesis in neoplastic cases (1,2). Thoracoscopy can be performed by the respiratory physician [medical thoracoscopy (MT), or pleuroscopy] under local anesthesia and spontaneous ventilation, or by the surgeon (video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery-VATS) under general anesthesia and selective ventilation, and no randomized trials have compared the two techniques (3).

When performing pleural biopsies during thoracoscopy, the diagnosis of malignancy will guide treatment decisions and patient’s prognosis. However, in a substantial proportion of cases, almost 20% of thoracoscopies (4), a descriptive histologic diagnosis of inflammation and/or fibrosis will be made, clinically encompassing the non-specific pleuritis (NSP) (5). NSP is not easy to define, as it is the histological presentation of most of the over 50 causes of benign pleural disease, except for malignancy and tuberculosis (4). However, and despite the non-specific histological diagnosis, clinicians that will thoroughly go through all data will arrive at a precise etiological diagnosis in most of the cases, leaving some cases to be considered as “idiopathic” (6), and similarly careful examination of NSP histology could reveal some patterns of underlying disease (7).

Nevertheless, the major question after NSP diagnosis will be a potential overlooked malignancy. Previous studies reporting on the possibility of an overlooked malignancy after NSP diagnosis on pleural biopsy have shown up to 15% false-negative diagnoses (8). Yet, in case of malignant pleural effusion, both surgical and medical techniques have a high diagnostic yield up to 92% (8). However, a comparison between “medical” or “surgical” thoracoscopy on this field has not been performed.

Thus, the aim of this study is to report the long-term outcome of patients initially diagnosed with NSP, after medical or surgical techniques, in order to report possible diagnostic errors (false-negative cases) in this patient population.

Methods

Study group

This is a retrospective study of consecutive patients with recurrent pleural effusion subjected to parietal pleura biopsy from January 2011 to January 2017. It includes two groups: (I) a group of patients (n=179) diagnosed with NSP by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) at the University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France and (II) a group of patients (n=116) after MT at the University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece. The study was approved by the Internal Review Board of the University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France (212018/CHUSTE) and the Internal Review Board of the University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece (IRB2/19-2-2014).

Inclusion criteria were a histological diagnosis of NSP excluding cases of neoplastic or granulomatous disease and a minimum follow up of 12 months, as suggested for these cases to ascertain the benign etiology (9). Medical files were reviewed to record demographic data, clinical features, clinical history and all available laboratory and investigational data during the diagnostic work-up of pleural effusion.

Statistical analyses were performed using StatView^TM 4.5 software (Abacus Concepts Inc., Berkeley, Calif., USA). Values are expressed as mean ± SD or number and percentages. Comparison of means between groups was performed with Student’s t-test. The χ² test was used to determine whether a difference existed between the demographic parameters. Negative predictive value (NPV) is the probability that the disease is not present when the test is negative = d/(b + d) where b is the false negative and d the true negative.

Results

Patients’ characteristics are shown in Table 1. Sex and age data were similar between the two groups. Mean overall follow up period (Table 1) was 47.3±20.7 months and it was significantly longer (P=0.002) for the MT than for the VATS group (52.9±23.5 vs. 43.6±17.7 month, respectively). Patients with clinical history of cancer were overall 36 (12.2%), significantly more (P=0.0001) in the VATS group than the MT group. Overall, 10 patients (2.95%) were diagnosed with a malignancy after thoracoscopy: 6 patients from the VATS group, and 4 from the MT group. Three patients (1.01%), one from the VATS group and two from the MT group, did develop pleural malignancy. One female patient (VATS group) with a pleural biopsy of 5.5 cm added maximal diameter (AMD) had a diagnosis of atypical mesothelial hyperplasia (AMH) (Figure 1) at the age of 58; this diagnosis was confirmed by an external malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) panel (MESOPATH). She developed MPM 5 years later (Figure 2). In the MT group (Figure 3), two men of 70 and 71 years old, developed MPM at 62 and 64 months after the initial biopsy. The initial specimens, measuring up to 2 and 3 cm of AMD have shown chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and mild mesothelial cell hyperplasia.

Table 1. Patients characteristics.

Characteristics	Total (n=295)	VATS (n=179)	MT (n=116)	P
Age (years)
Mean ± SD	58.5±19.1	57.8±20.9	59.5±15.9	0.46
Range	12–94	12–94	20–94
Sex, n (%)
Male	216 (73.2)	131 (73.2)	85 (73.2)	0.32
Female	79 (26.8)	48 (26.8)	31 (26.7)
Follow up (months)
Mean ± SD	47.3±20.7	43.6±17.7	52.9±23.5	0.0002
Range	12–144	12–72	15–144
Clinical history of cancer, n (%)
Yes	36 (12.2)	33 (18.4)	3 (2.5)	0.0001
No	259 (87.8)	146 (81.6)	113 (97.5)
Malignancy during follow-up, n (%)
No	285 (97.1)	173 (96.7)	114 (96.6)	0.96
Yes	10 (2.9)	6 (3.3)	4 (3.4)
Malignancy at follow-up
Related to pleura (mesothelioma)		1	2	0.85
Unrelated to pleura*		5	2

*, unrelated to pleura: lung carcinomas: 5 cases, lymphoma: 1 case, colon cancer: 1 case. VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; MT, medical thoracoscopy.

Figure 1.

The initial pleural biopsy of a patient with recurrent pleural effusion. Lower magnification images (A,B) show a slightly thickened fibrotic pleura and also the adequacy of the specimen which comprises the underlying adipose tissue. No tumor modules or any epithelial proliferation in noted in this examination. Higher magnification (C,D) shows a single mesothelial cell layer. Mesothelial cells show mild atypia. No invasive disease can be diagnosed in this specimen. Staining: hematoxylin, eosin, saffran.

Figure 2.

The pleural biopsy of the same patient five years later. Malignant mesothelioma infiltrating adipose tissue is now developed (A). Epithelioid morphology is shown (B). Staining: hematoxylin, eosin, saffran.

Figure 3.

Medical thoracoscopy macroscopic appearance of non-specific pleuritis (A) before liberating the lung and after liberating the lung (B) large and deep biopsies are taken.

In the VATS group (Table 1), the diagnosis of lung cancer was established in two patients one month later by bronchial biopsies: one patient had a “suspicious” pleural fluid cytology, but biopsies showed no malignancy. The pleural specimen was adequate measuring up to 8 cm AMD and deep enough including adipose tissue. The second with AMD 3.5 cm underwent pneumonectomy and large pleural biopsies taken were also negative for malignancy. A third patient, who had a known small B-cell lymphoma, his pleural biopsies (7 cm AMD) showed no recurrence. In this patient recurrence was found 18 months later, in the newly developed mediastinal lymph nodes. A fourth patient had a known gastric cancer and developed colon carcinoma 3 years later. Pleural biopsy (AMD 5 cm) was negative. A fifth patient with negative pleural biopsy developed lung cancer 5 years later. Respectively from the MT group, 2 patients were diagnosed with centrally located lung carcinoma by bronchoscopy within the first month after the procedure (Table 1).

Considering only the related to pleura malignancies, NPV for VATS =0.994 and for MT =0.982 and if we consider all malignant cases, NPV still remains high for VATS =0.966 and for MT =0.965.

Discussion

In the current series, which is one of the largest series reporting in the outcome of NSP, thoracoscopy, surgical and medical, proved to be an excellent diagnostic technique with high diagnostic accuracy in excluding malignancy as VATS had a NPV up to 0.994 and MT up to 0.982 translating a high specificity yield. There are no studies directly comparing medical with surgical thoracoscopy (3,10), in any of diagnostic, therapeutic, outcome or cost-effectiveness fields. NSP encompasses many different patterns that could suggest a possible underlying etiology (7). Our group has recently shown that a severely fibrotic pleura with cellular fibrosis and neutrophils is more representative of bacterial disease, lymphocyte-predominant inflammation with mild collagenous fibrosis is mostly associated with viral disease, moderate collagenous fibrosis with variable degree of lymphocytic inflammation is seen in heart disease, important cellular fibrosis with moderate lymphocytic inflammation is found in autoimmune disease, while recurrent pneumothorax is characterized by numerous histiocytes and eosinophils, and by no or mild fibrosis (7).

However, when the “non-specific” diagnosis of pleuritis is made from the pathologist, then the real and most worrisome question is whether a truly benign condition involves the pleural cavity, or this is a false-negative diagnosis. This latter scenario of false-negative diagnosis could have a few explanations; first, a sampling error which can be attributed to a thickened fibrous pleura complicating the biopsy procedure or multiple adhesions not allowing the full cavity inspection and thus the proper site selection to perform the biopsy (11). In the study of Janssen et al. (11), 31 out of 208 cases finally revealed malignancy (Table 2), diagnosed after a mean follow up of 4.4 months. Most of false-negative cases were considered as sampling errors, complicated by the aspect of the pleural cavity not allowing for proper inspection, like in the presence of adhesions or a fibrinous layer over the pleura (11). Not surprisingly, in this study the majority of the cases were MPM (11). The same was true in the study of Metintas and collaborators (15), where from the 18 inconclusive cases, 16 presented finally MPM. Venekamp et al. (6) referred their patients for thoracotomy few days after the first non-diagnostic biopsy, to finally diagnose MPM in two cases. It is well known that in order to make the diagnosis of MPM, one of the major histologic criteria is to prove the invasion into the underlying adipose tissue (18,19), but if the pleura is really thickened, then it might be difficult to obtain deeper biopsies. To avoid this problem, “biopsy into biopsy” is proposed by physicians, meaning performing deeper and deeper biopsies at the same spot (4). In case of “difficult thoracoscopy” and suspicion of MPM (asbestos exposure) and/or pleural plaques, thoracotomy may indeed give the answer (6).

Table 2. Previous studies reporting on the outcome of NSP diagnoses.

Study	Technique	Number of patients with NSP	Patients finally diagnosed with malignancy	Type of malignancy	Time to final diagnosis after the initial negative biopsy	Means of final diagnosis
Ferrer et al. (12)	Various techniques	40	2 (5%)	1 mesothelioma; 1 lung adenocarcinoma	6 months; 2 years	Tru-cut pleural biopsy-MM; biopsied newly appeared lung nodule
Davies et al. (5)	Medical thoracoscopy rigid	44	5 (11.3%)	All MPMs	3, 5, 7, 13, 39 months	One repeated medical thoracoscopy, one umbilical biopsy and autopsy with pleural/peritoneal involvement; three at autopsy
Janssen et al. (11)	Medical thoracoscopy rigid	391	31 (8%)	10 MPMs; 21 metastases	Not described for every case. For MPMs, after a mean of 8.3 months	Two diagnostic errors after review pathology of the initial biopsy; 1 tru-cut biopsy, 1 pericardial aspiration, 2 laparoscopy, 4 thoracoscopy, 6 thoracentesis, 12 thoracotomy, 2 autopsy
Venekamp et al. (6)	Thoracoscopy	60	5 (8.3%)	3 MPMs; 2 lung carcinomas	Data for 2 MPMs: few days later	Thoracotomy for 2 MM Not described for the other cases
Gunluoglu et al. (13)	VATS	53	2 (3.7%)	MPMs	11 and 24 months	1 by pleural fluid cytology, 1 by second VATS
Yang et al. (14)	Medical thoracoscopy semi-rigid	52	8 (15.4%)	5 MPMs; 2 lung adenocarcinomas; 1 thymoma	1, 4, 5, 8, 10 months for MPMs; 1 month later for the two adenocarcinomas; 1 month for the thymoma	3 percutaneous lung biopsy, 2 second medical thoracoscopy, 1 open lung biopsy, 1 liver biopsy, 1 pleural effusion cytology
Metintas et al. (15)	Medical thoracoscopy	100	18 (18%)	16 MPMs; 2 metastases	Not specified	Not described for every case. Open surgical biopsy or VATS were performed during follow-up
DePew et al. (16)	VATS thoracotomy sternotomy	86	3 (3.5%)	MPMs	2, 8, 10 months	1 transthoracic needle aspiration; 1 thoracotomy; 1 pneumonectomy
Vakil et al. (17)	Pleuroscopy	90	3 (3.3%)	Not specified	Not specified	Not specified

VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; MPM, malignant pleural mesothelioma; NSP, non-specific pleuritis.

A histopathologic diagnostic error due to the inherent difficulty of pleural diagnostics (18,19), might be another explanation. In order to perform the correct diagnosis, a proliferative lesion with underlying adipose tissue invasion should be found. However, some tumors like MPM and especially of the desmoplastic type, will not have excessive cellularity and frank invasion will not be always identifiable. This is true even for metastatic tumors which sometimes can be rather paucicellular, in this case posing troubles mostly during intra-operative frozen sections (20). On the other hand, there may be a rather florid mesothelial hyperplasia or a fibrosing pleuritis looking suspicious for malignancy but being reactive. In order to overcome this problem, p16 FISH and BAP1 immunohistochemistry have been used in the recent years to achieve a more confident diagnosis regarding MPM. More specifically, p16 homozygous deletion and loss of BAP1 expression are 100% specific for malignant MPM, albeit of relatively limited sensitivity (21).

Another explanation of a false-negative diagnosis is that the biopsy was not actually false-negative at the time of the initial diagnosis, but it rather represented the natural history of the disease. In our series, among the 295 patients with an NSP diagnosis, three (1.01%) were diagnosed with pleural malignancy over five years after the initial investigation, performing a second thoracoscopy. Again and despite the fact that in these patients pleural effusion was fully regressed during the follow-up period, these cases are the only that may raise questions about the accuracy of the investigation, although the natural history of MPM is unknown, and a possible long spontaneous evolution cannot be excluded. It is well known that chronic inflammation in the pleura may generate malignancy (19).

In the studies examining the outcome of NSP (Table 2) there are two patients, one from the series of Gunluoglu et al. (13) and one from the series of Davies et al. (5), that showed late MPM diagnosis involving the pleura, at 24 and 39 months, respectively. For these patients who will develop MPM several years later, the pathogenesis and natural history of MPM must be considered. Unlike most cancer types, a precursor lesion has not yet been defined for MPM. Could some cases of AMH represent an early form of this neoplasia? AMH is a term used when the definite nature, neoplastic or not, cannot be ascertain. Data from the Group Mesopath on 67 patients diagnosed with AMH showed a 60% 3-year survival signifying the inability of predicting the outcome of these cases (22). Interestingly, the basis of pre-invasive mesothelial neoplasia begins to be elucidated with the aid of ancillary techniques. Thus, specialized in MM pathologists from various centers collected ten cases of MM suggested to be in situ based on the following criteria: a surface single-layer of mesothelial cells with BAP1 loss, no invasive tumor by imaging and/or direct visual inspection of the pleura/peritoneum and no invasive MM diagnosed for at least 1 year after the biopsy, so as to avoid an actually suboptimal sample/false-negative diagnosis (23,24). Among these ten patients, seven developed invasive malignant MM with time between initial biopsy and invasive disease from 12 to 92 (median 60) months; invasive MM had not developed in the other three patients at 12, 57, and 120 months of follow-up (23,24). Furthermore, patients with MPM of the epithelioid subtype have a median survival of 16 months, but this further depends on detailed histological features, such as the mitotic index, the degree of nuclear atypia, and the presence of necrosis (25). When these features are low-grade, a survival of up to two or three years can be seen. Thus, initial NSP diagnoses in patients later developing malignant MPM could potentially represent false-negative diagnoses due to sampling/diagnostic error of low-grade tumors showing slower progression or early forms of mesothelial neoplasia.

In our series, the three MPM cases (2 for MT and 1 for VATS) were diagnosed over five years after the initial investigation by the same techniques, whereas among the other 7 cases finally revealing a malignancy, none showed initially pleural involvement of the disease. More specifically, in the VATS group the 3 patients (the lymphoma 18 months later, the colon carcinoma 3 years later and the lung carcinoma 5 years later) were unlike to present a pleural disease related to their malignancy. The remaining 4 patients diagnosed shortly after the pleural biopsy with lung cancer in non-pleural material (2 for VATS and 2 for MT), were unlike to have pleural malignancy, as in one of these, pneumonectomy with large parietal pleura biopsies did confirm the absence of pleural metastasis and the remaining 3 also had large pleural biopsies, suggesting a paramalignant effusion as they presented with central obstruction and the final diagnosis was made by bronchoscopy (1). Ferrer et al. (12) (Table 2) in one of their two cases, the diagnosis of lung carcinoma by biopsy of a lung nodule was made 2 years after the initial investigation and thus true pleural malignancy at the initial biopsy was not retained in this case. Because of a benign course in 85% of NSP patients actually is recommended (9) at least 12 months follow-up to confirm, yet according to the recent reports a thorough clinical history associated to the histological findings may diagnose all benign cases (7) and therefore “idiopathic pleural effusion” should not be retained as final diagnosis (6,26). Repeated or further interventions are indicated in case of persistent chest pain and/or recurrence of pleural effusion, or when CT scan findings are suggestive of malignant pleural disease (4).

Our study has certain limitations. This is a retrospective study with data collected retrospectively from single centers. Given this, we were dependent on clinical information in the medical records, with the unavoidable limitations within this context. Although the long follow-up of our patients and the absence of recurrence of pleural effusion suggest a benign cause, the specific diagnosis of some cases may be missing and there was no clue to recover data either from history or histological findings for specific diagnosis as suggested (7). Our patient population in both groups had the same distribution in age and sex, yet differences were observed in the follow-up period and clinical history of cancer between the two groups. These differences might be random or related indeed to the retrospective character of our study as well as to local policy between the two institutions in following this patient population and selecting patients for thoracoscopy.

To conclude, our study shows the similar and excellent negative predicted value of both MT and VATS in excluding malignant pleural disease and highlights the rare phenomenon of developing MPM many years after an initial non-malignant diagnosis, representing maybe the earlier forms of mesothelial neoplasia.

Supplementary

The article’s supplementary files as

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was approved by the Internal Review Board of the University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France (212018/CHUSTE) and the Internal Review Board of the University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece (IRB2/19-2-2014).