Abstract
Background
Acute abdominal pain can be a diagnostic challenge even for experienced surgeons. Delayed diagnosis can lead to higher morbidity, mortality and increased costs. While readmission rate has been used to evaluate quality of surgical care, studies addressing the issue in emergency departments (ED) are rare. The role of emergency physicians in the care of patients with abdominal pain is increasing in many European countries, including Finland. It is not known whether this has an effect on the number of readmissions.
Here we evaluate whether the increasing role of emergency physicians in examining patients presenting with abdominal pain has affected the rate of short-term revisits among patients with non-specific abdominal pain (NSAP).
Methods
We identified consecutive ED patients receiving a diagnosis of NSAP 1.1. 2015–31.12.2016 in the ED of Tampere University Hospital. Those revisiting the ED within 48 h were selected for further analysis. Data were obtained from electronic medical records. We compared the outcomes of those initially examined by surgeons and by emergency physicians.
Results
During the study period, 173,630 patients visited our ED, of whom 6.1% (n = 10,609) were discharged with a diagnosis of NSAP. Only 3.0% of patients revisited the ED, 0.7% required hospitalization and 0.06% immediate surgery. The short-term revisit rates among those originally examined by surgeons and by emergency physicians were similar, 2.8 and 3.2% respectively (p = 0.193).
Conclusions
The rate of short-term revisits in patients with NSAP was altogether low. The increasing role of emergency physicians in the care of acute abdominal patients did not affect the revisit rate.
Background
Acute abdominal pain is among the most common reasons for emergency department (ED) visits [1–3], and can be a diagnostic challenge even for experienced surgeons [4]. In most cases the cause of the abdominal pain remains unclear and the patients are often discharged with a diagnosis of non-specific abdominal pain (NSAP) [3, 5, 6]. Some of these patients return to the ED due to persistence or acerbation of the symptoms, and some are later diagnosed with conditions requiring emergency surgery. Delay in the diagnostics or misdiagnoses may be associated with a higher risk of more complicated acute conditions and subsequently with a higher risk of adverse events, longer hospitalization and higher costs of care [7–10]. Revisits also cause a burden on already overcrowded EDs. Consequently, methods to prevent unnecessary revisits are needed.
While readmission rate is among the parameters commonly used to evaluate the quality of surgical care [11–13], studies in emergency medicine concerning revisits are rare [3, 14–16]. In this study we focused on short-term revisits among patients receiving a diagnosis of NSAP. Moreover, we wanted to evaluate whether the shift towards these patients being seen by emergency physicians rather than surgeons has had an impact in the revisit rates or possible complications.
The primary aim was to ascertain the rate of unplanned ED revisits after NSAP diagnosis. The secondary aim was to ascertain whether the increasing role of emergency physicians examining patients with acute abdominal pain has resulted in a higher rate of short-term revisits.
Methods
In this retrospective cohort study over a period of 2 years (January 2015 to December 2016) medical records of each consecutive patient with NSAP attending Tampere University Hospital ED, a high-volume, collaborative ED were reviewed. Patients were identified by retrieving all cases associated with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th revision, ICD-10) with a diagnosis of any subclass of “R10”. Of these, patients returning to the ED within the following 48 h were included for further analysis.
We obtained the data by reviewing each case, including laboratory and imaging results. Demographic information and relevant medical history were recorded for each patient.
Tampere University Hospital is a tertiary care unit with a catchment area of approximately 500,000 inhabitants. All emergency cases within the city are admitted to the study hospital. Referrals to ED from general practitioner are not required. During the study period, the ED went through an organizational change. In 2015 emergency patients with a referral were examined either by a surgeon-in-training or by a specialist in surgery. Patients without a referral were seen by a primary health care physician or emergency physician, with the option to refer the patient for surgical assessment. In 2016, the organization was changed and emergency physicians, including specializing ED doctors, specialists in emergency medicine and emergency-work oriented general practitioners started working side by side with the surgeons, examining patients with or without a referral. This gave us an opportunity to study revisits after NSAP diagnosis set by a surgeon or by an emergency physician during the study period. The follow-up data was available for all patients.
This study is done according to the STROBE guidelines (www.strobe-statement.org).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows statistical software version 22 with Chi square test to compare categorical data, Mann–Whitney U-test and Kruskal–Wallis H-test to compare the medians between groups in nonparametric variables. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
Ethical aspects
The study was performed according to the Helsinki Declaration and institutional review board approval was duly obtained (R16006).
Results
During the two-year study period, a total of 173,630 patients visited the ED, of whom 6.1% (n = 10,609; median age 38 years, 0–100 years; 60% female) were discharged with a diagnosis of NSAP. Of these patients 3.0% (n = 313; median age 32 years, 0–98 years; 64% female) revisited the ED within the following 48 h, with no significant change observed in the revisiting rate during the study (2.8% in 2015 vs. 3.1% in 2016, p = 0.798). The majority (94%) of patients returned due to persisting symptoms, while the rest presented with new symptoms. Younger age was associated with increased likelihood of revisits, as illustrated in Fig. 1. Two thirds (67%) of NSAP patients did not receive a specific diagnosis on the second visit, while typical specific new diagnoses included acute cholecystitis (6.1%), appendicitis (3.8%) and pancreatitis (3.6%). Those diagnosed with a gynaecological condition, e.g. ruptured ovarian cyst, amounted to 5.4%. Demographic characteristics and distribution of diagnoses in the study population are shown in Table 1.
Fig. 1.
Rate of short-term emergency department revisits among those with a diagnosis of non-specific abdominal pain in different age groups. Tampere University Hospital, 2015–2016
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of NSAP patients readmitted to ED within 48 h of the index visit
| Year 2015 n = 85,149 |
Year 2016 n = 88,481 |
All patients n = 173,630 |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| NSAP patients | 6024 (7.1%) | 4585 (5.2%) | 10,609 (6.1%) |
| Readmitted within 48 h | 170 (2.8%) | 143 (3.1%) | 313 (3.0%) |
| Age, median (range) | 36 y (0–98 y) | 28 y (4–95 y) | 32 y (0–98 y) |
| Gender, female, n (%) | 105 (62%) | 94 (66%) | 199 (54%) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | 72 (42%) | 70 (49%) | 142 (45%) |
| Cardiovascular | 33 (19%) | 24 (17%) | 57 (18%) |
| Pulmonary | 17 (10%) | 10 (7.0%) | 27 (8.6%) |
| Psychiatric | 15 (8.8%) | 13 (9.1%) | 28 (8.9%) |
| Diabetes | 8 (4.7%) | 14 (9.8%) | 22 (7.0%) |
| Neurologic | 3 (1.8%) | 12 (8.4%) | 15 (4.7%) |
| Alcoholism | 6 (3.5%) | 4 (2.8%) | 10 (3.2%) |
| Dementia | 3 (1.8% | 1 (0.7%) | 4 (1.2%) |
| Medication, n (%) | 92 (54%) | 59 (41%) | 151 (48%) |
| Anticoagulation | 11 (6.5%) | 13 (9.1%) | 24 (7.7%) |
| Corticosteroids | 3 (1.8%) | 1 (0.7%) | 4 (1.2%) |
| Previous abd. Surgery | 46 (27%) | 30 (21%) | 76 (24%) |
| Frequent users (≥5 admissions/year) | 20 (12%) | 17 (12%) | 37 (12%) |
| Specific diagnosis | 60 (35%) | 44 (31%) | 104 (33%) |
| Acute cholecystitis | 16 (9.4%) | 3 (2.1%) | 19 (6.1%) |
| Gynaecological | 11 (6.5%) | 6 (4.2%) | 17 (5.4%) |
| Acute appendicitis | 6 (3.5%) | 6 (4.2%) | 12 (3.8%) |
| Acute pancreatitis | 4 (2.4%) | 6 (4.2%) | 10 (3.2%) |
| Urinary tract stone disease | 3 (1.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.0%) |
| Diverticulitis | 1 (0.6%) | 2 (1.4%) | 3 (1.0%) |
| Abdominal emergencies a | 3 (1.8%) | 4 (2.8%) | 7 (2.2%) |
| Miscellaneous | 16 (9.4%) | 17 (12%) | 33 (11%) |
| Non-specific diagnoses b | 110 (65%) | 99 (69%) | 209 (67%) |
a Abdominal emergencies requiring immediate treatment (e.g. acute mesenteric ischaemia, bowel perforation)
b Other conditions, e.g. gastroenteritis, extra-abdominal conditions (e.q. pneumonia)
Of the patients revisiting the ED, 67% were discharged with NSAP diagnosis, 16% were admitted to the hospital for surgical and 9.3% for conservative treatment. Fifty-four percent of those requiring surgical and 29% of those requiring conservative treatment on in-patient wards required radiological studies to reach a diagnosis. Only a minority of these patients had undergone radiological examinations at the first ED presentation, as illustrated in Fig. 2. Both WBC and CRP values during the index and second admission were higher among hospitalized patients than among those discharged home. There was a wide variation in the laboratory findings; i.e. the values were within normal limits in some patients who required surgery and greatly elevated in some patients with an NSAP diagnosis. Comparisons of laboratory findings and the use of radiological imaging in different patient groups are shown in Table 2.
Fig. 2.
Number of CT and ultrasound examinations requested by surgeons and emergency physicians. Upper percentage shows the share of patients with a diagnosis of non-specific abdominal pain undergoing radiological imaging during the emergency department visit
Table 2.
Laboratory findings and utilization of radiological imaging on the first and second visit in patients with NSAP
| Discharged with NSAP (n = 208) | Admitted to the hospital for | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Conservative treatment (n = 29) |
Surgical treatment (n = 50) |
||
| Age, median (min-max) | 28 y (0–98 y) | 49 y (23–95 y) | 46 y (10–85 y) |
| 1st visit | |||
| WBC (109/l), median (min-max) 2 | 8.1 (3.0–23) | 10 (5.8–17) | 10 (3.0–18) |
| CRP (mg/l), median (min-max) | 1.9 (1.0–96) | 4.5 (1.0–163) | 3.0 (1–144) |
| Ultrasonography, n (%) | 6 (2.9%) | 3 (10%) | 3 (6.0%) |
| CT scan, n (%) | 2 (1.0%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| 2nd visit | |||
| WBC (109/l), median (min-max) 2 | 7.6 (3.2–18) | 9.7 (3.5–21) | 10.1 (3.2–25.9) |
| CRP (mg/l), median (min-max) 2 | 2.3 (1–234) | 32 (1.0–329) | 63.8 (1–414) |
| Ultrasonography, n (%) | 42 (20%) | 6 (21%) | 20 (40%) |
| CT scan, n (%) | 26 (13%) | 11 (38%) | 18 (36%) |
| Radiological imaging required | – | 13 (29%) | 27 (54%) |
Statistically significant difference: 1p-value 0.05–0.001, 2 p-value < 0.001
CRP C reactive protein, WBC white blood cells, CT computed tomography, NSAP non-specific abdominal pain
An acute condition requiring immediate surgical treatment (i.e. vascular emergencies or bowel perforation) was diagnosed on 0.07% of the patients (n = 7). Six out of seven of those patients with surgical emergencies were examined by emergency physicians during the index admission. While 71% of these patients (n = 5) would have required radiological imaging to reach a diagnosis, none had undergone these examinations during the index visit.
A total of 58% of those with NSAP diagnosis (n = 6153) underwent examination by emergency physicians and the rest (n = 4455) by surgeons or surgical registrars. After implementing the new collaborative ED system and the emergency medicine residency programme, the share of NSAP patients examined by surgeons diminished from 49 to 33% corresponding to an increasing role of emergency physicians dealing with seeing patients with acute abdominal pain. The rates of short-term revisits among those examined by surgeons and by emergency physicians were 2.8% (2.4% in 2015 and 3.1% in 2016) and 3.2% (3.5, 2.6%) respectively (p = 0.193).
Discussion
In this study, we focused on short-term revisits by patients receiving a diagnosis of NSAP in an attempt to assess whether the shift towards these patients being seen by emergency physicians rather than by surgeons affected the revisit rates or possible complications. We found that revisits due to NSAP were in general rare and that the rate did not increase after emergency physicians started to examine the majority of these patients in the ED.
In this study we show that the diagnostic accuracy in acute abdominal pain in our unit was overall good with a limited number of short-term revisits associated with an NSAP diagnosis. Only 3% of NSAP patients revisited the ED within the following 48 h and less than 1% received a diagnosis requiring admission either for surgical or for conservative treatment. Only six out of 10,000 NSAP patients suffered from conditions requiring immediate attention. The increasing role of emergency physicians in examining patients with acute abdominal pain in 2016 was not associated with a higher rate of short-term revisits. However, almost all of the patients discharged during the first visit who later required immediate surgery, were examined by emergency physicians. Consequently the rate of missed emergencies could have been reduced if these patients had been examined by surgeons during the first admissions. Morbidity and mortality meetings should be systematically used in case of missed severe diagnoses for educational and quality improvement purposes.
Our results concur with those of earlier studies, where the return visit rate has ranged from 1.9 to 3.5% [17, 18]. However, these studies have not focused on patients with acute abdominal pain but on all ED patients. Furthermore, revisits have been considered more common among patients with abdominal symptoms [3]. Consequently, compared to earlier studies, we consider our rate of revisits (3.0%) to be surprisingly low.
Almost all the returning patients had persisting symptoms, and the rest presented with onset of new symptoms. More than two-thirds of these patients received the same non-specific diagnosis after the second visit and if all NSAP patients are included, only 1% received a new diagnosis. The most common specific diagnoses were acute appendicitis, acute pancreatitis and acute cholecystitis. However, it is not uncommon for the first symptoms during the onset of an acute condition to be non-specific, i.e. visceral pain and nausea during the first hours after the onset of the condition. In these subacute conditions, a short diagnostic delay is rarely associated with poorer outcomes [7, 19].
Radiological imaging was rarely used during the index visit and use of imaging among NSAP patients was not associated with lower likelihood of further visits. Using radiological imaging on all NSAP patients would increase the costs and exposure to radiation and could potentially lead to false-negative imaging due to early presentation. While some patients were misdiagnosed during the index visit and subsequently required surgical treatment, the delay to surgery seldom affected the outcome. Consequently, we consider our results acceptable. However, we emphasize that training emergency physicians to deal with patients with acute abdominal pain, and to spot “red flags” in patients with surgical emergencies is crucial. While emergency physicians have an increasing role in evaluating patients with acute abdominal pain, access to surgeons in a consultative capacity for these patients is essential now, as it will be in the future.
There were some obvious limitations to our study. The study was retrospective and thus the amount of information obtained from the medical records was limited. Laboratory results and findings in radiological imaging were available for all patients, but the case notes were not always structured. The strength of the study, however, was that our hospital ED covers all levels of ED care throughout the entire hospital district. Thus, the patients will return to our ED for revisits. The follow-up data was available for all patients. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to focus on the revisit rate among ED patients with NSAP. Finally, we have shown that regardless of the establishment of the emergency medicine residency programme, the number of unnecessary revisits did not increase.
Conclusion
Unplanned revisits may cause a burden on already overcrowded EDs. However, we found that after the establishment of the collaborative emergency department and emergency medicine residency programme diagnostic accuracy among NSAP patients, often considered difficult to diagnose, was overall good. The increasing trend for emergency physicians to examine more and more patients with abdominal pain has not increased the revisit rates of NSAP patients. We emphasize the absolute need for educating emergency physicians in diagnosing surgical emergencies.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Abbreviations
- NSAP
No specific abdominal pain
- ED
Emergency department
- WBC
White blood cell count
- CRP
C reactive protein
Authors’ contributions
LS collected all the material and did part of the statistical analyses and did major part of the writing. MU did part of the statistical analyses and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This study was financially supported by the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility Area of Tampere University Hospital.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was performed according to the Helsinki Declaration and institutional review board approval was duly obtained (R16006). No patients were contacted.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
Not applicable.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.