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. 2020 Jul 3;30(12):6537–6544. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07035-w

COVID-19 impact assessment on the French radiological centers: a nationwide survey

Guillaume Herpe 1,2,✉, Mathieu Naudin 2, Mathieu Léderlin 3, Farida Enikeeva 2, Olivier Boumendil 4, Lucie Cassagnes 5, Madeleine Cavet 6, Kathia Chaumoitre 7, Philippe Feuerstein 8, Isabelle Fitton 9, Violaine Flory 10, Cornelia Anna Freitag 11, Jean Yves Gaubert 12, Jules Gregory 13, Hubert Nivet 14, Mickaël Ohana 15, Isabelle Petit 16, Nicolas Sans 17, Mathilde Wagner 18, Rémy Guillevin 19, Pierre-Jean Saulnier 20, Jean-Michel Bartoli 21, Jean Pierre Tasu 22, Jean-Paul Beregi 23
PMCID: PMC7333367  PMID: 32621241

Abstract

Purpose

To determine the impact of the COVID-19 on the CT activities in French radiological centers during the epidemic peak.

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional prospective CT scan survey was conducted between March 16 and April 12, 2020, in accordance with the local IRB. Seven hundred nine radiology centers were invited to participate in a weekly online survey. Numbers of CT examinations related to COVID-19 including at least chest (CTcovid) and whole chest CT scan activities (CTchest) were recorded each week. A sub-analysis on French departments was performed during the 4 weeks of the study. The impact of the number of RT-PCRs (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions) on the CT workflow was tested using two-sample t test and Pearson’s test.

Results

Five hundred seventy-seven structures finally registered (78%) with mean response numbers of 336 ± 18.9 (323; 351). Mean CTchest activity per radiologic structure ranged from 75.8 ± 133 (0–1444) on week 12 to 99.3 ± 138.6 (0–1147) on week 13. Mean ratio of CTcovid on CTchest varied from 0.36 to 0.59 on week 12 and week 14 respectively. There was a significant relationship between the number of RT-PCR performed and the number of CTcovid (r = 0.73, p = 3.10−16) but no link with the number of positive RT-PCR results.

Conclusion

In case of local high density COVID-19, CT workflow is strongly modified and redirected to the management of these specific patients.

Key Points

• Over the 4-week survey period, 117,686 chest CT (CT total ) were performed among the responding centers, including 61,784 (52%) CT performed for COVID-19 (CT covid ).

• Across the country, the ratio CTcovid/CTtotal varied from 0.36 to 0.59 and depended significantly on the local epidemic density (p = 0.003).

• In clinical practice, in a context of growing epidemic, in France, chest CT was used as a surrogate to RT-PCR for patient triage.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1007/s00330-020-07035-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Keywords: COVID-19, Radiology, Surveys and questionnaires, Tomography, X-Ray computed, Prospective

Introduction

The 2019–2020 coronavirus infection is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV2). As of April 15, 2020, more than 2 million cases of COVID-19 had been reported in 210 countries and territories, resulting in more than 128,000 deaths [1]. On January 10, 2020, health authorities implemented a monitoring system for COVID-19 [2, 3]. Since week 12 (Monday, March 16), France has entered the epidemic phase with a circulation of SARS CoV2 throughout the French territory. A dedicated epidemiological survey was issued by health authorities from that day [3]. During this pandemic, the radiological centers had to face an unprecedented situation; on March 12, the first recommendations from the health authorities were issued to decrease potential contamination for subsequent patients [4–8]. Non-urgent examinations were deprogrammed and specific hygiene measures surrounding the CT scan activity of patients suspected of COVID-19 were established. The impact of these new organizations on radiology department activities and how the recommendations were applied has remained largely unknown [9].

As a result, we conducted an active, CT-based prospective survey during the 4 weeks of the epidemic peak in French territory in order to determine the impact of the SARS CoV2 infection on the CT scan activities [10].

Materials and methods

An active, CT scan–based, prospective epidemiological survey study was conducted between March 16 and April 12, 2020 (week 12 to week 15). This study was approved by the local Institutional Review Board and was carried out in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Since there were no specific patient data collected, informed patient consent was not required. An external scientific committee including recognized scientists (JM.B, JP.B, M.L, and PJ.S) was established to evaluate the different versions of the survey, to ensure the control of the protocol and the global quality of this study. All members are guarantors of the scientific content of this study.

Study area and survey

This is a prospective study with a retrospective analysis based on declarative forms. Studied centers were identified through the French Society of Radiology and the College of French Teacher-Researchers in Radiology among the 709 radiology centers with a CT scan representing 1200 CT devices [11]. For each center, a referring radiologist identified by his or her first name, e-mail address, and position as private radiologist, junior radiologist, senior public health radiologist, or Professor of Radiology, was in charge of the study. Considering that analysis was carried out per radiology centers, local activity of a potential teleradiology company was merged with the on-site activities. A survey form was sent to the referring radiologist each week and reminders were sent twice a week by e-mail.

The survey form included the following parameters:

  • (i)

    Center identification number, type of center according to 3 levels (university hospital, public hospitals, private radiology center).

  • (ii)

    Number of chest computed tomography (CTchest) scans were defined as all CT scans including at least chest. Among them, we recorded the overall amount of CT scans in COVID-19 context (at the initial diagnosis or the follow-up), named CTcovid.

  • (iii)

    Potential equipment dedicated for COVID-19 imaging and its nature (CT, mobile and standard X-ray devices, MRI, US devices).

From this survey, a ratio called CTcovid rate was computed from the formula CTcovid/CTchest. Internal and external validity tests for the survey were performed to address potential bias [11]:

  • (i)

    For internal validity, a first pilot version of the survey form was tested on a randomized selected group of 10 centers (1 university hospital, 3 local hospitals, and 6 private centers). The results of this first survey were excluded from the final analysis. The final version of the survey form was obtained by taking in account remarks from this testing period and validated by the scientific committee.

  • (ii)

    For external validity, discrepancies between complementary questions in the questionnaire were scanned automatically and correction(s) had to be made by the referring radiologist before sending. For instance, percentages of severe and non-severe patients had to be 100%.

The survey form is given in the Appendix.

To have an overview of the local epidemic spreading, the viral activity was estimated using the emergency department consultation rate for COVID-19 and the local prevalence was estimated using number of RT-PCRs performed and number of positive results for COVID-19 [12].

French departments were used to fit the French health data issued by the health authorities [13].

Data analysis

Standard data analysis was performed by a data scientist (M.N.) using three steps methods: (1) automatic data collection using Microsoft form, (2) data cleaning and indexing upon identification data using Python Data Analysis Library 1.0.3 (AQR Capital Management, Lambda Foundry, Inc.), and (3) manual extraction of data of high medical value.

In_house web-designed dashboard was designed using Leaflet 1.6.0. No imputation was made for missing data.

Statistical analysis

Because the patient cohort in our study was not derived from random selection, all statistics are deemed to be descriptive only. Statistical analysis was performed using R software, version 3.6.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing) and SAS software (version 9.4, SAS institute). Quantitative variables were expressed as means (normal) or medians (skewed), standard deviation (SD), and range. Qualitative variables are described as raw numbers and percentages.

Mean: Test Student.

Skewed: Wilcoxon Mann Whitney.

Dichotomized variables were compared by using the χ2 statistics.

Correlations between CT workflow, French department, and the COVID-19 epidemic markers were tested by a Pearson’s correlation tests. The two-sample t test was used to search associations between means and standard deviations in the French departments.

Following medical and biological statistics standards, we set the type 1 error at 0.05.

Statistical analysis was performed using R software, version 3.6.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing) and SAS software (version 9.4, SAS institute).

Results

Participation and quality

The survey form was sent to the 709 centers covering all French radiologic centers including university hospitals (n = 32), public hospitals (n = 500), and private radiologic centers (n = 177).

The centers’ participation rate over the 4 weeks was stable 0.43 ± 0.01 (0.42–0.45) (304/709) with respectively 0.42 week 12 (n = 301/709), 0.45 week 13 (n = 318/709), 0.43 week 14 (n = 308 /709), and 0.43 week 15 (n = 306/709). The French population coverage represented 90% of the French inhabitants (60.3 million out of 67 million of inhabitants). Figure 1 gives the flowchart of the study. The internal validity test demonstrated a 0.02 ± 0.01 (0–0.03) discrepancy mean rate between responses.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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Flowchart of the study shows the number of participating imaging centers. Note: Data are absolute numbers rounded to the nearest decimal

Dedicated imaging device recommendation follow-up

Among the 174 answers concerning this item, 58.0% responded that at least one device was dedicated for COVID-19 patients (n = 101/174). Among these, 91.0% was for CT scan (n = 92/101), 74.2% for X-ray equipment (n = 75/101), 47.5% for US devices (n = 48 /101), 16.8% for MRI (n = 17/ 101), and 11.8% for interventional room (n = 12/101).

CT activity

During the study, 108,959 CTchest including 56,110 CTcovid were performed (0.52). Mean CT scan activity per radiological centers ranged from 75.8 ± 133 (0–1444) on week 12 to 99.3 ± 138.6 (0–1147) on week 13. Table 1 gives CT workload along the 4 weeks for the 3 types of radiologic structures. The number of CTchest and COVID CTcovid evolved differently during the study period according to the type of centers, whereas in the university hospital, the highest activity was recorded on week 13, it was on week 14 for the public hospital, and on week 15 for the private structure. Figure 2 illustrates the variation of different CT activities and the CTcovid rate for each type of radiologic centers. Figure 3 gives the evolution of the epidemic over the 4 weeks in the territory.

Table 1.

Illustration of the amount of chest CT scan per week along the different structures (compared with numbers of French structures). Note: Data are absolute numbers and numbers in parentheses are percentages (rounded to the nearest decimal)

Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15
Answers n/n total in France (%) Chest CT scan (n) COVID-19 CT scans (n (%)) Answers n/n total in France (%) Chest CT scan (n) COVID-19 CT scans (n (%)) Answers n/n total in France (%) Chest CT scan (n) COVID-19 CT scans (n (%)) Answers n/n total in France (%) Chest CT scan (n) COVID-19 CT scans (n (%))
Overall 301/709 (0.42) 20,502 6808 (0.33) 318/709 (0.45) 31,395 17,057 (0.54) 308/709 (0.43) 29,717 17,019 (0.57) 306/709 (0.43) 27,345 15,226 (0.56)
University hospital (n (%)) 30/32 (0.94) 6531 2108 (0.32) 32/32 (1.00) 11,921 6848 (0.57) 32/32 (1.00) 10,616 6391 (0.60) 32/32 (1.00) 10,468 5657 (0.54)
General hospital (%) 204/500 (0.41) 8534 3681 (0.43) 205/500 (0.41) 11,533 7161 (0.62) 211/500 (0.42) 12,661 8132 (0.64) 205/500 (0.41) 9941 6660 (0.66)
Private radiology (%) 67/177 (0.37) 5437 1019 (0.19) 81/177 (0.45) 7941 3048 (0.38) 65/177 (0.31) 6440 2496 (0.39) 69/177 (0.39) 6936 2909 (0.42)
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Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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The variation of the CTcovid rate during the study within the three types of radiology centers. The histogram illustrates the quantitative numbers of CT performed. The lines illustrate the variation of the mean COVID CT rate among the three types of radiology centers. The number of CTchest and COVID CTcovid seemed to evolve during the study according to the type of centers, whereas in the university hospital, the highest activity was recorded on week 13, it was on week 14 for the public hospital, and on week 15 for the private structure

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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Graphic analysis of the COVID-19 in France during the study using choropleth maps. a–d COVID CT rate in France using administrative area as unit according to time. A red unit represents a high COVID-19 CT rate level and a yellow unit a low level. COVID CT rate is highest in the north and east of France and diffused during the 4 weeks of the study. Considering that the epidemic peak was on the week 13, COVID CT rate remains high during the 4 weeks of the study. a CTcovid rate for week 12. b CTcovid rate for week 13. c CTcovid rate for week 14. d CTcovid rate for week 15

CTcovid rate at week 12 was homogeneous whatever the ratio of positive RT-PCR (0.36 ± 0.22 [0–1]). After the week 12, 2 different groups of CT workflow were observed, one where CTcovid rate remained low and others where mean CTcovid rate increased over 63%, corresponding to area in which positive RT-PCR rate was higher. The CTcovid distribution was significantly different at week 13, week 14, and week 15 (p = 0.0003). From the week 13, French departments could be classified according to level of epidemic pressure, high or low, 21 and 55 for week 13, 54 and 21 week 14, and 31 and 43 week 15 respectively. Table 2 gives results for CTcovid rate among the two different groups of French departments stratified on the RT-PCR rate.

Table 2.

Illustration of the mean and standard COVID CT rate among the two dichotomized groups of geographical areas stratified on the RT-PCR rate, the total number of observation (Nobs), and for each group (Nobs1/Nobs2). The T test assesses significant differences between means among the two groups. Note: Data are absolute numbers and numbers in parentheses are percentages (rounded to the nearest decimal)

Nobs (Nobs1/Nobs2) CP Mean1 ± sd1 Mean2 ± sd2 T test
Week 12 76 (38/38) No 0.37 ± 0.23 0.35 ± 0.18 –
Week 13 76 (21/55) Yes 0.53 ± 0.22 0.64 ± 0.18 0.03
Week 14 74 (54/21) Yes 0.59 ± 0.19 0.67 ± 0.13 0.03
Week 15 74 (31/43) Yes 0.52 ± 0.19 0.69 ± 0.17 0.0003
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A strong correlation was found between the overall number of RT-PCRs performed in a geographic sub-area and the number of CTcovid (r = 0.73, p = 3.10−16). The emergency department consultation rate over 10,000 for COVID-19 clinical suspicion and the CTcovid were also highly correlated during the peak of epidemic (from week 13 to 15; r = 0.64 [0.61–0.77], p < 0.005) whereas there was no correlation at the beginning of the epidemic (week 12; r = 0.47, p > 0.05).

The positive RT-PCR rate was not correlated with the number of CTcovid within the French departments administrative sub-area (r = 0.24, p = 0.25).

Discussion

During the COVID-19 epidemic, the growing trend of increased demands for CTcovid was associated with a significantly re-oriented CT workflow. Evolution of CTcovid number from week 12 to week 15 was in accordance with the local epidemic spreading as previously suggested by an online data [14].

The nature of the radiologic structure had an impact on the CTcovid activities; university hospitals were firstly impacted followed by general hospitals and private structures and all types were finally impacted as previously suggested [15–17]. This different timing could probably be explained by the French health care organization in which university hospitals are commonly the referent health care structure for a large administrative area. Consequently, these hospitals commonly have the largest number of intensive care beds and CT devices. For private structures, the total of 26,754 CTchest performed were similar to those observed during a non-epidemic period [18]. Some authors nonetheless reported a 50–80% decrease in whole CT number in private centers due to COVID-19 [9, 19]. Because we surveyed only the CT activity covering chest, it is difficult to evaluate the global impact of COVID-19 on the whole CT workflow. However, because of a re-orientation of a part of CT activity to COVID-19, we can hypothesize that there was a great impact on other pathologies. Because 52.8% of the radiologic structures followed the French recommendations to dedicate devices to COVID-19 [20], a funnel-like effect must have been generated, fewer CT devices and more COVID-19 patients leading to less access for other pathologies.

There is also a very interesting point in our results; there was no correlation between either the rate of positive RT-PCR or the local prevalence of COVID-19 and the CTcovid. In contrast, we observed a strong correlation between the number of RT-PCR tests performed, whatever their results, and the CTcovid. This suggests that CT was used as screening test to diagnose or rule out COVID-19. There is a large consensus to state that RT-PCR should be the reference for the COVID-19 diagnosis [21–23], despite early data from China suggesting relatively poor diagnostic sensitivity [24]. In a growing pandemic, the risk of false-negative test results increases with the widespread character and the prevalence of the disease. For instance, if we choose a theoretical sensitivity of 90%, for a population of 65 million of inhabitants within which 80% will be infected, 5.2 million people would be falsely classified as negative, if the whole population had been tested. The sensitivity of CT for COVID-19 is debated but was recently estimated higher than RT-PCR according to Fang et al: In their study, the sensitivity of chest CT was 91% versus 71% for RT-PCR (p < .001) [24]. In cases of growing epidemic, the sensitivity of the diagnosis test affects the timely management of suspected cases (isolation and medical treatment) and furthers the risk of transmission. In addition to its high sensitivity [25], CT examination also presents two main interests; the test is available immediately and results disposable in less than 15 min even if it should be kept in mind that imaging features of COVID-19 pneumonia are non-specific [26], sometimes overlapping with other viral pneumonias [27, 28]. On the contrary, notwithstanding its sensitivity, RT-PCR has the disadvantage of providing delayed results, often in several hours. Furthermore, RT-PCR performance could depend on variations in detection rate from different manufacturers, variations due to patient viral load and/or improper clinical sampling [29]. Therefore, in France, clinical practitioners have integrated CT as an available test to diagnose COVID-19.

This study has limitations. The first one was country coverage, which remains partial. For instance, data on pediatric population in pediatric hospitals are partial, which prevented us from obtaining results on this specific group of patients. Secondly, the declarative mode leads to potential under or over declaration and it was difficult to check data received despite the quality process of the survey. Thirdly, it is likely that involvement of responders was stronger in regions with strong COVID-19 pressure leading to higher response rate. This could introduce bias of overrepresentation. An exhaustive study covering at least 70% of the centers should have been performed but this objective is likely unreachable. Fourthly, the clinical practices described here concern France only and might not be generalized to other countries in which health care organization, national policy, and disease prevalence could be different. Lastly, availability of a separate CT scanner for COVID-19 patients could have influenced the use of chest CT imaging as a screening tool; for instance, with only one CT scanner, chest CT may be used less as a screening tool in consideration for other patients. The lack of exhaustive data on this issue did not allow us to analyze this aspect. Further studies are therefore needed.

Conclusion

Impact of COVID-19 on CT workflow was strong due to the number of examinations performed to a certain extent due to its diagnosis sensitivity. This study demonstrates the role of all types of radiology centers in the health care policy in France during this epidemic.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1 (17.8KB, docx)

(DOCX 17 kb)

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the Covid Imaging Network SFR for data collection.

Funding information

The authors state that this work has not received any funding.

Compliance with ethical standards

Guarantor

The scientific guarantor of this publication is Pr Jean Paul Beregi on behalf of the scientific committee consisting in Pr Bartoli, Pr Léderlin, and Pr Saulnier.

Conflict of interest

The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.

Statistics and biometry

Dr. Farida Enikeeva, PhD, in Statistics from the University of Poitiers is one the author of the article. Dr. Enikeeva therefore provided advices for data curation and statistical analysis.

Informed consent

Written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board.

Ethical approval

Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.

Methodology

• prospective

• observational

• multicenter study

Footnotes

Summary statement

Over the 4 weeks of the nationwide epidemic peak, some general demographics have significantly impacted overall chest CT activity and more specifically the COVID-19 CT-related activity.

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

References

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

ESM 1 (17.8KB, docx)

(DOCX 17 kb)

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