Prognostic value of MYD88 L265P mutation in diffuse large B cell lymphoma via droplet digital PCR

Abstract

To assess the prevalence and prognostic value of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88) expression and mutational status in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a total cohort of 100 patients with DLBCL were studied using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (DDPCR), and the association between MYD88 expression and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. Overall, the positive expression rate of MYD88 protein was 38% and the gene mutation rate was 29%. The positive expression and mutation rates were the highest in the primary central nervous system lymphomas (58.33 and 66.67%, respectively). The coincidence rate of the results of MYD88 expression between IHC and DDPCR results was 73% (73/100). Univariate survival analysis showed that age (≥60 years old), high neutrophil/lymphocyte count ratio, low lymphocyte count, c-Myc ≥40%, positive MYD88 protein expression, and gene mutation were associated with poorer prognosis rates. Multivariate survival analysis revealed that MYD88 expression was an independent prognostic factor affecting overall survival. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that MYD88 mutation was a valuable index to evaluate the prognosis of DLBCL. DDPCR can be used as a method for detecting MYD88 mutations, although it was not completely consistent with the results of IHC.

Introduction

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of adult lymphoma (1). B cell lymphomas are heterogeneously categorized in terms of clinical manifestations, histomorphology, immunophenotyping and prognosis (1). Our group has recorded 1,831 lymphoma cases between 2008 and 2018 (data not published). Of the non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the most common type was DLBCL (45.6%; 741/1,625), which is higher than that of the China and other Western countries (30-35%) (2–4). According to the cell-of-origin classification, DLBCL can be divided into two main molecular subtypes, defined by gene expression profiling: Germinal center B cell like (GCB), Activated B cell like (ABC) (5,6). DLBCL often involves various nodal and extranodal sites. There are a number of large B cell lymphoma (LBCL) subtypes, including primary central nervous system (PCNSL), primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) and primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBL) (7–9).

A combined treatment regimen of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R-CHOP) can significantly improve the prognosis of most patients (10). However, due to individual differences and tumor cell resistance, recurrence occurs in one-third of patients, causing them to enter the advanced phase of DLBCL after treatment (11). Increased interest in DLBCL led to Ngo et al (12) to discover the role of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88) L265P as a disease-relevant driver gene. MYD88 is a soluble adaptor protein in the cytoplasm for inflammatory signaling pathways downstream of members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin (IL)-1 that mainly mediates the cellular signal transduction of the TLR, IL-1 receptor (R) and IL-18R, so MYD88 plays a key role in innate immunity (13–15). Ngo et al (12) found that in DLBCL, L265P mutation occurs at position 794 of the coding sequence of MYD88, resulting in the missense mutation of leucine to proline at position 265 in the coding region of MYD88 protein, which abnormally activates the IL-1R-mediated NF-κB, MAPK and JAK-STAT3 signaling pathways, and leads to tumorigenesis (16).

Subsequently, it was demonstrated that the MYD88 mutation can be used to identify a molecular subgroup of patients with DLBCL that have poorer prognosis rates (17). MYD88 L265P mutation also occurs in a subtype of PCNSL associated with poor prognosis (18,19). Pham-Ledard et al (20) found that the gene mutation rate was 59% in DLBCL, leg type (DLBCL-LT), and the prognosis was poor. Furthermore, Kraan et al (21) found the MYD88 mutation in 68% of PTL tumors analyzed. MYD88 L265P mutations have also been observed in other hematological diseases, such as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, marginal zone lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (22–24).

Schmitz et al (25) found four DLBCL genotype subtypes, namely, MCD (based on the co-occurrence of MYD88, L265P and CD79B mutations), BN2 (based on BCL6 fusions and NOTCH2 mutations), N1 (based on NOTCH1 mutations) and EZB (based on EZH2 mutations and BCL2 translocations), and poorer prognosis rates in patients with MCD and N1 subtypes. Weber et al (26) proposed immunotherapy for MYD88 L265P mutant tumors. It has been hypothesized that DLBCL could be treated with MYD88 L265P peptide as a novel tumor-specific antigen to induce cytotoxic T cell reaction (26). Hence, developing therapeutic agents for this mutation is becoming increasingly important.

The frequency of MYD88 mutations at the protein and molecular level was assessed in tumor tissue samples from 100 patients diagnosed with DLBCL, following which a correlation analysis was performed to analyze clinicopathological characteristics. Therefore, this study provides a comprehensive summary of the methods used to detect MYD88 at different levels of expression, and explores the prognostic value of MYD88 and other clinicopathological parameters in DLBCL.

Materials and methods

Study cohort

Tumor tissues were collected from 100 patients with DLBCL at The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Urumqi, China) and considered as formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) archival specimens between August 2010 and July 2018. According to the 2016 World Health Organization diagnostic criteria of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue tumors (27), two senior pathologists (Professor Xinxia Li and Professor Wei Zhang) reviewed the cases and collected clinicopathological data in the Department of Pathology of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. Patients were followed up for 79 months. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Board of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. Written informed consent was obtained from participants. All of the procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant policies in China (28).

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

A total of 100 FFPE tissue samples from patients with DLBCL were immersed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 4 h at room temperature and assembled into a tissue microarray with a core diameter of 2 mm, cut to a thickness of 3 µm, and heat treated with EDTA antigen retrieval solution (pH=8.0; cat. no. ZLI-9079; Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biological Technology Co., Ltd.) for 20 min. Samples were blocked with 3% peroxide-hydrogen for 10 min at room temperature for endogenous peroxidase ablation and then incubated with the mouse anti-MYD88 (1:700; cat. no. ab133739; Abcam) and diluted in PBS (0.01 M PBS, pH=7.4), for 1 h at 37°C. Secondary antibody (anti-mouse IgG; cat. no. PV-6000; Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biological Technology Co., Ltd.) was then added and incubated for 30 min at 37°C. Coloration with 3,3-diaminobenzidin was performed at room temperature in the dark for 10 min. MYD88 was localized in the cytoplasm of lymphoma cells. IHC analysis (Leica DM3000; light microscope; magnification, ×40) was based on the immunohistochemical scoring system (29), which was classified into negative and positive. Staining intensity was scored as follows: i) 0, negative; ii) 1, weak; iii) 2, moderate; iv) 3, intense. The extent of staining was scored as follows: i) 0, 0% of tumor area stained; ii) 1, <10%; iii) 2, 10–50%; iv) 3, >50%. These two scores were summed to give each sample a final score ranging from 0 to 6. The final scores of 0 to 1 and 2 to 6 were considered as negative and positive MYD88 expression, respectively.

Other related immunohistochemical markers were examined using a Roche VENTANA Benchmark XT automated immunohistochemical staining instrument (Roche Diagnostics). The primary antibodies used against p53, CD10, CD30, myeloma-associated antigen-1 (MUM-1), Bcl-2, c-Myc, CD20, Bcl-6 and proliferation marker protein Ki-67 (Ki-67) are presented in Table SI. The specific details of the experimental method for these other related immunohistochemical markers are the same as aforementioned for the MYD88 antibody incubation.

DNA isolation

FFPE tissues were cut into 10 µm-thick sections, and the most lymphoma-cell-rich area was dissected using a scalpel. Total genomic DNA was subsequently extracted with a QIAamp DNA FFPE tissue kit (cat. no. 56404; Qiagen, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's instructions, and was quantified spectrophotometrically using an Invitrogen Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The concentration and optical density ratio of the DNA solution were calculated using a Quawell Q5000 UV–Vis Spectrophotometer (Quawell Technology, Inc.). All samples were immediately stored at −80°C for further analysis.

Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (DDPCR) for the detection of MYD88 L265P mutation

The Bio-Rad QX200 Droplet Digital PCR system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) was used to perform DDPCR. The primers of MYD88 were synthesized by Shanghai Yuanqi Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., as follows: Forward, 5′-CTTGGCTTGCAGGTGCC-3′ and reverse, 5′-CTTTCTTCATTGCCTTGTACTTGATG-3′ (amplified fragment size of 63 base pairs). In each DDPCR reaction, two probes were used (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), a FAM-labeled probe for the MYD88 L265P mutation (5′-FAM-AGAAGCGACCGATCC-MGB-BHQ-3′)and a VIC-labeled probe for the MYD88 L265P wild-type allele (5′-VIC-AGAAGCGACTGATCC-MGB-BHQ-3′). The reaction volume was 20 µl (4 µl DDPCR reaction solution, 10 µl DDPCR mix 3, 6 µl template). PCR was performed in a Veriti™ Thermal Cycler (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) using the following conditions: 95°C for 10 min; followed by 40 cycles of 94°C for 15 sec and 58°C for 60 sec; and a final extension at 98°C for 10 min. After thermocycling, the 96-well plate was put in the plate holder and read in the QX200 Droplet Digital PCR system, and based on positive droplets and according to the Poisson distribution, the absolute copy number of the MYD88 L265P and wild-type MYD88 alleles was calculated using QuantaSoft™ analysis software (version 1.7.4.0917; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). The positive control was a plasmid and the negative control was distilled water. The following method was used to judge whether expression was positive or negative: i) Positive, mutation frequency ≥1% and ≥3 droplets fall in the ‘Ch1+Ch2-’ region; ii) negative, <3 droplets fall in the ‘Ch1+’ region and <5 droplets fall in the ‘Ch2+’ region [Ch1, mutation copy number; Ch2, wild-type copy number; Ch1+Ch2, genomic DNA copy number; and Ch1/(Ch1+Ch2), mutation frequency]. Green droplets depict wild-type droplets (Ch1-/Ch2+) region, gray droplets depict negative droplets without detectable DNA (Ch1-/Ch2-) region and orange droplets depict double positive droplets (Ch1+/Ch2+) region.

Routine blood tests

Routine blood tests were measured using overnight fasting blood samples (1 ml) collected from an antecubital vein between 7 am and 9 am, drawing the blood into a test tube containing an anticoagulant (EDTA) to prevent clotting. The measurement of blood components was automated using an automatic blood cell analyzer (cat. no. BC5000; Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd.; http://www.mindray.com/au/index.html). Blood tests were used to measure blood components, such as monocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet and hemoglobin.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS, Inc.). Chi-square test was conducted to analyze the correlation between clinicopathological parameters and indicators. Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated as the time since the date of diagnosis. Overall survival (OS) was determined as the date of diagnosis to the date of death by any cause. PFS and OS were determined through univariate (Kaplan-Meier) and multivariate analyses (Cox proportional hazard model) for survival analysis and survival curve mapping. Data for crossing of survival curves were analyzed using the statistical packages R (The R Foundation; http://www.r-project.org; version 3.4.3) and Empower R (www.empowerstats.com; X&Y solutions, Inc.).P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Clinicopathological characteristics

A total of 100 patients with DLBCL were included in the present study, this consisted of 41 female participants and 59 male participants with a median age of 59 years (25–88 years). Among them, 37% (37/100) had DLBCL in the lymph nodes and 63.0% (63/100) had DLBCL in extranodal sites. The central nervous system (CNS) was the most common extranodal site in the patients of the present study (24/63, 38.1%). Nine patients had a gastrointestinal tract lesion (14.29%), eight had head and neck lesions (12.70%), five had retroperitoneal lesions (7.94%), four had soft tissue lesions (6.35%), four had joint lesions (6.35%), three had testicular lesions (4.76%), and six patients had breast, kidney, adrenal gland, uterus, spleen and skin cases (1.59%, 1/63) (Fig. 1A-L). Routine blood tests were used to measure lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, hemoglobin and platelet counts. Lymphocyte/monocyte count ratio (LMR) and neutrophil/lymphocyte count ratio (NLR) were set at 2.71 and 2.81, respectively, to assess the prognosis of patients (30). The baseline clinical characteristics of 100 patients with DLBCL in this study are shown in Table SII.

Figure 1.

Morphological observation of lesions in various sites of diffuse large B cell lymphoma by hematoxylin and eosin staining. (A) Testis at magnification, ×40. (B) Central nervous system at magnification, ×40. (C) Lymph node at magnification, ×40. (D) Testis at magnification, ×200. (E) Central nervous system at magnification, ×200. (F) Lymph node at magnification, ×200. (G) Tongue at magnification, ×40. (H) Skin at magnification, ×40. (I) Gastrointestinal tract at magnification, ×40. (J) Tongue at magnification, ×200. (K) Skin at magnification, ×100. (L) Gastrointestinal tract at magnification, ×100.

IHC of patients with DLBCL

The patients were divided into 64 cases of ABC subtype DLBCL (ABC-DLBCL; 64%, 64/100) and 36 cases of GCB subtype DLBCL (GCB-DLBCL; 36%, 36/100) using the Hans classification scheme (ABC:GCB; 1.8:1). Protein expression and gene mutations were investigated in 100 DLBCL cases. First, a frequent rate of protein expression was observed in 38% of cases (38/100) (Fig. 2A-G). Second, positive MYD88 expression was found in 43.75% (28/64) and 27.78% (10/36) of ABC-DLBCL and GCB-DLBCL cases, respectively. Positive MYD88 expression was observed in 32.43% (12/37) and 41.27% (26/63) of lymph node DLBCL and extranodal DLBCL cases, respectively. For positive MYD88 expression in extranodal sites of DLBCL, the following data were observed: 22.23% (14/63) in the CNS, 6.35% (4/63) in the head and neck, 3.17% (2/63) in the joints, 3.17% (2/63) in the testes, 1.59% (1/63) in the gastrointestinal tract, 1.59% (1/63) in the retroperitoneal organs, 1.59% (1/63) in the breast, and 1.59% (1/63) in the kidney. Positive MYD88 expression was also found in 51.52% of Bcl-2 ≥70% cases (17/33), 39.62% of p53 expression cases (21/53), 35.71% of Bcl-6 expression cases (30/84), 32.14% of Ki-67 ≥60% expression cases (27/84), 35.29% of c-Myc ≥40% cases (12/34), 33.33% of double expression (DE; c-Myc ≥40% and Bcl-2 ≥70%) cases (4/12), and 22.22% of CD30 expression cases (2/9) (Tables I and II; Fig. 3A-L).

Figure 2.

Immunohistochemistry staining for MYD88 in diffuse large B cell lymphoma specimens. (A) MYD88 expression in tumor cells surrounding blood vessels at magnification, ×40. (B) Positive expression of MYD88 (cytoplasm) at magnification, ×40. (C) Negative expression of MYD88 at magnification, ×40. (D) MYD88 expression in tumor cells surrounding blood vessels at magnification, ×200. (E) Positive expression of MYD88 (cytoplasm) at magnification, ×200. (F) Negative expression of MYD88 at magnification, ×100. (G) MYD88 protein positive control tissue (human kidney tissue) at magnification, ×200. MYD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88.

Table I.

Correlation of MYD88 mutation and MYD88 expression with clinicopathological characteristics.

	MYD88 mutation				MYD88 expression
Clinicopathological characteristics	WT (n=71)	MUT (n=29)	χ2	P-value	Negative (n=62)	Positive (n=38)	χ2	P-value
Age (n=100)
<60	40	17	0.044	0.834	36	21	0.075	0.784
≥60	31	12			26	17
Sex (n=100)
Male	44	15	0.894	0.344	42	17	5.155	0.023a
Female	27	14			20	21
Location (n=100)
Nodal	31	6	4.661	0.031a	25	12	0.773	0.379
Extranodal	40	23			37	26
Extranodal involvement (n=63)
CNS	8	16	15.213	0a	10	14	4.657	0.031a
Other (centrum, testis, soft tissue, skin, spleen, breast)	32	7			27	12
Hans' algorithm (n=100)
GCB	28	8	1.255	0.263	26	10	2.495	0.114
ABC	43	21			36	28
Ann-Arbor stage (n=100)
Low (I–II)	23	1	9.458	0.002a	14	10	2.495	0.671
High (III–IV)	48	28			48	28
β2-MB (n=55)
Normal	9	9	8.496	0.004a	8	10	0.278	0.039a
Above normal	32	5			27	10
B symptom (n=100)
Absent	55	27	3.412	0.065	51	31	0.007	0.932
Present	16	2			11	7
ECOG performance status score (n=100)
<2	45	8	10.59	0.001a	34	19	0.221	0.638
≥2	26	21			28	19
LDH level (n=99)
Normal	46	20	0.398	0.528	41	25	0.022	0.883
Above normal	25	8			21	12
NCCN-IPI (n=100)
Low risk (0–1)	7	2	12.099	0.07	6	3	2.271	0.518
Low intermediate risk (2–3)	47	10			36	21
High intermediate risk (4–5)	15	13			18	10
High risk (≥6)	2	4			2	4
Survival status (n=100)
Died	29	16	1.743	0.418	23	22	6.348	0.042a
Alive	38	12			37	13
Status unknown	4	1			2	3
Progression-free survival (n=69)
3	3	3	1.807	0.166	2	4	0.484	0.487
5	0	1	1.064	0.144	0	1	1.234	0.267
Overall survival (n=95)
3	21	6	1.807	0.179	21	6	4.772	0.029a
5	13	3	1.064	0.302	13	3	2.107	0.1

MYD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; WT, wild-type; MUT, mutant; CNS, central nervous system; GCB, germinal center B cell like; ABC, activated B cell like; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; LDH, lactic acid dehydrogenase; NCCN-IPI, NCCN International Prognostic Index; β2-MG, β2-microglobulin.

^aP<0.05.

Table II.

Correlation between MYD88 and other IHC indicators.

	MYD88 mutation		Chi-square test		MYD88 expression		Chi-square test
Gene	WT (n=71)	MUT (n=29)	χ2	P-value	Negative (n=62)	Positive (n=38)	χ2	P-value
CD10 (n=100)
Positive	18	6			17	7
Negative	53	23	0.245	0.62	45	31	1.046	0.306
Bcl-6 (n=100)
Positive	63	21			54	30
Negative	8	7	2.946	0.086	8	7	0.652	0.419
MUM-1 (n=99)
Positive	55	25			47	33
Negative	16	3	1.809	0.179	15	4	2.676	0.102
Bcl-2 (n=98)
≥70%	20	13			16	17
<70%	20	6	2.855	0.24	22	4	8.373	0.015a
Myc (n=94)
≥40%	26	8			22	12
<40%	15	8	1.051	0.591	10	13	4.512	0.105
Myc (≥40%) and Bcl-2 (≥70%) DE (n=94)
Positive	10	2			8	4
Negative	61	27	1.007	0.316	54	34	0.126	0.723
CD30 (n=100)
Positive	7	2			7	2
Negative	64	27	0.221	0.639	55	36	1.045	0.307
p53 (n=91)
Positive	39	14			32	21
Negative	27	11	0.071	0.79	24	14	0.072	0.788
Ki-67 (n=100)
≥60%	60	24			57	27
<60%	11	5	0.047	0.829	5	11	7.645	0.006a
MYD88 expression (n=100)
Positive	18	20
Negative	53	9	18.101	0a

MYD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; WT, wild-type; MUT, mutant; MUM-1, myeloma-associated antigen-1; Ki-67, proliferation marker protein Ki-67; IHC, immunohistochemistry; DE, double expression.

^aP<0.05.

Figure 3.

Immunohistochemistry staining for p53, Ki-67, CD30, c-Myc and Bcl-2 in diffuse large B cell lymphoma specimens. (A) Negative expression of p53 (magnification, ×200). (B) Low expression of Ki-67 (<80%) in the nucleus (magnification, ×200). (C) Negative expression of CD30 (magnification, ×200). (D) Positive expression of p53 in the nucleus (magnification, ×200). (E) High expression of Ki-67 (≥80%) in the nucleus (magnification, ×200). (F) Positive expression of CD30 in the cell membrane (magnification, ×200). (G) Negative expression of Bcl-2 (magnification, ×200). (H) Negative expression of c-Myc (magnification, ×200). (I) Low expression of Bcl-2 (<70%) in the cell membrane (magnification, ×200). (J) Low expression of c-Myc (<40%) (magnification, ×200). (K) High expression of Bcl-2 (≥70%) in the cell membrane (magnification, ×200). (L) High expression of c-Myc (≥40%) in the nucleus (magnification, ×200). MYD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; Ki-67, proliferation marker protein Ki-67.

Detection of MYD88 L265P mutation in DLBCL

DDPCR was performed on 100 DLBCL cases, and a frequent rate of gene mutations was observed in 29% of cases (29/100) (Fig. 4A-C). MYD88 L265P was found in 32.81% (21/64) and 22.22% (8/36) of ABC-DLBCL and GCB-DLBCL cases, respectively. MYD88 L265P mutation was also observed in 16.22% (6/37) of nodal DLBCL and 36.5% (23/63) of extranodal DLBCL. Furthermore, the mutation rate was 25.40% (16/63) in the CNS, 3.17% (2/63) in the head and neck, and 4.76% (3/63) in the joints. MYD88 L265P mutation was also observed in 39.39% of Bcl-2 ≥70% cases (13/33), 26.42% of p53 expression cases (14/53), 25% of Bcl-6-expression cases (21/84), 28.57% of Ki-67 ≥60% expression cases (24/84), 23.53% of c-Myc ≥40% cases (8/34), 16.66% of DE cases (2/12) and 22.22% of CD30 expression cases (2/9), 66.67% of PT-DLBCL cases (2/3). The mutation rate of MYD88 in PCNSL was 66.67% (16/24). Additionally, the coincidence rate (73%, co-negative 53%, co-positive 20%) was analyzed by comparing the IHC and DDPCR detection of protein expression and gene mutation (Fig. S1).The clinical characteristics and follow-up of 29 patients with DLBCL with MYD88 L265P mutation are summarized in Table III.

Figure 4.

Droplet digital PCR of the diffuse large B cell lymphoma formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue showing presence of myeloid differentiation factor 88 L265P mutant droplets (blue droplets, Ch1+/Ch2-). (A) Mutation frequency <10%; (B) mutation frequency <50%; (C) mutation frequency ≥50%. Ch1, mutation copy number; Ch2, wild-type copy number; Ch1+Ch2, genomic DNA copy number; Ch1/(Ch1+Ch2), mutation frequency. Green droplets depict wild-type droplets (Ch1-/Ch2+) region; gray droplets depict negative droplets without detectable DNA (Ch1-/Ch2-) region; orange droplets depict double positive droplets (Ch1+/Ch2+) region. Result judgment: i) Positive, mutation frequency ≥1% and ≥3 droplets fall in the ‘Ch1+Ch2-’ region; ii) Negative, <3 droplets fall in the ‘Ch1+’ region and <5 droplets fall in the ‘Ch2+’ region.

Table III.

Clinical characteristics and follow-up of patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma with MYD88 L265P mutation.

Case	Age (year)	Primary site	Stage	Subtype	Initial treatment	Survival status	Follow up (months)	DDPCR	IHC
1	75	Joint	IA	ABC	CHOP	Passed away	79	31.3% L265P Mut	Positive
2	60	CNS	IVA	ABC	R-CHOP + MTX	Alive	63	35.8% L265P Mut	Negative
3	46	LN	IVB	ABC	R-CHOP + PBSCT	Alive	61	0.14% L265P Mut	Positive
4	69	Testis	IIIA	ABC	Surgery	Passed away	46	45.1% L265P Mut	Positive
5	60	Joint	IVA	GCB	Surgery	Alive	51	14.0% L265P Mut	Positive
6	66	LN	IVA	ABC	Unknown	Unknown		55.0% L265P Mut	Positive
7	82	LN	IVA	ABC	MTX	Passed away	1	69.1% L265P Mut	Positive
8	59	Head and neck	IVA	ABC	R-CHOP	Alive	48	22.9% L265P Mut	Negative
9	65	CNS	IVA	GCB	Unknown	Passed away	2	42.8% L265P Mut	Negative
10	50	CNS	IVA	ABC	Unknown	Passed away	1	74.8% L265P Mut	Positive
11	51	CNS	IVA	ABC	Unknown	Passed away	20	25.0% L265P Mut	Positive
12	72	CNS	IVA	ABC	Unknown	Passed away	1	50.9% L265P Mut	Positive
13	46	CNS	IVA	ABC	R-CHOP + MTX	Alive	26	96.6% L265P Mut	Positive
14	75	LN	IIIA	ABC	Surgery	Passed away	1	44.7% L265P Mut	Negative
15	40	CNS	IVA	ABC	Unknown	Alive	22	0.31% L265P Mut	Positive
16	53	CNS	IVA	ABC	MTX + TMZ	Passed away	8	44.3% L265P Mut	Positive
17	60	Head and neck	IVA	GCB	R-CHOP	CR	21	35.7% L265P Mut	Positive
18	50	LN	IIIB	ABC	Unknown	Passed away	13	0.16% L265P Mut	Positive
19	64	LN	IVA	ABC	Unknown	Passed away	2	83.7% L265P Mut	Negative
20	55	CNS	IVA	GCB	R-CHOP + MTX	Passed away	5	95.8% L265P Mut	Positive
21	72	CNS	IVA	ABC	MTX	Passed away	10	45.7% L265P Mut	Positive
22	53	CNS	IVA	ABC	Surgery	Alive	12	38.8% L265P Mut	Positive
23	54	CNS	IVA	GCB	Surgery	Alive	8	32.7% L265P Mut	Negative
24	61	CNS	IVA	GCB	Surgery	Alive	3	58.3% L265P Mut	Negative
25	59	CNS	IVA	ABC	Surgery	Alive	1	25.2% L265P Mut	Positive
26	59	CNS	IVA	ABC	Surgery	Passed away	45	96.99% L265P Mut	Negative
27	64	CNS	IVA	GCB	R-CHOP + MTX + TMZ	Passed away	2	53.4% L265P Mut	Positive
28	54	Joint	IVA	GCB	Unknown	Passed away	6	52.7% L265P Mut	Negative
29	69	Testis	IVA	ABC	Unknown	Alive	12	42.8% L265P Mut	Positive

LN, lymph node; CNS, central nervous system; CHOP, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone; R-CHOP, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone; PBSCT, peripheral blood stem cell transplantation; MTX, methotrexate; TMZ, temozolomide; GCB, germinal center B cell like; ABC, activated B cell like; Mut, mutant; IHC, immunohistochemistry; DDPCR, droplet digital polymerase chain reaction; MYD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88.

Follow-up

During the follow-up period of 1–79 months, 45 patients (45%) were followed up until they passed away due to lymphoma, 5 patients were lost and 50 patients survived. The median and average survival times were 15 and 26.3 months, respectively. The 3- and 5-year OS rates of patients with DLBCL were 28.42% (27/95) and 16.84% (16/95), respectively. The average survival time of patients treated with rituximab-based multi-agent chemotherapy was longer (R-CHOP vs. CHOP; 32.5 vs. 23.15 months)

Among patients with positive MYD88 protein expression, 22 patients passed away (57.89%, 22/38) and 13 survived (34.21%, 13/38). The median and average survival times were 11 and 17.3 months, respectively. The 3- and 5-year OS rates were 15.79% (6/38) and 7.89% (3/38), respectively.

Among patients with MYD88 L265P mutation, 16 passed away (55.17%, 16/29) and 12 survived (41.38%, 12/29). The median and average survival times were 9 and 17.5 months, respectively. The 3- and 5-year OS rates were 20.69% (6/29) and 7.89% (3/29), respectively.

Data analysis and statistics

Chi-square test analysis showed that positive MYD88 expression was significantly associated with sex (female; P=0.023), extranodal site (CNS; P=0.031), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG; normal; P=0.039), high expression of Bcl-2 (≥70%) and survival status (passed away; P=0.042). MYD88 L265P mutation was significantly related to extranodal site (CNS; P<0.001), β2-MG (normal; P=0.004), Ann-Arbor stage (stages III–IV; P=0.002) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) score (≥2; P=0.001) (Table I).

In univariate analysis, age (≥60 years), high levels of lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), low lymphocyte count, rituximab treatment, high Bcl-2 expression (≥70%), MYD88 expression and MYD88 L265P mutation were significant prognostic factors for OS. In multivariate analysis, when NCCN-IPI was controlled, MYD88 positive expression [HR, 1.855, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.991–3.470], age ≥60 years (HR, 1.982, 95% CI, 1.065–3.688), high NLR (HR, 0.518, 95% CI, 0.2276–0.969) were the independent prognostic factors affecting the OS of patients (P<0.05). However, MYD88 L265P mutation was not an independent prognostic factor of OS (P=0.07) (Table IV; Fig. 5A-G).

Table IV.

Clinicopathological characteristics affecting PFS and OS.

	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
Clinicopathological characteristics	PFS P-value	OS P-value	PFS HR (95% CI)	OS P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
Age
<60 vs. ≥60	0.286	0.045a			1.982 (1.065–3.688)	0.031a
Sex (n=100)
Male vs. female	0.452	0.393
Extranodal involvement
CNS vs. other	0.535	0.146
Ann-Arbor stage
Low (I–II) vs. high (III–IV)	0.899	0.621
β2-MB (n=55)
Normal vs. above normal	0.732	0.981
B symptom (n=100)
Absent vs. present	0.359	0.872
ECOG performance status (n=100)
<2 vs. ≥2	0.267	0.526
LDH level (n=99)
Normal vs. above normal	0.883	0.03a				0.241
Ann-Arbor stage
GCB vs. ABC	0.5	0.763				0.625
Therapy (n=53)
Rituximab	0.299	0.002a
Others
IHC
Bcl-6 (n=100)	0.365	0.541
Bcl-2 ≥70 vs. <70% (n=98)	0.576	0.024a				0.218
c-Myc ≥40 vs. <40% (n=94)	0.782	0.076
c-Myc (≥40%)/BCL-2 (≥70%) co-expression (n=94)	0.707	0.64
p53 (n=91)	0.685	0.618
Ki-67 (≥60 vs. <60% (n=100)	0.169	0.914
MYD88 positive vs. negative expression (n=100)	0.796	0.0017a			1.855 (0.991–3.470)	0.05a
MYD88 MUT vs. WT (n=100)	0.624	0.048a				0.308
Hematologic indicators (n=100)
Monocyte count (normal vs. low vs. high)	0.274	0.454
Neutrophil count (normal vs. low vs. high)	0.237	0.399
Lymphocyte count (normal vs. < normal	0.145	0.0045a				0.109
Platelet count (normal vs. low vs. high)	0.811	0.276
Hemoglobin (normal vs. low)	0.668	0.68
High-NLR (≥2.81) vs. low-NLR (<2.81)	0.776	0.053			0.518 (0.2276–0.969)	0.04a
High-LMR (≥2.71) vs. low-LMR (<2.71)	0.280	0.083

PFS, progression-free survival; OS, overall survival; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CNS, central nervous system; GCB, germinal center B cell like; ABC, activated B cell like; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; LDH, lactic acid dehydrogenase; IHC, immunohistochemistry; MUM-1, melanoma ubiquitous mutated protein; Ki-67, proliferation marker protein Ki-67; MYD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; MUT, mutant; WT, wild-type; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte count ratio; LMR, lymphocyte/monocyte count ratio; β2-MG, β2-microglobulin.

^aP<0.05.

Figure 5.

Mutation status and Kaplan-Meier survival curves of patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (n=100 patients). (A) Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall survival according to MYD88 mutation status among all patients. (B) Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall survival according to Bcl-2 expression status among all patients. (C) Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall survival according to c-Myc expression status among all patients. (D) Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall survival according to age status among all patients. (E) Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall survival according to Rituximab therapy status among all patients. (F) Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall survival according to LDH level status among all patients. (G) Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall survival according to NLR status among all patients. MYD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; DDPCR, droplet digital PCR; WT, wild-type; MUT, mutant; IHC, immunohistochemistry; LDH, lactic acid dehydrogenase; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte count ratio.

As for the crossing of survival curves in univariate analysis, landmark analysis was performed according to a landmark point at 4 months for MYD88 expression and 5 months for lymphocyte count, with the statistical differences in survival rates calculated separately for events that occurred up to landmark point time after randomization, events that occurred between landmark point time and the end of the follow-up period (Fig. 6).

Figure 6.

Landmark analysis of patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (n=100 patients). (A) Landmark analysis of overall survival according to MYD88 expression status among all patients. (B) Landmark analysis of overall survival according to lymphocyte count status among all patients. MYD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; IHC, immunohistochemistry.

Discussion

In the present study, expression of MYD88 in DLBCL was investigated using IHC and DDPCR. IHC was used to detect protein expression of MYD88. Only a few studies have reported on using IHC to detect MYD88 protein expression. Choi et al (29) found that MYD88 was overexpressed in 38.7% (48/124) of DLBCL cases. This finding was consistent with the results of the present study (38%). Furthermore, positive expression of MYD88 was correlated with sex, β2-MG and survival status. The correlation with sex and β2-MG has yet to be proposed, and the underlying mechanisms should be studied further. Notably, positive MYD88 expression was positively correlated with high expression of Bcl-2 in the present study, which could indicate that MYD88 and Bcl-2 inhibit tumor cell apoptosis, promote tumor cell proliferation, enhance the role of other oncogenes and induce lymphoma. Bcl-2 protein accelerates the growth of lymphoma and promotes the resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapy drugs (31,32). Positive MYD88 expression was positively correlated with high Ki-67 expression. This finding suggested that MYD88 may inhibit tumor cell apoptosis and promote tumor proliferation.

Meanwhile, the mutation of MYD88 L265P was studied at a molecular level by DDPCR. Previous studies have provided evidence that the MYD88 L265P mutation is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with DLBCL who have been treated with standard R-CHOP immunochemotherapy (19,33,34). These findings are in agreement with the present results. However, some studies have demonstrated that the mutation of MYD88 does not affect the OS rate of patients with lymphoma (35,36). Therefore, this topic needs further investigation. In previous studies, the MYD88 L265P mutation was found in 6.5–19% of DLBCL cases (12,19,29). In the present study, the MYD88 L265P mutation was found in 29% of patients with DLBCL. This mutation was also positively correlated with the ECOG score; patients with a higher score had a higher mutation rate compared with those with a lower score (72.4 vs. 27.6%). An ECOG score is an index used to understand the general health status, tolerance to treatment and physical status of patients. Lee et al (37) performed a meta-analysis on the MYD88 L265P gene mutation in lymphoma and found that MYD88 L265P mutation is related to age, prognosis and immunophenotyping, but it is not related to clinical stage and sex. The present results revealed that this gene mutation is associated with Ann-Arbor staging, which may be associated with a large proportion of PCNSL, thereby increasing the mutation rate of patients in stages III–IV.

In the current study, the MYD88 L265P mutation was found to be common in extranodal DLBCL, including the CNS and testes, and associated with poor prognosis. However, the MYD88 L265P mutation was not an independent prognostic factor of OS (P=0.07). The survival time of the elderly patients was shorter (P<0.05), which might be related to a decrease in immune system function and tolerance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Patients might also be affected by primary diseases other than lymphoma. By comparison, patients with PCNSL were more likely to present advanced-stage diseases and were associated with a lower average survival (17.4 months) compared with patients with nodal DLBCL (23.8 months). This observation might be related to the special growth site of the tumor. Tumors occurring in the brain are affected by the blood-brain barrier, which could decrease the efficacy of chemotherapy. Patients with high LDH levels had poor prognosis rates, which might be related to the metabolism of tumor cells in patients with lymphoma. The enhanced glycolysis and necrotic tumor tissues in patients with lymphoma can increase serum LDH levels. LDH levels can also be used as an independent prognostic factor of various tumors, such as breast cancer and renal cell carcinoma (38,39). The effect of NCCN-IPI score on the survival time of patients indicates that the prognosis of patients with a high score is poor (40). The relationship between indicators in the blood and prognosis of pre-treated patients with DLBCL were analyzed. Patients with low and high lymphocyte counts had a poorer prognosis, possibly because lymphocytes also play an important role in antitumor immunity. Given the lack of sufficient antitumor immunity, lymphocyte downregulation can promote tumor recurrence and metastasis (41). High NLR was found to be an independent prognostic factor affecting the OS of patients. Previous studies demonstrated that high NLR is related to an increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-1R-α, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12 and IL-17 in the peripheral blood (42,43). These cytokines can establish and maintain an immune microenvironment that promotes tumor invasion. The poor prognosis of DLBCL caused by high NLR may be related to the immune microenvironment. In the present study, the expression and mutation of MYD88 were not significantly correlated with PFS. These findings might be due to the number of patients who could be followed up. MYD88 has a high mutation rate at protein and molecular levels in ABC-DLBCL and PCNSL, and the mutation rate is high in ABC-DLBCL with poor prognosis (44). This result might be related to the key role of MYD88 protein in the NF-κB pathway, overexpression can lead to the aberrant activation of this pathway (12,45,46), although the activation of the NF-κB pathway maintains the activity of ABC-DLBCL cells it is unable to maintain the activity of GCB-DLBCL cells (47). The MYD88 mutation in patients with ABC-DLBCL and PCNSL is of great significance to evaluate the prognosis of DLBCL, suggesting that this is a potential therapeutic target with immunotherapies. It has previously been reported that the MYD88 mutation rate of primary testicular diffuse large B cell lymphoma (PT-DLBCL) is 68%, and associated with a poor survival (21,48,49). Mutations were detected in three patients with PT-DLBCL (2/3) in the present study. During the follow-up of these three patients, one patient with the mutation passed away and the other gave up treatment, and the wild-type patient survived until the end of the follow-up. As the sample size used for PT-DLBCL was small, specific conclusions about this finding cannot be made. The mutation rate of MYD88 in PCNSL was 66.67% (16/24). A positive correlation was observed between them, but the mutation did not affect OS and PFS in patients. Studies have reported that MYD88 L265P mutation occurs in PCNSL with poor prognosis (50,51). The present study also included one patient with primary cutaneous DLBCL-LT, which was detected as the MYD88 wild-type. DLBCL-LT was the most aggressive primary cutaneous B cell lymphoma subtype and was associated with an increased risk of extracutaneous spread and poor prognosis. In previous studies, the MYD88 mutation rate of DLBCL-LT is reported to be 59%, and prognosis is poor (20,52).

Our group has recorded 1,831 lymphoma cases in our department over the past 10 years, and it was found that the incidence of DLBCL was as high as 57% (741/1,294) in B cell lymphoma (Fig. S2A and B). This is consistent with the findings of Li et al (53) who revealed that the incidence of DLBCL is 50.18% (3,328/6,632).

These results indicated that MYD88 protein is highly expressed in PCNSL, which could be observed easily, especially in tumor cells around blood vessels. Our data would support that the hypothesis that MYD88 had a function of labeling tumor cells. However, when MYD88 protein expression in DLBCL occurred in lymph nodes, some problems, such as non-specific background coloring and false positive in some cases, were encountered.

Different techniques, such as Sanger sequencing and allele-specific quantitative PCR, have been used to detect MYD88 mutations in lymphoma (23). However, these methods require large samples and cannot be used as routine detection methods. DDPCR is a highly sensitive gene mutation detection technique with a low DNA requirement. DDPCR is a valuable method in current diagnostic parameters, especially when the available amount of DNA is limited. It is suitable for screening bone marrow, peripheral blood cells, circulating free DNA and minimal residual disease (54,55). It is also a highly reliable method that can be applied to detect MYD88 gene mutations in cerebrospinal fluid even when the DNA input is low (56). To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that the DDPCR technique has been applied to detect a MYD88 mutation in DLBCL FFPE tumor tissues and been used to compare the results with IHC data. The coincidence rate of the results of MYD88 expression between IHC and DDPCR results was 73% (73/100). However, statistical analysis showed that the protein expression of MYD88 was positively correlated with the MYD88 L265P mutation, suggesting that using IHC to detect MYD88 expression could also be used as a preliminary screening method for lymphoma.

In conclusion, IHC and DDPCR were performed to study the protein expression and mutation rates of MYD88 in DLBCL. These analyses revealed that the expression and mutation rates of MYD88 were higher in ABC-DLBCL compared with those of GCB-DLBCL. The expression of MYD88 protein was related to the high expression of Bcl-2 and Ki-67, indicating that MYD88 was related to tumor proliferation. MYD88 mutation was associated with β2-MG, Ann-Arbor staging and ECOG PS score. The expression and mutation of MYD88 protein were related to OS but not to PFS. The poor prognosis of patients with DLBCL was related to age, LDH level, lymphocyte count, NLR, treatment with rituximab and high Bcl-2 expression. MYD88 was associated with shortened survival, and might ultimately provide the molecular tools for immunotherapy assessment, and identify the patients at an increased risk of associated DLBCL events. The main limitation of the present study is that it was conducted at a single center so the sample was too small to reach firm conclusions. Therefore, further verification is needed in a larger sample.

Funding

This work was supported by the project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81660036).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

JN, XL and ZM conceived and designed the study; SL, AN and GA performed the experiments; WC, HG and LSJ analyzed the data; WZ and ZM interpreted the data. JN wrote the manuscript; JN, XL and WZ gave final approval of the version to be published. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Board of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (approval no. 20160218-13). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All of the procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant policies in China.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.