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Chinese Journal of Hematology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hematology
. 2019 Feb;40(2):125–131. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2019.02.006

多重PCR法检测造血干细胞移植患者多种疱疹病毒感染

Application of multiplex PCR assay to study early multiple herpesviruses infection during HSCT

Yuhan Ji 1, Ziling Zhu 1, Lulu Yang 1, Yiyu Xie 1, Jia Chen 1, Hong Liu 1, Xiao Ma 1, Yuejun Liu 1, Jun He 1, Yue Han 1, Depei Wu 1, Xiaojin Wu 1,
Editor: 刘 爽1
PMCID: PMC7342664  PMID: 30831627

Abstract

Objective

To investigate herpesvirus infection in early stage of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and to explore the association between multiple herpesviruses infection and clinical characteristics in HSCT patients and its impact on post-transplant complications and prognosis.

Methods

A total of 734 peripheral blood samples were collected from 90 patients undergoing HSCT in the Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University between February 2017 and August 2017. The peripheral blood specimens were obtained before and within 90 days after transplantation at different time points. Lab-Aid824 Nucleic Acid Extraction Mini Reagent was used to extract DNA and multiplex PCR assay was used to simultaneously detect 8 kinds of human herpesviruses from genomic DNA. The incidence of various herpesvirus infections, its correlation with clinical features and effects on post-transplant complications and prognosis were analyzed.

Results

The median follow-up time was 192 (range: 35-308) days. Among the 90 patients before transplantation, the incidence of herpes virus infection was 35.6% (32/90), including 12.2% (11/90) with one herpes virus infection and 23.3% (21/90) with multiple viruses infection. The incidence of herpes virus infection after transplantation was 77.8% (70/90), including 20.0% (18/90) with one herpes virus infection and 57.8% (52/90) with multiple herpes virus infection. Among the 52 patients with multiple herpes viruses infection, 30 (57.7%) patients were infected by 2 kinds of viruses, 18 (34.6%) patients by 3 kinds of viruses and 4 (7.7%) patients by 4 kinds of viruses. There was a correlation between HHV-6 and HHV-7 herpesvirus infection (OR=13.880, Q=0.026). EBV infection was related to HHV-7 infection (OR=0.093, Q=0.044). The age of patients was correlated with the incidence of HHV-1 infection before transplantation. There were 24 patients in our study experienced clinical symptoms associated with viral infection. The main manifestations were hemorrhagic cystitis (HC), interstitial pneumonia, enteritis, viral encephalitis and fever of unknown origin. EBV infection was related to HLA incompatibility and the inconsistent of the ABO blood group and grade Ⅱ-Ⅳ aGVHD after transplantation. HLA incompatibility and the unrelated donor and grade Ⅱ-Ⅳ aGVHD were related to multiple viruses infection.

Conclusion

Multiple herpesviruses were common in patients undergoing HSCT, which were closely related to HLA mismatch, unrelated donor and grade Ⅱ-Ⅳ aGVHD.

Keywords: Multiplex PCR assay, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantion, Multiple herpesviruses


造血干细胞移植(HSCT)是治疗血液系统疾病的有效方法,移植后病毒感染是影响移植疗效与预后的重要因素,其中人类疱疹病毒是主要感染的病原体[1][4]。PCR方法灵敏度及特异度高,广泛应用于病毒活动性感染的检测以及抗病毒治疗效果的评价,但是多只局限于1~2种疱疹病毒的检测,同时进行多种疱疹病毒感染的检测鲜有报道。本研究中,我们应用多重PCR方法同时检测8种疱疹病毒,分析HSCT后90 d内8种疱疹病毒的感染状况,探讨行HSCT患者多种疱疹病毒感染与其临床特征的相关性。

病例与方法

1.病例资料:以苏州大学附属第一医院血液科2017年2月至2017年8月期间行HSCT的90例患者为研究对象。其中男53例,女37例,中位年龄29.5(9~51)岁。全部90例患者诊断均符合《血液病诊断疗效及标准(第3版)》,均经骨髓形态学、免疫学、分子生物学、细胞遗传学等确诊。其中急性髓系白血病(AML)39例,急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)22例,淋巴瘤6例,骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)13例,再生障碍性贫血(AA)8例,骨髓纤维化1例,阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿症(PNH)1例。90例患者中HLA全相合移植24例,其中同胞供者移植16例;HLA不全相合移植66例,其中亲缘供者移植65例。供受者血型相合51例,不合39例,男性供者64例。移植物来源:骨髓11例,外周血24例,骨髓+外周血55例。移植前完全缓解患者69例,部分缓解或未缓解患者21例。预处理方案:81例患者采用改良BU/CY(白消安+环磷酰胺)方案,9例患者采用TBI/CY(全身照射+环磷酰胺)方案。

2.标本收集:预处理至移植后30 d每周1次收集90例患者EDTA抗凝的外周血标本,之后每2周1次至移植后90 d,每份标本约5 ml;移植前共收集90份标本,移植后收集644份标本。使用Lab-Aid824核酸提取仪(厦门致善生物科技公司)抽提DNA,使用紫外分光光度计测定DNA浓度,并置于−40 °C冰箱保存备用。

3.多重PCR检测疱疹病毒:引物及探针设计:通过NCBI数据库查找8种疱疹病毒的保守序列,基于这些保守序列应用Primer express(美国应用生物系统公司)软件设计引物及探针,PCR引物及探针序列见表1。反应体系:HSV-1、HSV-2、VZV和CMV联合检测:DNA模板5 µl,上下游引物各0.5 µl,HSV探针各0.25 µl,VZV和CMV探针各0.5 µl,MastereMix缓冲液12.5 µl,ddH2O 1.5 µl,体系共25 µl。EBV、HHV-6、HHV-7和HHV-8联合检测:DNA模板5 µl,上下游引物各0.5 µl,EBV探针0.2 µl,HHV6-8探针各0.25 µl,MastereMix缓冲液12.5 µl,ddH2O 2.55 µl,体系共25 µl。反应条件:预变性95 °C 5 min共1个循环,变性95 °C 15 s和退火延伸60 °C 45 s共45个循环。

表1. 八种人类疱疹病毒引物及探针序列.

病毒名称 引物及探针序列(5′→3′)
HSV-1 F:5′-CCTYCTCAGCAACACGCTC-3′
R:5′-GAGGAGGTGGTCTTGATGC-3′
P:FAM-ACACCTCCGAGAGCAGAGCCGCA-BHQ1
HSV-2 F:5′-GGTCACCAACATGGTTCTG-3′
R:5′-ATACACAAGCCCAGCTCCC-3′
P:ROX-ACTCTCCGCTCCACAACGAGGAC-BHQ2
VZV F:5′-CGAGCTTAGTCGTCCACC-3′
R:5′-GATTTGACCCTGTCTCATTAC-3′
P:CY5-ACCGTCGCTTGGCTCACTTAACAG-BHQ1
EBV F:5′-CTACACCTCGCTGCTRGAC-3′
R:5′-GACATCTGAAACATRGCCGC-3′
P:FAM-TCCYTGCCCYAACCACTACAGCAAAG-BHQ1
CMV F:5′-ACTGAGGAGGGCATGAAGC-3′
R:5′-GAAGAGGAGGTGGTAAGCG-3′
P:JOY-TCCCACCCAGACTAGCCCCCAGG-BHQ2
HHV-6 F:5′-AGTAAGACGGGATATAATGCC-3′
R:5′-TACACATCTGTGACGCTACC-3′
P:ROX-TGCCTCCGTATCTKTACGAATGC-BHQ2
HHV-7 F:5′-TCGGAACTCCTAATACGATTC-3′
R:5′-TGCCATAAGAAACAGGTACAG-3′
P:CY5-ACGCCCTATCGCAACACATTTCAC-BHQ1
HHV-8 F:5′-ACGCCCTATCGCAACACATTTCAC-3′
R:5′-GGGAAGTGTTCCTSCTGAG-3′
P:JOE-TCGCTCCTGGATMACGGGGTCTC-BHQ2

注:F:上游引物;R:下游引物;P:探针

4.预处理方案:(1)HLA相合同胞供者HSCT主要采用改良BU/CY方案:阿糖胞苷(Ara-C)2 g/m2每12 h 1次,−9、−8 d静脉滴注;白消安(Bu)3.2 mg·kg−1·d−1,−7~−5 d静脉滴注;环磷酰胺(Cy)1.8 g·m−2·d−1,−4、−3 d静脉滴注。(2)ALL和(或)合并中枢神经系统白血病(CNSL)的AML患者主要采用TBI/CY方案:全身照射(TBI)共12 Gy,−8~-6 d;Ara-C 2 g/m2,−5 d静脉滴注;Cy 1.8 g·m−2·d−1,−4、−3 d静脉滴注。

5.GVHD的预防和治疗:HLA相合同胞供者移植采用环孢素A(CsA)+短程甲氨蝶呤(MTX)方案预防急性GVHD(aGVHD),HLA相合无关供者或单倍型移植采用CsA+短程MTX+霉酚酸酯(MMF)+抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)预防aGVHD。依据美国西雅图诊断标准[5]进行aGVHD的诊断和分级。GVHD的一线治疗采用甲泼尼龙1~2 mg·kg−1·d−1,治疗无效患者给予二线药物(抗CD25单抗、TNF-α等)治疗。

6.疱疹病毒的预防和治疗:−9 d开始使用更昔洛韦10 mg·kg−1·d−1进行预防,−2 d停用,之后给予静脉阿昔洛韦预防,如未出现病毒血症或病毒感染的临床表现,阿昔洛韦用至移植后1年。若检测发现HSV感染,予以阿昔洛韦10 mg/kg每8 h 1次静脉滴注,3 d内无新的疱疹出现,改为阿昔洛韦0.2~0.4 g每日4次口服2周。若发现EBV感染,予更昔洛韦10 mg·kg−1·d−1静脉滴注至EBV-DNA连续2次阴性,必要时可加用利妥昔单抗375 mg/m2每周1次×2~4次治疗。当检测发现CMV感染,即予更昔洛韦5 mg/kg每12 h 1次抢先治疗,当病毒转阴,可考虑维持量更昔洛韦(5 mg·kg−1·d−1)继续治疗,抗病毒治疗至少维持至两次CMV检测转阴。CMV肺炎患者加用静脉丙种球蛋白(IVIG)冲击治疗。

7.统计学处理:采用SPSS 16.0及R 3.5.1进行统计分析,Kaplan-Meier用于计算总体生存(OS)率、移植后复发率、无进展生存(PFS)率、移植后非复发死亡(NRM)率,采用Log-rank检验比较组间差异。疱疹病毒检出率之间的相关性分析采用Fisher确切概率法观察OR值并进行FDR校正(p.adjust),疱疹病毒发生与临床特征、移植特征及预后之间的相关性分析采用交叉表观察列联系数。

结果

1.治疗结果:中位随访192(35~308)d,58例(64.4%)患者发生0~Ⅰ度aGVHD,32例(35.6%)发生Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD。粒系重建中位时间为12(8~23)d,巨核系重建中位时间为14(9~36)d。全部患者的OS率为90.6%,移植后复发率为11.7%,PFS率为88.3%,NRM率为5.6%。

2.疱疹病毒的感染状况:移植前疱疹病毒感染发生率为35.6%(32/90),其中1种疱疹病毒感染发生率为12.2%(11/90),多种疱疹病毒感染的发生率为23.3%(21/90)。移植后疱疹病毒感染发生率为77.8%(70/90),其中1种疱疹病毒感染发生率为20.0%(18/90),多种疱疹病毒感染的发生率为57.8 %(52/90)。在52例多种疱疹病毒感染的患者中,30例(57.7%)感染2种疱疹病毒,以EBV和CMV混合感染最常见(13例,43.3%),其次是HSV-1和EBV混合感染(5例,16.7%);18例(34.6%)感染3种疱疹病毒,其中HSV-1、EBV和CMV混合感染最常见(7例,38.9%),不同时间点样本检测到4例(7.7%)感染4种疱疹病毒,其中2例为HSV-1、EBV、CMV和HHV-8混合感染。HLA全相合移植组8例(33.3%)感染多种疱疹病毒,HLA不全相合移植组44例(66.7%)感染多种疱疹病毒,差异有统计学意义(P=0.005)。

3.疱疹病毒感染相关临床表现:移植后25例患者出现疱疹病毒感染相关的临床症状,其中20例表现为出血性膀胱炎(HC),2例合并间质性肺炎,1例合并病毒性脑炎,1例合并不明原因发热。20例HC患者中4例检出单一疱疹病毒感染,16例检出多种疱疹病毒感染,以EBV和CMV混合感染最常见;发生间质性肺炎的3例患者均检出多种疱疹病毒感染,其中2例为EBV和CMV混合感染,1例为HSV-1、EBV、CMV和HHV-8混合感染;发生肠炎的2例患者均检出多种疱疹病毒,为HSV-1、HHV-6、CMV和HHV-7混合感染及HSV-1和HHV-6混合感染;2例病毒性脑炎患者中一例为HSV-1和EBV混合感染,另一例为HSV-2、EBV和HHV-8混合感染;2例持续发热的患者中HSV-1、EBV感染各1例。

4.移植前后疱疹病毒感染患者的转归:移植前32例发生疱疹病毒感染的患者中,经抗病毒治疗后均转阴,其中30例移植后再次发生同种病毒感染,2例未再检出疱疹病毒。移植后70例患者感染疱疹病毒,经抗病毒治疗,41例疱疹病毒转阴,转阴率为58.6%;29例持续阳性,其中4例死亡(1例死于移植后复发,3例死于重症肺炎),25例仍存活。

5.影响多种疱疹病毒感染的相关因素分析:分析52例多种疱疹病毒感染患者各疱疹病毒感染两两之间的相关性,结果显示HHV-7感染和HHV-6感染呈正相关(OR=13.880,Q=0.026),和EBV感染呈负相关(OR=0.093,Q=0.044);其他疱疹病毒感染间无明显相关性(图1A)。分析移植前疱疹病毒感染与患者年龄(≤29岁/>29岁)、性别、是否为高危组、发病时间(≤144 d/>144 d)的相关性,结果见图1B,移植前HSV-1感染与年龄呈正相关(C=0.217,P=0.035),HSV-2感染与发病时间呈正相关(C=0.206,P=0.045),CMV感染与原发病为淋巴瘤相关(C=0.308,P=0.002),其他移植前疱疹病毒感染及多种疱疹病毒感染与临床特征之间无明显相关性。分析移植后疱疹病毒感染与临床特征及并发症的相关性,结果见图1C,移植后HSV-1感染与男性患者(C=0.210,P=0.042)和男供女呈正相关(C=0.219,P=0.033),HHV-3感染与供受者性别不一致呈正相关(C=0.246,P=0.016),EBV感染与HLA不全相合(C=0.244,P=0.017)、供受者ABO血型不一致(C=0.280,P=0.006)及Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD呈正相关(C=0.268,P=0.008),HHV-6感染与男性供者(C=0.253,P=0.013)和Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD呈正相关(C=0.218,P=0.034),HHV-8感染与移植前未达完全缓解状态呈正相关(C=0.206,P=0.046),多种疱疹病毒感染与HLA不全相合(C=0.286,P=0.005)、非血缘供者(C=0.233,P=0.023)和Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD呈正相关(C=0.207,P=0.044)。

图1. 多重PCR检测造血干细胞移植患者多种疱疹病毒(HHV)感染的相关性分析.

图1

AML:急性髓系白血病;ALL:急性淋巴细胞白血病;MDS:骨髓增生异常综合征;>144 d指发病时间大于144 d;ATG:预处理方案含抗胸腺细胞球蛋白;BUCY:预处理方案为白消安+环磷酰胺;BM+PSC:移植物为骨髓+外周血;CR:完全缓解;aGVHD:急性移植物抗宿主病

A:52例多种HHV感染患者病毒间相关性分析;B:90例患者移植前HHV感染与临床特征相关性分析;C:90例患者移植后早期HHV感染与临床特征、移植特征及aGVHD间相关性分析(aP<0.05)

讨论

人类疱疹病毒感染是HSCT常见的并发症和主要死亡原因之一[1],[6][7],及时、有效地检测可以在早期发现病毒,从而采取积极的治疗措施,阻止其进展为严重的疾病,提高患者的生存质量,改善预后。

对于单一疱疹病毒,EBV检出率为8.8%~58.8%,CMV检出率为32%~45.4%[8][12],本研究中EBV、CMV检出率分别为50%、46.7%,与上述文献一致。HHV-6检出率为14.4%,与Fan等[13]的结果相仿,但明显低于Ogata等[14]的报道。值得注意的是本研究中的研究对象大部分是成年人,而Ogata等报道的较高的HHV-6感染率的都是儿童,可能与研究群体不同有关。本研究中VZV的检出率较低,可能与目前我国水痘减毒活疫苗的广泛使用有关。水痘减毒活疫苗的接种可在机体中建立免疫屏障,降低感染的发生。本研究发现移植后EBV感染与HLA不全相合、供受者ABO血型不一致及Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD呈正相关,有文献报道移植后EBV感染与HLA不全相合移植和Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD相关,本研究结果与其相仿。本研究虽然发现HSV-1感染与男性患者和男供女呈正相关[15][16],HEV-3感染与供受者性别不一致呈正相关,HHV-6感染与男性供者和Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD呈正相关,HHV-8感染与男性患者和移植前未达CR状态呈正相关,但移植后HSV-1、HEV-3、HHV-6和HHV-8感染的患者例数较少,因此我们认为HSV-1、HEV-3、HHV-6和HHV-8感染与临床特征和并发症的相关性需要扩增样本和延长观察时间进一步证实。

在多种病毒混合感染方面,Olkinuora等[17]报道在儿童移植中多种疱疹病毒感染发生率为35%,低于本研究中多种疱疹病毒感染发生率,同样可能与研究群体不同有关。Hill等[18]报道多种病毒感染发生率为62%,本研究与其基本一致。我们研究发现HHV-7和HHV-6感染存在正相关,HHV-6和HHV-7同属人类疱疹病毒β亚科,HHV-7为缺陷病毒,和HHV-6感染存在一定的相关性[19]。我们也发现HHV-7和EBV感染存在负相关,但Wang等[20]采用巢氏PCR方法对37例骨髓移植患者进行移植后疱疹病毒感染的研究,结果显示HHV-7和EBV感染不存在相关性,可能与研究对象和检测方法不同有关。

关于移植后并发症,我们的研究表明病毒感染与移植后多种并发症相关。HC是移植后常见的泌尿系统疾病,发生率为7%~70%[21]。预处理相关药物的使用为急性型HC发生的主要原因。迟发型HC主要与病毒感染相关,多发生在移植后4周。HC的发生与尿多瘤病毒关系密切,目前认为尿多瘤病毒普遍存在移植患者尿液中,只有高拷贝数的情况下可能导致患者出现HC症状。但多项研究显示HC与CMV、HSV-1、HSV-2等疱疹病毒相关[22][24]。本研究中,20例HC患者检出疱疹病毒感染,其中4例检出单一疱疹病毒感染,16例检出多种疱疹病毒感染,提示疱疹病毒感染可能与HC发生存在一定的相关性。疱疹病毒感染可引起间质性肺炎,肠炎及病毒性脑炎等[25][26]。本研究中出现间质性肺炎、肠炎、病毒性脑炎等的患者中均可检出疱疹病毒,但由于病例数较少,无法进行统计学分析。aGVHD是GVHD后主要的并发症,严重影响HSCT患者的预后。有学者指出单一和多种疱疹病毒感染与aGVHD具有相关性[27][29]。在我们的研究中,多种疱疹病毒感染与Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD呈正相关(P=0.021)。但这不能明确病毒感染与aGVHD发生之间的因果关系。有国外研究认为aGVHD是多种病毒感染的危险因素[30][31],另外一些学者则认为病毒感染会促进aGVHD的发生。因此,病毒感染与aGVHD之间的关系被认为可能是双向的,但具体机制并不明确,有待于进一步研究。

此外,我们的研究提示多种疱疹病毒感染与HLA不全相合呈正相关(P=0.002)。国内宋铁梅等[32]通过对330例HSCT患者EBV和CMV共激活的研究发现EBV和CMV共激活组中HLA不全相合多见。本研究的发现与其报道一致。ATG是用人类胸腺细胞对家兔进行免疫后获得的一种免疫球蛋白,对机体有较强的免疫抑制作用。在移植预处理期间ATG可用于GVHD的预防,但这种作用导致强烈的免疫抑制,使机体特异性免疫功能下降,从而导致机体抗病毒能力下降,易发生病毒感染。有研究表明,使用ATG与移植后疱疹病毒感染相关[16],[33],但我们未发现多种疱疹病毒感染与使用ATG存在相关性,可能与我们样本数量偏小有关。

本研究的生存分析未见多种疱疹病毒感染对OS、移植后复发、NRM等的影响。本研究中位随访时间为192(35~308)d,随访时间较短,可能导致移植后期出现死亡、复发、移植非复发死亡等的患者并未纳入研究中。同时这也是本研究的不足之处,在后续的研究中需延长随访时间,完善随访资料,从而进一步深入研究。

综上所述,我们研究发现HSCT后多种疱疹病毒感染较常见,多种疱疹病毒感染与HLA不全相合,非血缘供者以及Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD密切相关。我们仍需扩大样本量,延长随访时间,完善随访资料同时对移植后的预后情况再进一步深入研究。

Funding Statement

基金项目:国家自然科学基金(81470346、81773361、81500146);江苏省高校协同创新项目(PAPD);江苏省创新能力建设项目(BM2015004);江苏省自然科学基金面上项目(BK20161204,BK20150356);江苏省六大高峰人才资助项目;江苏省333 人才资助项目(BRA2015497);江苏科医学重点人才青年项目(QNRC2016707);江苏省社会发展重点项目(BE2018651)

Fund program: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (81470346, 81773361, 81500146); the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD); Innovation Capability Development Project in Jiangsu Province (BM2015004); Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation (BK20161204, BK20150356); Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province; Jiangsu “333”Talent Project (BRA2015497); Jiangsu Medical Junior Talent Person Award (QNRC2016707); Jiangsu Key Research and Development Program (BE2018651)

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