Abstract
目的
分析初诊急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)诱导化疗期外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)患儿导管相关性血栓(CRT)的危险因素。
方法
收集2014年3月1日至2014年12月31日首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院血液肿瘤中心白血病病房行PICC置管的116例初诊ALL患儿临床资料。
结果
①PICC置管后第15天33例(28.4%)患儿发生CRT(CRT组),83例患儿未发生CRT(非CRT组)。②两组在性别、年龄分布、ALL危险度、免疫表型以及置管时两组血常规、凝血功能、是否合并感染、置管静脉方面差异无统计学意义,CRT组右侧置管比例高于非CRT组[75.8%(25/33)对55.4%(46/83),P=0.043]。③CRT组患者均无临床症状,置管第15天D-二聚体高于非CRT组[0.18(0.05~2.45)mg/L对0.11(0.01~5.34)mg/L,P=0.001]。④观察期中出现3例导管相关性并发症,均为导管相关性感染,其中2例并发CRT。⑤置管第33天CRT组26例患者复查B超,19例(73.1%)血栓缩小,6例(23.1%)无明显变化,1例(3.8%)增大。
结论
CRT是初诊ALL患儿诱导化疗期PICC置管的常见导管相关并发症,但症状出现较少,大部分血栓可自行缩小,右侧置管为CRT发生的危险因素;检测D-二聚体水平以及定期进行导管部位B超检查有助于及时发现CRT。
Keywords: 儿童; 白血病, 淋巴细胞, 急性; 血栓形成; 导管插入术, 外周; 导管相关性感染
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the current status of catheter-related-thrombosis (CRT) and the risk factors of Chinese acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) children with peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC).
Methods
The clinical data of the 116 inpatients preliminarily diagnosed ALL in the Leukemia Ward of Beijing Children's Hospital with PICC from 1st March 2014 to 31st December 2014 were collected prospectively.
Results
①Refer to the B-ultrasound on the 15th day after catheterization, the incidence of CRT was 28.4% (33/116 cases), all cases were symptom-free. ②There were no statistical differences in terms of gender, age distribution, degree, immunotype between CRT and CRT-free groups. This study revealed no statistical differences of blood routine test items, coagulation function items, co-infection and catheterization vein between the two groups. While there was significant statistical difference of catheterization side, the frequency of right catheterization was higher in CRT group[75.8% (25/33) vs 55.4% (46/83), P=0.043]. ③On the 15th day after catheterization, significant statistical difference of D-Dimer between the two groups was revealed[0.18 (0.05–2.45) mg/L vs 0.11 (0.01–5.34) mg/L, P=0.001], while no statistical differences of blood routine test items and other coagulation function items. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis verified catheterization on right was a risk factor of CRT. ④During the observation, there were 3 cases of catheter-related complications other than CRT, all of which were CRI, 2 of them had CRT meanwhile. ⑤The B-ultrasound on the 33rd day after catheterization showed that 73.1% of the cases had reduced thrombosis, 3.8% had growth thrombosis, 23.1% had no obvious change respectively.
Conclusion
CRT was a common catheter related complication among ALL children during induction chemotherapy, and CRT cases with symptoms were rare. Catheterization on right was a risk factor for CRT, and regular test of D-Dimer and B ultrasound contributed to detect CRT. Most of the CRT cases had reduced thrombosis without specific management.
Keywords: Child; Leukemia, lymphocytic, acute; Thrombosis; Catheterization, peripheral; Catheter-related infection
儿童期机体处于低凝状态,静脉血栓的发生率仅为1.4/10万[1]。急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)是儿童较常见的恶性肿瘤,且被认为是发生静脉血栓的独立危险因素[2]。近年来,中心静脉导管(CVC)的广泛应用为急性白血病患儿的化疗提供了便利和保证。但是,管腔阻塞及损伤也在疾病的基础状态上带来了导管相关性血栓(CRT)等并发症。儿童ALL发生血栓后的死亡率达15%[3],其中约50%死于中枢神经系统血栓[4]。
目前,国外已有若干有关儿童CRT的发病情况、风险因素等报道,但国内尚缺乏上述研究资料。本研究对我中心接受外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)后行诱导化疗的116例初诊ALL患儿的临床资料进行分析,了解CRT的发生率并分析其危险因素,为CRT的早期诊断和处理提供依据。
病例与方法
1.病例:采用前瞻性巢式病例对照研究方法,收集2014年3月1日至2014年12月31日期间在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院血液肿瘤中心行PICC置管并接受诱导化疗的<16岁初诊ALL患儿病例资料。根据CCLG-2008方案进行MICM诊断分型、危险度分型及转归评估。排除标准:①观察期合并感染性休克、严重DIC者;②有血栓家族史、个人史者;③白血病复发者;④已置入PICC、正在进行抗凝治疗或预防治疗者;⑤拟行造血干细胞移植者;⑥未进行导管部位B超检查者。所有患儿家长均签署知情同意书。
2.导管置入及维护:优先选择左上臂贵要静脉、头静脉或隐静脉,所选穿刺部位及附近组织无感染、皮炎、烧伤等皮肤损害,无近心端静脉损伤、栓塞,置管肢体无肌肉挛缩和无放射治疗史。导管选用美国BARD公司生产的三向瓣膜式PICC导管,4岁以下儿童导管型号为3 Fr,4岁以上儿童导管型号为4 Fr。置管成功后复查胸部X线片了解导管头端位置,并适当调整,使导管头端位于第3胸椎至第7胸椎之间。置管后每周更换1次肝素帽及贴膜。
3.诊断标准和定义:CRT诊断标准:通过影像学检查提示导管所在血管部分堵塞或完全堵塞,或存在右心房血栓,伴或不伴典型临床症状。导管功能不全:2次及以上涉及至少1根管腔的取血或输液困难。非导管相关性血栓:在导管部位未发生血栓的情况下出现其他部位静脉血栓或者在非导管所在血管出现的血栓。导管相关性感染(CRI)诊断标准[5]:发热、寒战、血压下降等临床表现,毛细血管充盈试验时间>3 s,少尿,伴或不伴血培养阳性,无其他明确感染灶。①确证感染:在导管头端和血液中培养出同种致病菌;定量血培养:导管头端血培养菌落形成单位(CFU)大于或等于同时外周静脉血培养CFU的10倍;②可能感染:血培养阳性、导管置入处局部感染;血培养阳性、导管移除后48 h仍有持续发热;③潜在感染:血培养“典型” CRI病原菌阳性;血培养阳性、无其他明确感染灶。
4.研究方法:收集入组患儿一般资料(年龄、性别、ALL诊断资料)、导管相关资料(导管放置体侧、所在静脉),PICC置管时血常规、凝血功能、是否伴有感染。置管后监测患者症状体征,于置管后第15天行导管部位B超检查并复查血常规、凝血功能(初次评估),根据B超是否发现血栓分为CRT组和非CRT组。CRT组于置管第33天复查导管部位B超。分析CRT发生的原因、临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后。若在观察期中患儿出现肢体疼痛、水肿等症状,则随时进行B超检查。
5.统计学处理:采用SPSS 19.0软件进行数据分析。非正态分布计量资料采用中位数(范围)表示,计数资料采用率及百分比表示,计量资料均数的比较采用独立样本秩和检验,组间计数资料采用Person卡方检验及Fisher精确检验,危险因素采用多元Logistic回归进行分析。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义,所有P值均为双侧。
结果
1.一般资料:2014年3月1日至2014年12月31日在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院血液肿瘤中心接受PICC置入的116例ALL患者纳入本研究,其中男63例,女53例,中位年龄45(15~167)月。116例患儿中共发生1例非导管相关性血栓、3例CRI(其中1例患儿为置管2个月后确诊CRI而移除导管,更换置管静脉后再次置管)。
根据置管后第15天导管部位B超结果分为:①CRT组:33例(28.4%),均无临床症状,男16例(48.5%),女17例(51.5%),中位年龄48(21~164)月。②非CRT组:83例(71.6%),男47例(56.6%),女36例(43.4%),中位年龄42(15~167)月。两组患儿性别、年龄分布差异均无统计学意义(P值分别为0.427和0.448)。所有入组ALL患儿在入院后均进行了疾病危险度评估,根据CCLG-2008方案分为标危、中危、高危三级。CRT组患儿中标危69.7%(23/33),中危27.3%(9/33),高危3.0%(1/33);非CRT组患儿中标危78.3%(65/83),中危18.1%(15/83),高危3.6%(3/83)。ALL危险度差异无统计学意义(P=0.559)。CRT组患儿中肿瘤细胞为B细胞来源者占93.9%(31/33),T细胞来源占6.1%(2/33);非CRT组患儿中肿瘤细胞为B细胞来源者占93.4%(78/83),T细胞来源占6.6%(6/83),差异无统计学意义(P=1.000)。CRT组33.3%(11/33)的患儿在置管时合并感染,而非CRT组置管时合并感染的患儿比例为20.5%(17/83),差异无统计学意义(P=0.144)。CRT组75.8%(25/33)的患儿为右侧置管,非CRT组为55.4%(46/83),差异有统计学意义(P=0.043),提示右侧置管更易患CRT。CRT组贵要静脉置管比例为87.9%(29/33),正中静脉为12.1%(4/33);非CRT组贵要静脉置管比例为75.9%(63/83),正中静脉为13.3%(11/83),其他静脉(头静脉、肘静脉)为10.8%(9/83),差异无统计学意义(P=0.312)。
116例患儿一般临床资料见表1。
表1. 诱导化疗期行外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管的急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患儿导管相关性血栓(CRT)的危险因素分析.
指标 | CRT组(33例) | 非CRT组(83例) | P值 |
性别(例,男/女) | 16/17 | 47/36 | 0.427 |
年龄[月,M(范围)] | 48(21~164) | 42(15~167) | 0.448 |
ALL分类[例(%)] | 1.000 | ||
B-ALL | 31(93.9) | 77(93.9) | |
T-ALL | 2(6.1) | 6(6.6) | |
疾病危险度[例(%)] | 0.559 | ||
标危 | 23(69.7) | 65(78.3) | |
中危 | 9(27.3) | 15(18.1) | |
高危 | 1(3.0) | 3(3.6) | |
置管时合并感染[例(%)] | 11(33.3) | 17(20.5) | 0.144 |
置管静脉[例(%)] | 0.312 | ||
贵要静脉 | 19(87.9) | 63(75.9) | |
正中静脉 | 4(12.1) | 11(13.3) | |
其他 | 0 | 9(10.8) | |
右侧置管[例(%)] | 25(75.8) | 46(55.4) | 0.043 |
2.PICC置管时患者血常规和凝血功能:所有患儿在PICC置管前均行血常规和凝血功能检测,CRT组和非CRT组在置管时血常规指标(WBC、HGB、PLT)和凝血指标[凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、D-二聚体、抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)]差异均无统计学意义(P<0.05)。详见表2。
表2. CRT组与非CRT组外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管前血常规和凝血指标比较[M(范围)].
组别 | 例数 | 血常规 |
凝血指标 |
||||||
WBC | HGB(g/L) | PLT(×109/L) | PT(s) | APTT(s) | FIB(g/L) | D-二聚体(mg/L) | AT-Ⅲ(%) | ||
CRT | 33 | 3.99(1.08~87.68) | 96(70~134) | 82(6~404) | 10.8(9.1~13.2) | 32.4(19.0~59.5) | 2.74(1.05~4.55) | 0.287(0.029~13.759) | 116.0(76.4~167.0) |
非CRT | 83 | 3.26(0.87~205.38) | 94(56~133) | 73(3~431) | 11.3(8.9~17.2) | 31.2(1.4~44.7) | 2.45(0.92~6.73) | 0.457(0.014~7.746) | 118.0(82.0~174.0) |
P值 | 0.778 | 0.792 | 0.363 | 0.129 | 0.469 | 0.781 | 0.442 | 0.719 |
注:CRT:导管相关性血栓;FIB:纤维蛋白原;AT-Ⅲ:抗凝血酶Ⅲ
3.确诊CRT时血常规和凝血功能:置管后第15天,CRT组和非CRT组WBC、HGB、PLT差异均无统计学意义(P值分别为0.518、0.993和0.743),PT、APTT、FIB、AT-Ⅲ差异均无统计学意义(P值分别为0.543、0.161、0.198、0.121),CRT组D-二聚体高于非CRT组(P=0.001)。详见表3。
表3. CRT组与非CRT组外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管后第15天血常规和凝血指标比较[M(范围)].
组别 | 例数 | 血常规 |
凝血指标 |
||||||
WBC(×109/L) | HGB(g/L) | PLT(×109/L) | PT(s) | APTT(s) | FIB(g/L) | D-二聚体(mg/L) | AT-Ⅲ(%) | ||
CRT | 33 | 1.55(0.62~4.01) | 92(74~117) | 148(36~316) | 10.8(9.0~13.4) | 27.3(21.9~51.1) | 1.36(0.73~3.71) | 0.18(0.05~2.45) | 118.1(83.5~170.0) |
非CRT | 83 | 1.96(0.20~9.29) | 92(68~118) | 147(22~576) | 10.7(8.9~15.2) | 28.1(18.2~38.0) | 1.45(0.65~3.65) | 0.11(0.01~5.34) | 127.0(53.0~180.0) |
P值 | 0.518 | 0.993 | 0.743 | 0.543 | 0.161 | 0.198 | 0.001 | 0.121 |
注:CRT:导管相关性血栓;FIB:纤维蛋白原;AT-Ⅲ:抗凝血酶Ⅲ
4.CRT危险因素的Logistics回归分析:经多元Logistic回归分析验证,对已收集的可能危险因素(年龄、性别、危险度、置管体侧、置管静脉、合并感染及置管时白细胞计数)进行回归分析,结果显示仅右侧置管为CRT危险因素[P=0.046,OR=2.514(95%CI 1.016~6.221)],而年龄、性别、危险度、置管静脉、合并感染及置管时白细胞计数不是CRT危险因素(P值分别为0.640、0.534、0.422、0.096、0.326和0.797)。
5.CRI发生情况:在观察期中,共出现3例CRT以外的导管相关性并发症,均为CRI,其中2例合并CRT,但CRT组与非CRT组CRI发生率差异无统计学意义(P=0.194)。
6.处理与转归:CRT组33例CRT患儿均未出现局部症状,PICC均保持通畅,未予以特殊处理。在第33天复查置管部位B超的26例患儿中,19例(73.1%)血栓缩小,1例(3.8%)增大,6例(23.1%)无明显变化。血栓较前增大的患儿自入院起D-二聚体持续升高、FIB持续减低,考虑患儿可能处于不完全DIC状态。
讨论
CVC的应用使得化疗更加方便安全。但由于CVC的使用和急性白血病都是儿童深静脉血栓的独立危险因素,使用CVC和ALL患儿的血栓发病率均显著高于正常儿童[6]。2014年一项Meta分析结果显示:儿童CRT的发病率为20%(95%CI 16%~24%)[7]。ALL患者的血栓发生率为1.7%~36.7%,显著高于非ALL人群[8]。肿瘤患者的CRT发生率为4%~16%[9]。目前对于ALL患儿的CRT发生率尚无确切统计数据。Revel-Vilk等[10]的研究结果显示症状性CRT在ALL患者中的发病率为3.8%(10/262)。在Schoot等[11]的报告中,305例恶性肿瘤患儿接受中心静脉置管,仅3例发生症状性CRT。本组儿童ALL患者诱导化疗期的CRT发生率为28.4%(33/116),且均无临床症状。本研究CRT组与非CRT组性别及年龄差异无统计学意义,与文献[12]结果一致。且本研究显示CRT组与非CRT组患儿危险度及细胞来源差异均无统计学意义。Wang等[13]研究表明,高白细胞血症尤其WBC>1.3×109/L是静脉血栓的危险因素。本组病例中CRT组与非CRT组置管时血常规及凝血功能指标差异均无统计学意义,可能与合并高白细胞血症患儿行PICC置管前接受降白细胞治疗有关。有研究认为置管体侧与CRT发生无关[14],但也有研究结果显示左侧置管患者的CRT发生率更高[15]–[17]。本研究中,右侧置管患儿CRT的发生率高于左侧置管的患儿(P=0.043),多元Logistic回归分析显示右侧置管为CRT危险因素[P=0.046,OR=2.514(95% CI 1.016~6.221)]。
欧洲危重患者肠内营养支持指南中提出,上腔静脉和右心房连接处是CVC管端的理想位置[18],若管端更深入右心房会提高心律失常的发生率[19],而管端位于上腔静脉附近则会增加血栓风险[20]。在置管静脉选择方面,Evans等[21]的一项包括456例患者的前瞻性研究结果显示PICC置管静脉不是CRT危险因素。本研究两组间在置管静脉差异无统计学意义,与上述研究结果一致。
Revel-Vilk等[10]在三个儿童血液肿瘤中心进行的包括265例肿瘤或骨髓移植患者(423根CVC)的前瞻性研究结果显示,合并导管感染或堵塞的患者CRT发生率更高。本研究中3例发生CRI的患儿中有2例发生CRT。既往研究结果显示,在发生CRT时,D-二聚体是一项较为敏感和特异的诊断指标[22]。本研究中CRT组置管第15天D-二聚体明显升高,与上述研究结果一致。
2012年美国胸科医师协会(ACCP)发布的《抗血栓治疗与血栓预防指南》第九版[7]推荐的CRT处理方案:①若导管已失效或已无需要,进行3~5 d抗凝治疗后移除导管;②若导管仍通畅且需继续使用此导管,则建议维持导管,予以预防剂量的维生素K拮抗剂或低分子肝素抗凝治疗3个月,直到导管移除;③若在患者接受预防治疗时血栓再发,建议导管移除、抗凝治疗,并随访观察至少3个月。本研究病例数较少,ALL患儿化疗诱导期CRT的发生率、影响因素、预防及治疗方案尚需大样本、多中心、前瞻性临床研究进行验证。
Funding Statement
基金项目:北京市医院管理局临床医学发展专项(ZY201404)
Fund program: Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support(ZY201404)
References
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