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Chinese Journal of Hematology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hematology
. 2016 Apr;37(4):308–312. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2016.04.012

减低强度预处理的异基因造血干细胞移植治疗伴p53基因异常的慢性淋巴细胞白血病

Reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients with the aberration of p53 gene

Li Wang 1, Kourong Miao 1,, Lei Fan 1, Ji Xu 1, Hanxin Wu 1, Jianyong Li 1, Wei Xu 1
Editor: 董 文革1
PMCID: PMC7343084  PMID: 27093994

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the effectiveness and safety of reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (RIC allo-HSCT) in ultra high risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients with the deletion of p53 to deepen the understanding of allo-HSCT in the treatment of CLL.

Methods

In this retrospective study, a total of 4 ultra high risk CLL patients with the deletion of p53 in our center between July 2012 and Jan 2014 were enrolled. The RIC regimen was administered and the hematopoietic reconstitution, transplantation related mortality (TRM), overall survival (OS), progress free survival (PFS) were evaluated.

Results

We registered 4 patients with the median age of 56 years (49–61 years), including 3 males and 1 female. The median mononuclear cells (MNC) and CD34+ cells were 6.54 (2.85–14.7) ×108/kg (recipient body weight) and 5.81 (2.85–7.79) × 106/kg (recipient body weight), respectively. The median time of the neutrophil recovery was 11 days (range of 9–12 days), and the median time of the platelet recovery 5.5 days (range of 0–11 days). Three patients (75%) attained a full donor chimerism at day 28 after transplantation and one (25%) got a mixed chimerism of donor and recipient. During the follow-up at a median time of 26.5 months (range of 21–39 months), 2 (50%) patients developed acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) grade Ⅰ and 2 (50%) patients got CMV infection. One patient got herpes zoster virus and EB virus infections. No transplantation related mortality was found in the 4 patients. One patient who was in partial response status progressed 5 months after transplantation, and the other 3 patients remained in durable remission after allo-HSCT.

Conclusion

These results suggested that RIC allo-HSCT showed durable remission, good tolerance and acceptable toxicity, which could be a better option for the treatment of ultra high risk CLL patients with the deletion of p53 and was worth to be investigated and applied widely in future.

Keywords: chronic lymphocytic leukemia, p53, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation


慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)是一组低度恶性的小淋巴细胞克隆增殖性疾病,具有高度异质性。无临床症状及不良预后因素的患者,多数早期无需治疗或常规化疗即能带来长期生存;但对于一些高危(Rai Ⅲ~Ⅳ期,Binet C期)或具有特殊染色体或分子异常等不良预后因素的CLL患者,常规药物治疗效果差,生存期极短[1]。在CLL预后指标中,位于17号染色体的p53基因缺失、突变及功能状态异常与CLL的病程及转归密切相关。有研究显示p53基因异常的CLL患者往往表现出病程进展快、对多种化疗药物耐药及生存时间短等特点[2][4]

对于年轻的高危患者,尤其是p53异常的CLL患者,造血干细胞移植(HSCT)已成为可供选择的重要治疗措施之一。对于伴p53缺失异常的超高危CLL患者[5]而言,美国国立综合癌症网络指南(NCCN 2015.V1)及中国异基因造血干细胞移植指南均推荐异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)作为一种重要的选择[6][7]。本研究我们对减低强度预处理的allo-HSCT(RIC-allo-HSCT)在伴p53缺失的超高危CLL中的临床疗效和应用价值进行初步探讨。

病例与方法

1.病例:回顾性分析2012年7月至2014年1月于我中心接受人类白细胞抗原(HLA)全相合同胞供者allo-HSCT治疗的4例伴p53缺失CLL患者。在4例患者中,男3例,女1例,中位年龄56(49~61)岁。4例患者均进行血常规、细胞形态学、多参数流式细胞术免疫分型、常规染色体核型及FISH检测,诊断标准参照文献[8]。染色体核型描述按人类遗传学命名ISCN2013[9],同时FISH常规检测染色体del(11q)、del(17p)、+12和del(13q),PCR法检测免疫球蛋白重链(IgH)基因重排和IGHV基因突变状态。采用序列特异性引物PCR(PCR-SSP)[10]进行患者及同胞供者HLA配型。根据Rai及Binet方法进行临床分期[11]

2.预处理方案:采用RFC(利妥昔单抗、氟达拉滨及环磷酰胺)减低强度预处理方案进行移植前预处理,具体为:利妥昔单抗375 mg·m−2·d−1,静脉滴注,移植前14天(−14 d)、−7 d,移植后1天(+1 d)及+8 d;氟达拉滨(Flu)30 mg/m2,静脉滴注,−6~−2 d;环磷酰胺(CTX)500 mg/m2,静脉滴注,−6~−2 d。预处理化疗期间予以保肝、护胃、水化、碱化、利尿及美司钠解救等对症支持治疗。

3.移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的预防:应用环孢素A(CsA)+短程甲氨蝶呤(MTX)+霉酚酸酯(MMF)为基础的方案预防GVHD。具体为:自−7 d开始使用CsA 3 mg·kg−1·d−1,待移植后胃肠道症状消失后改为口服,根据血药浓度调节CsA剂量,移植3个月后逐渐减量;MTX+1 d 15 mg/m2,+3、+6、+11 d 10 mg/m2;预处理开始加用MMF 7.5 mg/kg,每日2次,移植1个月后停用。当患者出现Ⅱ度及以上急性GVHD(aGVHD)时,给予甲泼尼龙1~2 mg·kg−1·d−1并将CsA更换为其他免疫抑制剂治疗。

4.造血干细胞移植方式:采用同胞全相合供者外周血造血干细胞移植(PBSCT)进行治疗,且外周血干细胞(PBSC)不经任何血液成分处理。供者经G-CSF 10 µg·kg−1·d−1动员后,于第5天采集PBSC并于当日输注。输注细胞数量要求单个核细胞(MNC)>2.0×108/kg,且CD34+细胞>2.0×106/kg。

5.造血重建标准及移植物嵌合鉴定:粒系重建定义为中性粒细胞数连续3 d≥0.5×109/L的第1天为重建时间;血小板重建为无血小板输注情况下PLT持续7 d≥20×109/L的第1天为重建时间。供受者性别不同时,移植物嵌合鉴定采用FISH检测性染色体;性别相同时则采用DNA短串联重复序列(STR)鉴定。

6.随访:采取门诊、住院检查及电话等方式进行随访,常规检测患者血常规、免疫分型、嵌合鉴定及病毒(CMV、EBV)感染等。随访截止日期为患者死亡或2015年9月30日。移植后总体生存(OS)指从移植日至死亡或末次随访;移植后无进展生存(PFS)指从移植日至进展、死亡或末次随访。

结果

1.患者一般情况:4例患者经细胞形态学、免疫分型及细胞遗传学方法等确诊为伴p53缺失的超高危CLL。发病时中位淋巴细胞计数为39.7(28.0~77.9)×109/L。移植前经免疫分型检测外周血白血病微小残留(MRD)阴性3例,阳性1例。1例分期为Rai Ⅳ期Binet C期,另3例为Rai Ⅱ期Binet B期,美国东部肿瘤协作组(ECOG)体能状态评分均<2分。4例患者中,1例采用4个疗程的FFP+R+HDMP(新鲜冰冻血浆+利妥昔单抗+大剂量甲泼尼龙)方案诱导治疗;1例经过利妥昔单抗+地塞米松诱导治疗后,给予4个疗程的FFP+R+HDMP巩固治疗;1例患者接受R-Hyper CVAD A&B×4(环磷酰胺+长春新碱+多柔比星+地塞米松+利妥昔单抗)/(甲氨蝶呤+阿糖胞苷+利妥昔单抗)方案治疗;1例经过3个疗程的FC(氟达拉滨+环磷酰胺)方案诱导治疗后复发,给予3个疗程的CHOP±E(环磷酰胺+长春新碱+多柔比星+泼尼松±依托泊苷)挽救治疗及4个疗程的R-Hyper CVAD强化巩固治疗后达部分缓解(PR)。RIC-allo-HSCT移植前中位化疗4(4~10)个疗程。患者临床特征详见表1

表1. 伴p53缺失慢性淋巴细胞白血病患者一般临床特征.

例号 年龄(岁) 性别 临床分期 染色体核型 FISH IgHV突变 ECOG评分 移植前状态
1 61 Rai Ⅱ;Binet B 46,XY,+?11,−17[2]/46,XY,add(21)(q22)[1] p53缺失阳性,其余阴性 0 CR
2 51 Rai Ⅱ;Binet C 46,XX[3] p53缺失阳性,其余阴性 1 CR
3 61 Rai Ⅱ;Binet B 46,XY[2] p53缺失阳性,其余阴性 0 CR
4 49 Rai Ⅱ;Binet B 46,XY,del(6)(q16)[3] p53缺失阳性,del(6q)阳性 1 PR

注:FISH常规检测染色体del(11q)、del(17p)、+12和del(13q);IgHV:免疫球蛋白重链可变区突变;CR:完全缓解;PR:部分缓解;ECOG:美国东部肿瘤协作组

2.造血干细胞输注及植活情况:4例患者的同胞供者经G-CSF动员后均采集到了足量干细胞,中位MNC为6.54(2.85~14.70)×108/kg,中位CD34+细胞为5.81(2.85~7.79)×106/kg。4例患者移植后均获得快速而持久的造血重建,中性粒细胞和血小板植入时间分别为11(9~12)d和5.5(0~11)d。造血重建后,植活细胞嵌合鉴定证实3例为供者完全植入,1例为供者部分植入(移植前疾病状态为PR的患者)。

3.移植相关并发症:4例患者中2例发生Ⅰ度aGVHD,1例表现为肝功能异常、血糖升高、皮疹伴瘙痒、肺内弥漫性毛玻璃影;另1例则表现为口腔溃疡、手足皮疹伴瘙痒;其余2例均未发生aGVHD、慢性GVHD(cGVHD)。2例出现CMV感染,1例发生水痘带状疱疹病毒及EB病毒血症,予以更昔洛韦等抗病毒及对症支持治疗后均好转。

4.随访结果:中位随访时间为26.5(21~39)个月,3例CR期行移植的患者均无病生存,1例PR患者移植后疾病进展(PD)。该患者+28 d检测STR示部分嵌合,移植后5个月发生PD(腹腔大包块21 cm×7.5 cm),遂以MINE(米托蒽醌+异环磷酰胺+依托泊苷)方案再诱导化疗2个周期,复查疾病稳定(SD)。后行局部放疗,评估仍为SD(肿块稍缩小);再予CPL(复方环磷酰胺50 mg/d、泼尼松20 mg/d及来那度胺10 mg/d)口服,CT示腹腔包块逐渐缩小,但仍未达CR。复查骨髓未见异常肿瘤细胞,STR检测仍为供者部分嵌合,FISH检测示p53缺失阴性。至随访结束,2年PFS 3例,2年OS 4例,中位PFS及OS时间均未达到。

讨论

CLL是一种B淋巴细胞克隆增殖性疾病,临床预后异质性极大。部分超高危CLL患者常伴有p53基因缺失(染色体17p缺失),对临床化疗敏感性差,生存期短,迫切需要探讨新的治疗策略[12][13]。allo-HSCT作为恶性血液病治疗的重要手段,为此类超高危CLL患者的治疗提供了重要选择[14][15]

完整的p53通路对化疗导致的DNA损伤引起的细胞凋亡至关重要,p53基因缺失则大大削弱此功能,故而成为CLL患者独立预后不良的生物标志,并将该类患者列入超高危CLL行列[6]。无论是化疗还是化疗联合免疫治疗生存期均短,自初次治疗时间开始计算患者中位OS期通常短于3年[16]。传统化疗中应用较多的是FCR方案,但CLL8临床试验提示该方案对p53缺失患者的疗效并不令人满意[17]。阿伦单抗是一种人源化的CD52单抗,可靶向攻击CLL细胞及正常T细胞,约三分之一对氟达拉滨耐药的CLL患者在该药治疗下可获得缓解,但机会性感染的概率明显增高,限制了其广泛使用[18]。大剂量糖皮质激素对p53缺失患者有一定疗效,单用总有效率(ORR)为33%,联合利妥昔单抗则可提高为55%[13]。作者单位曾开展HDMP联合FFP治疗p53缺失的CLL患者[19],ORR达75%,但PFS期均较短。

allo-HSCT在p53缺失CLL中的有效性已得到证实,特别是可以延长疾病晚期和化疗耐药患者的无病生存期[20][22]。经过减低强度的HSCT,p53缺失者可获得与无缺失者近似的疗效,表明移植物抗白血病效应(GVL)可克服这一独特的细胞遗传学异常。Dreger等[23]认为40%~50%的p53缺失移植者可获得长期缓解并可能得到临床治愈,而这是其他化疗或免疫化疗所不具备的治疗优势。Schetelig等[24]进行了44例CLL患者的移植,中位随访39个月,3年OS和PFS率分别为44%和37%,并认为影响移植的因素包括移植前超过3种的化疗方案、Binet C期及移植前处于难治状态。本研究共纳入4例伴p53缺失的CLL患者进行RIC-allo-HSCT,未出现移植相关死亡,具有较好的临床安全性;中位随访26.5个月,患者均长期存活。本研究中有1例患者出现疾病进展,可能与移植前疾病未达到CR状态且化疗方案超过3种有关。近来,一些新药的问世,特别是B细胞受体(BCR)通路抑制剂和BCL-2拮抗剂的诞生,对allo-HSCT在CLL治疗中的作用和地位产生了冲击[25]。然而,CLL克隆可能由于其基因组的不稳定出现更多的异常突变而对新药产生耐药,如发生Richter转化等。这使得在新药时代,allo-HSCT对p53缺失的患者仍有优势并值得推荐[26][27]

allo-HSCT在CLL中的应用目前仍较少,多数患者或医生考虑到其惰性疾病而不愿意采取更积极的移植策略。p53缺失的CLL由于其独特的生物学特征,常规化疗效果差;对此类特殊患者,allo-HSCT无疑是一个重要选择,特别应在肿瘤形成大包块或骨髓衰竭前进行。

Funding Statement

基金项目:国家自然科学基金(81300408、81470329、81500125);江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目(JX10231801);卫生公益性行业科研专项(201202017);国家科技攻关项目(2014BAI09B12);江苏省医学重点项目(BL2014086)

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