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Chinese Journal of Hematology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hematology
. 2016 Apr;37(4):343–347. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2016.04.020

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗外周T细胞淋巴瘤研究进展

Progress on allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in peripheral T cell lymphoma

尹 光丽 1, 李 建勇 1, 缪 扣荣 1,
Editor: 董 文革1
PMCID: PMC7343094  PMID: 27094002

外周T细胞淋巴瘤(peripheral T cell lymphoma, PTCL)是起源于胸腺后或成熟T细胞的一组异质性淋巴瘤,不同地区其发生率有明显差异,在西亚等国家占非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)不到20%,而在东亚地区达到22%~32.5%,其中中国所占比例最高(达30%以上)[1]。PTCL根据不同的临床特点及病理类型分为9种亚型,其中最常见的为外周T细胞淋巴瘤-非特指型(peripheral T-cell lymphoma-not otherwise specified, PTCL-NOS)、血管免疫母细胞性T细胞淋巴瘤(angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, AITL)、NK/T细胞淋巴瘤(NK/T-cell lymphoma, NKTCL)、成人T细胞白血病/淋巴瘤(adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, ATLL)和间变大细胞淋巴瘤(anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALCL),其5年总体生存(OS)率为32%~49%[2]。与B细胞NHL(B-NHL)比较,PTCL临床侵袭性强、伴结外病灶、诊断时B症状明显且预后不良[3]。对于PTCL,传统的CHOP(环磷酰胺、阿霉素、长春新碱及泼尼松)或CHOP样方案使PTCL患者3年无进展生存率(progression free survival, PFS)维持在30%左右[4][5];对于复发/难治的PTCL患者,未接受进一步治疗者中位OS及PFS分别为5.5和3.1个月,接受传统化疗的患者OS及PFS仅较未治疗患者延长1个月和15 d[6],几乎未带来任何的益处,亟需选择有效的治疗方案提高患者的长期生存率。

回顾性和前瞻性的自体造血干细胞移植(auto-HSCT)治疗PTCL的5年PFS及OS率与传统化疗相比,显著地提高了PTCL患者的长期生存率;但对于一些高危、复发/难治的患者,auto-HSCT的疗效相对较差[7]。异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)凭借其独特的移植物抗淋巴瘤(graft versus lymphoma, GVL)效应杀灭残存的肿瘤细胞,使患者达到持续的完全缓解状态[8]。但由于移植相关死亡(transplant related mortality,TRM)率较高,allo-HSCT仍是一种具有争议的治疗方法。近年来,随着预处理方案的改进、GVL效应和移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)之间的平衡及新型靶向药物的应用等临床突破,allo-HSCT治疗PTCL获得了较大进展,本文就此作一综述。

1.allo-HSCT及auto-HSCT治疗PTCL疗效的比较:近年来,HSCT在PTCL治疗中的地位不断提升。Corradini等[9]为比较强化治疗后联合allo-HSCT或auto-HSCT临床疗效进行了一项Ⅱ期临床试验,92例新诊断的PTCL患者,allo-HSCT和auto-HSCT治疗后4年PFS率(70%对69%,P=0.92)和OS率(69%对92%,P=0.10)差异均无统计学意义;接受移植的患者OS率显著高于同期化疗组(allo-HSCT组P=0.008;auto-HSCT组P=0.004),表明将移植作为巩固治疗能显著提高患者的远期生存,充分体现了移植的治疗优势。MD Anderson肿瘤中心[10]的一项数据分析评估了auto-HSCT和allo-HSCT对196例PTCL患者的疗效,其中119例接受了auto-HSCT,77例接受了allo-HSCT。Auto-HSCT组及allo-HSCT组中位随访时间分别为39个月和65个月,PFS率和OS率分别为30%对30%和39%对43%(P>0.05),其中在allo-HSCT组中PTCL-NOS、ALCL和AITL三类患者总的3年PFS和OS率分别为23%和38%。第51届美国临床肿瘤协会(ASCO)[11]对allo-HSCT治疗复发PTCL患者的疗效进行临床比较,分析显示随机分配至auto-HSCT或allo-HSCT患者无显著生存差异,但allo-HSCT可改善无事件生存(EFS)。allo-HSCT患者的1年EFS及OS率分别为41%和69%,与auto-HSCT相比,EFS改善了25%,体现了allo-HSCT相对auto-HSCT的治疗优势。Wei等[12]对近10年接受移植的PTCL患者(344例)有效性及安全性进行了荟萃分析,接受allo-HSCT治疗的复发/难治患者的3年PFS率为49.6%,OS率在auto-HSCT与allo-HSCT间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);导致移植失败及死亡的最大影响因素是疾病进展,而allo-HSCT的GVL效应能潜在提高患者的生存期。此外,该研究还得出allo-HSCT作为复发/难治患者的解救治疗较其一线巩固治疗减弱了移植的有效性。由于PTCL患者相对偏少,结果尚缺乏大样本前瞻性研究的支持,但基于以上研究,初步证实了allo-HSCT可以使复发/难治PTCL患者获益。2015年美国NCCN指南(Version 2.2015)推荐对于那些复发/难治的有强烈意愿进一步治疗的PTCL患者,选择合适的二线化疗方案达部分缓解(partial remission, PR)或CR后,可以考虑给予allo-HSCT巩固治疗[13]

2.Allo-HSCT在不同病理亚型PTCL中的疗效:PTCL异质性很强,不同病理亚型的生物学特征及临床治疗反应各不相同[14]。SFGM-TC组[8]的一项数据分析评估allo-HSCT对77例复发/难治不同病理亚型PTCL患者的疗效,5年EFS和OS率分别为53%和57%;其中PTCL-NOS的EFS和OS率分别为58%和63%,AITL的EFS及OS率均为80%,而ALCL患者分别为48%和55%。对于PTCL-NOS,Corradini等[15]回顾性分析了17例接受allo-HSCT治疗的PTCL患者,3年PFS和OS率分别为64%和81%,2年的TRM为6%。在AITL方面,欧洲骨髓移植组[16]报道了45例AITL患者的一项研究数据,其中34例患者allo-HSCT前接受过2种以上的化疗方案,11例患者为接受auto-HSCT后再复发者;1年及3年的PFS率分别为62%和53%、OS率分别为66%和64%,aGVHD和cGVHD累积发生率分别为29%和36%,1年TRM率为25%。对于恶性程度高并常耐药的ENKTL[17],Ishida等[18]选择单纯化疗、auto-HSCT及allo-HSCT治疗方案对ENKTL进行研究,8例患者接受移植(6例allo-HSCT,2例auto-HSCT),剩余26例患者只接受化疗。结果未接受移植的26例患者均死于本病,中位OS仅为36 d;接受移植的8例患者中位OS为266 d,其中2例allo-HSCT患者达到CR,allo-HSCT提高了NKTCL患者的生存。Yokoyama等[19]也证明了allo-HSCT是NKTCL的最佳治疗选择,5例复发/难治NKTCL均接受了allo-HSCT,中位随访5.2年,OS率为100%。在ATLL上,Shiratori等[20]对接受allo-HSCT治疗的15例难治ATLL患者的疗效进行了评价,3年PFS及OS率分别为66.7%和73.7%,TRM率为20%,allo-HSCT明显提高了ATLL患者的远期生存率。

3.Allo-HSCT用于晚期、高危PTCL患者的一线巩固治疗:大量前瞻性及回顾性的研究表明:auto-HSCT是一种有效安全的治疗方式,甚至有些学者将其视为PTCL患者的一线治疗方案[21][23]。但是对于晚期、高危的患者,allo-HSCT借助GVL效应作为一线巩固治疗方案可能给PTCL患者带来更长的无病生存(DFS)期。Loirat等[24]对49例新诊断的晚期PTCL患者进行了治疗后评估,考虑到诱导化疗后疾病的不同状态,仅60%患者接受了allo-HSCT。随访24个月后,移植组和非移植组相比PFS率(移植组65.6%对非移植组28.6%,P=0.0048)和OS率(移植组72.5%对非移植组28.6%,P=0.0008)均存在显著的统计学差异;移植组1年的TRM率仅为8.2%,显示出allo-HSCT作为一线巩固治疗提高了晚期患者的生存。同样,法国骨髓移植组[25]回顾性分析了16例高危PTCL患者接受移植作为一线巩固治疗,3年PFS及OS率均为(87±8)%,仅2例患者因复发而死亡,无移植相关死亡,Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD及cGVHD累积发生率为(37±12)%和(20±10)%。这些将allo-HSCT作为一线巩固治疗的研究结果表明,allo-HSCT用于晚期、高危PTCL患者治疗可延长此类患者的无病生存。

4.减低剂量预处理(RIC):起初,allo-HSCT常用预处理方案中的清髓性方案(myeloablative conditioning regimen,MAC)大大增加了患者的TRM,尤其是对于体能状态较差的老年患者。研究者们[26][28]便转向减低剂量预处理(reduced intensity conditioning,RIC)的研究,如以氟达拉滨(Flu)为基础并联合低剂量全身照射(total body irradiation,TBI)和(或)其他化疗药物,其优势在于患者在造血及免疫功能低下时能减轻毒性反应,进而降低患者的TRM。Yoon等[26]研究以Flu+TBI+Mel(马法兰)作为预处理方案治疗28例复发/难治的NHL(其中75%为PTCL),不仅获得了长期生存而且得到了可接受的TRM及疾病进展累积发生率。该研究CR率为78.5%,3年的统计数据显示TRM率仅为14.9%,其中16例晚期PTCL患者中3年OS及无疾病生存(disease free survival,DFS)率分别为73.4%和72%,复发率为18.8%。Kanakry等[27]也提出了Flu+TBI或者联合环磷酰胺方案,纳入44例PTCL患者,其中24例老年患者接受RIC-allo-HSCT;中位随访24个月后,MAC和RIC组2年PFS率均为40%,OS率分别为42%和44%,1年TRM率分别为10%和8%,以上PFS、OS及TRM率均差异无统计学意义。众多关于RIC与MAC之间的长期生存率的研究各不相同,至今仍未得出明确的结论,但RIC的预处理方案为越来越多的研究者所接受[28][30]

5.GVL的作用及与GVHD的平衡:PTCL患者接受allo-HSCT后影响其长期生存的主要因素为疾病进展(复发),同种异体移植后复发率可高达30%以上[30][31]。由于这部分患者存在免疫、造血功能抑制以及GVHD等风险,其解救治疗方案难以制定,对于临床医生仍然是一巨大挑战。暂停免疫抑制药及供者淋巴细胞输注(donor lymphocyte infusion,DLI)进而增强GVL效应可达到控制疾病的目的。PTCL移植复发患者中早期接受DLI可以获得持久的CR,其有效率达到66%,显示出PTCL对GVL效应较敏感[29]。Dodero等[30]对12例PTCL接受allo-HSCT后复发的患者进行DLI,8例患者有反应(5例CR,3例PR),5例CR患者中位生存期长达5年之久,表明DLI是接受allo-HSCT后复发患者治疗的有效选择。2014年美国血液学年会报道[32],SFGM-TC移植中心纳入63例PTCL接受allo-HSCT后复发的患者,接受DLI和(或)放化疗的14例(22%)患者其总有效率(ORR)为78%,支持GVL的有效性;49例非DLI组患者中30例仅接受放化疗,其有效率为50%,1年生存率为25%;DLI组及非DLI组中位OS时间分别为23.6和3.6个月(P<0.05)。通过DLI获得GVL的疗效肯定,诸多研究也证实了这一结论[30],[33][34],但往往会引起GVHD的发生[35]。寻求一种既有效克服GVHD又能发挥GVL效应的方法是同种异体移植重要的研究课题。有研究[36]试图通过供者NK细胞输注达到减少GVHD,发挥GVL效应,并促进异基因造血干细胞的植入。异源性NK细胞的输注,通过其受体与靶细胞主要组织相容性基因复合体(major histocompatibility complex, MHC)分子特异性结合发挥GVL效应并且降低GVHD的发生。Chen等[36]探讨了经IL-12和IL-15激活的供者NK细胞在同种异体移植中的作用,发现可很好地达到分离GVHD及GVL效应。NK细胞输注组与非输注组5周后GVHD积分(采用Mann Whitney U积分系统)为4.8±0.9对1.6±1(P<0.05),输注组发生GVHD的严重程度明显减低;100 d生存率为80%对10%(P<0.01)。allo-HSCT后给予激活的供者NK细胞输注可以发挥GVL效应并且减轻GVHD,同时促进免疫重建,此结果也同时得到了很多其他中心研究的证实[35],[37][38]

6.新药在allo-HSCT中的应用前景:新型药物的使用不断提高了复发/难治PTCL患者的疗效,例如CD30单抗、叶酸代谢抑制剂、非选择性组蛋白去乙酰酶(HDAC)抑制剂、选择性HDAC抑制剂等,其中获得FDA批准的用于复发/难治PTCL的代表药为Brentuximab Vedotin(BV)、Romidepsin、Belinostst和Chidamide[39][42]。新药的联合使用或作为复发患者接受allo-HSCT前的桥接治疗,虽然缺乏大宗数据的支持,但一些病例报道已初见成效[43]。有报道证实在复发/难治PTCL患者中,这些新药有持久的有效性及很小的累积毒性,可作为移植前联合治疗并对造血干细胞植活无影响[43]。Finn等[43]报道了1例经过8次CHOP+3次DHAP(地塞米松、阿糖胞苷、顺铂)化疗后早期复发的PTCL患者,接受了8个周期的单药治疗(Romidepsin)后再次接受allo-HSCT,29 d后达到完全嵌合状态,随访14个月无aGVHD及复发。同样,Bethany等[44]报道了1例CD30+ALK+且染色体t(2;5)的ALCL儿童,接受自体、异体移植后均复发的患者。在完成5个疗程BV单药治疗后,随访7个月,患者仍处于CR状态,供体细胞完全植入。虽然ALK+ALCL患者经积极化疗普遍预后较好,但接受移植后复发的患者往往提示预后较差[45]。BV作为单药治疗移植后复发的ALCL患者获得持久缓解,病例数虽少,但可以从中看出BV靶向治疗的有效性。由于这些新药均在积极研究和探索之中,尚缺乏大样本的临床研究,联合用于PTCL患者异体移植的研究甚少,新药在移植中的应用价值、治疗方案等还需要不断探索。

7.总结与展望:allo-HSCT可提高部分PTCL患者的长期生存,但由于其有较高的治疗相关死亡率,在PTCL患者中仍不作为一线治疗;但对于复发/难治患者,可凭借GVL效应诱导患者达到持续缓解状态,仍是改善预后的理想方法。如何有效安全地分离GVL及GVHD并取其平衡,是allo-HSCT的难题。供者NK细胞输注有望解决这一难点,但目前正处于临床研究的初始阶段。国内、外对PTCL患者进行allo-HSCT的研究正不断加深,联合新药的应用不断报道,最佳移植方案也在探索中,如何最大程度上利用allo-HSCT提高PTCL患者的长期生存尚需进一步的大规模前瞻性临床试验来探索。

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