Figure 1.
Cellular heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) concentration (normalized to untreated cells) significantly increased in murine immortalized podocytes under glucose stress (25 mM; p = 3.7 × 10−7) or under carnosine addition (1 mM; p = 1.2 × 10−8). Co-incubation with carnosine (1 mM) and glucose (25 mM) induced further upregulation of Hsp70 protein concentrations compared to single treatment (p = 4.7 × 10−3 vs. glucose and p = 0.001 vs. carnosine) or control (p = 2.1 × 10−9), determined by western blotting (A) and quantified with an imaging software normalized to respective β-concentrations (B). Note: n = 5, a = significant increase vs. control, b = significant increase vs. glucose (25 mM), c = significant increase vs. carnosine (1 mM), d = significant increase vs. glucose (25 mM) + carnosine (10 mM), e = significant decreased vs. glucose (25 mM), *** p < 0.001.