Figure 3.
Cellular heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein concentration (normalized to untreated cells) significantly increased in murine immortalized podocytes under glucose stress (25 mM; p = 5.4 × 10−6) or under carnosine addition (1 mM; p = 1.2 × 10−6). Co-incubation with carnosine (1 mM) and glucose (25 mM) induced further upregulation of HO-1 protein concentration compared to single treatment (p = 1.2 × 10−6 vs. glucose and p = 0.03 vs. carnosine) or control (p = 1.7 × 10−7), determined by western blotting (A) and quantified with an imaging software normalized to respective β-actin concentrations (B). Note: n = 5, a = significant increase vs. control; b = significant increase vs. glucose (25 mM), c = significant increase vs. carnosine (1 mM), d = significant increase vs. glucose (25 mM) + carnosine (10 mM), e = significant decrease vs. glucose (25 mM), *** p < 0.001.