Figure 4.
Cellular thioredoxin (Trx) protein concentration (normalized to untreated cells) significantly increased in murine immortalized podocytes under glucose stress (25 mM; p = 4.1 × 10−3) or under carnosine addition (1 mM; p = 5.2 × 10−4). Coincubation with carnosine (1 mM) and glucose (25 mM) induced further upregulation of Trx protein concentration compared to carnosine alone (p = 0.02) or control (p = 3.8 × 10−6), but not compared to glucose alone (p = 0.1), determined by western blotting (A) and quantified with an imaging software normalized to respective β-actin concentrations (B). Note: n = 5, a = significant increase vs. control, c = significant increase vs. carnosine (1 mM), d = significant increase vs. glucose (25 mM) + carnosine (10 mM), * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001.