Currently, there is a paucity of effective treatments to address the remarkably high morbidity and mortality associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). This letter highlights a potential therapeutic strategy based on known biology of SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry and replication.
SARS-CoV-2 relies on surface expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine proteases 2 (TMPRSS2) for cellular entry and replication in the respiratory epithelium.1 , 2 In in vitro and mouse models, TMPRSS2 inhibition limits respiratory cell damage and reduces severity of infection.1 , 3 TMPRSS2 is commonly expressed in prostate cancer cells and is known to be regulated by androgens.4 Hence, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may theoretically reduce TMPRSS2 expression limiting SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry and preventing severe complications from COVID-19. In fact, a recent report from Alimonti and colleagues demonstrated a lower rate of infection in prostate cancer patients on ADT, compared with those not on ADT.5 Herein, we report our observational study of all patients in a single New York City health system with COVID-19 and prostate cancer to determine the impact of ADT on COVID-19 clinical outcomes. To our best knowledge, this is the largest study to report severity of COVID-19 in patients receiving ADT.
This study was approved by the Mount Sinai School of Medicine Institutional Review Board. We identified all Mount Sinai Health System (MSHS) patients with prostate cancer and SARS-CoV-2 viral detection by PCR (based on testing within and outside MSHS) from 1 March 2020 to 4 June 2020. We collected clinical information including demographics, medical history, and medications including ADT use. ADT use was defined as a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog or antagonist administered within 3 months and/or documented testosterone concentrations ≤50 ng/dl within 6 months of COVID-19 diagnosis. We collected COVID-19-related outcomes including death, hospitalization, oxygen utilization, and intubation. We carried out bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models, adjusting for age, cardiac, and pulmonary disease, to evaluate differences in COVID-19-related outcomes between ADT and non-ADT cohorts. All tests were two-sided at a 0.05 level.
We identified 58 patients in our study, 22 and 36 in the ADT and non-ADT cohorts, respectively. Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups, with the exception of prostate cancer clinical disease state and baseline pulmonary disease. Specifically, those in the ADT group had a higher incidence of metastatic disease (64% versus 0%, P < 0.001) and higher rates of pulmonary disease (27% versus 6%, P < 0.02), compared with the non-ADT group. Median follow-up in the entire cohort was 23 days (range 1–48).
The clinical outcomes between ADT and non-ADT cohorts are listed in Table 1 . ADT use, after controlling for age, cardiac disease, and pulmonary disease, was associated with lower rates of hospitalization [odds ratio (OR) 0.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06–0.79, P < 0.02] and supplemental oxygen requirements (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.07–0.92, P = 0.036). ADT use was also associated with a protective effect on need for intubation (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.05–1.81, P = 0.192) and mortality (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.08–1.80, P = 0.22); however, it did not reach statistical significance.
Table 1.
Clinical outcomes from COVID-19 in prostate cancer patients on ADT, compared with those not on ADT
| Clinical outcomes | Unadjusted OR (90% CI) | P value | Adjusted ORa (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Death | 0.58 (0.16–2.13) | 0.410 | 0.37 (0.08–1.80) | 0.220 |
| Hospitalization | 0.24 (0.08–0.75) | 0.014 | 0.23 (0.06–0.79) | 0.020 |
| Supplemental O2 utilization | 0.27 (0.09–0.82) | 0.021 | 0.26 (0.07–0.92) | 0.036 |
| Intubation | 0.30 (0.06–1.54) | 0.150 | 0.31 (0.05–1.81) | 0.192 |
ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; OR, odds ratio.
Adjusted for age, cardiac disease, pulmonary disease.
Despite the limitations of a small sample size, our data support the hypothesis that ADT may limit severe complications from COVID-19, based on lower rates of hospitalization and supplemental oxygen requirements for COVID-19, compared with those infected patients not on ADT. Intubation rates and overall survival demonstrated similar trends but did not reach statistical significance. One important question not addressed in our study is whether ADT earlier in the disease course is more beneficial than in more severe cases.6 Another limitation of this study is ascertainment bias. Specifically, one-third of our cohort were comprised of patients who reported information regarding COVID-19 testing carried out elsewhere, predominantly in the ADT cohort. This may largely reflect a population who contracted COVID-19 with minimal-to-mild symptoms.
Our data, in conjunction with the report from Alimonti and colleagues,5 suggest that ADT may have a protective effect in decreasing the severity of COVID-19. Given our study limitations, we aim to develop a larger multi-institution dataset for validation. Additionally, a prospective clinical trial is warranted to answer this important clinical question.
Acknowledgments
Funding
None declared.
Disclosure
BL reported serving as a consultant for Amgen, AstraZeneca, and Baxter and receiving research funding from Bayer, Janssen, and Sanofi. CKT reported serving as a consultant for Pfizer, Clovis, Eisai, and Boehringer Ingelheim. MDG reported receiving research funding from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Dendreon, Genentech/Roche, Janssen Oncology, Merck, and Novartis; serving as a consultant for Aileron Therapeutics, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, BioMotiv, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Dendreon, Dracen, Dragonfly Therapeutics, EMD Serono, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Janssen, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, NuMab, Pfizer, Seattle Genetics; owning stock of other ownership interests in Rappta therapeutics. WKO reported receiving research funding from Constellation Pharmaceuticals and Sotio; serving as a consultant for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Checkpoint Sciences, Huya Biosciences, Janssen, Sanofi, Sema4, TeneoBio, and Tyme; owning stocks and other ownership interests in Bellicum Pharmaceuticals. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
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